Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613416
Lixiang Chen, Radoslaw Cichy, Daniel Kaiser
How does the brain integrate complex and dynamic visual inputs into phenomenologically seamless percepts? Previous results demonstrate that when visual inputs are organized coherently across space and time, they are more strongly encoded in feedback-related alpha rhythms, and less strongly in feedforward-related gamma rhythms. Here, we tested whether this representational shift from feedforward to feedback rhythms is linked to the phenomenological experience of coherence. In an EEG study, we manipulated the degree of spatiotemporal coherence by presenting two segments from the same video across visual hemifields, either synchronously or asynchronously (with a delay between segments). We asked participants whether they perceived the stimulus as coherent or incoherent. When stimuli were presented at the perceptual threshold (i.e., when the same stimulus was judged as coherent 50% of times), perception co-varied with stimulus coding across alpha and gamma rhythms: When stimuli were perceived as coherent, they were represented in alpha activity; when stimuli were perceived as incoherent, they were represented in gamma activity. Whether the same visual input is perceived as coherent or incoherent thus depends on representational shifts between feedback-related alpha and feedforward-related gamma rhythms.
{"title":"Representational shifts from feedforward to feedback rhythms index phenomenological integration in naturalistic vision","authors":"Lixiang Chen, Radoslaw Cichy, Daniel Kaiser","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.17.613416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.17.613416","url":null,"abstract":"How does the brain integrate complex and dynamic visual inputs into phenomenologically seamless percepts? Previous results demonstrate that when visual inputs are organized coherently across space and time, they are more strongly encoded in feedback-related alpha rhythms, and less strongly in feedforward-related gamma rhythms. Here, we tested whether this representational shift from feedforward to feedback rhythms is linked to the phenomenological experience of coherence. In an EEG study, we manipulated the degree of spatiotemporal coherence by presenting two segments from the same video across visual hemifields, either synchronously or asynchronously (with a delay between segments). We asked participants whether they perceived the stimulus as coherent or incoherent. When stimuli were presented at the perceptual threshold (i.e., when the same stimulus was judged as coherent 50% of times), perception co-varied with stimulus coding across alpha and gamma rhythms: When stimuli were perceived as coherent, they were represented in alpha activity; when stimuli were perceived as incoherent, they were represented in gamma activity. Whether the same visual input is perceived as coherent or incoherent thus depends on representational shifts between feedback-related alpha and feedforward-related gamma rhythms.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613601
Anastasia Kiyonaga, Jacob Miller, Mark D'Esposito
Humans must often keep multiple task goals in mind, at different levels of priority and immediacy, while also interacting with the environment. We might need to remember information for an upcoming task while engaged in more immediate actions. Consequently, actively maintained working memory (WM) content may bleed into ongoing but unrelated motor behavior. Here, we experimentally test the impact of WM maintenance on action execution, and we transcranially stimulate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to parse its functional contributions to WM-motor interactions. We first created a task scenario wherein human participants (both sexes) executed cued hand movements during WM maintenance. We manipulated the compatibility between WM and movement goals at the trial level and the statistical likelihood that the two would be compatible at the block level. We found that remembering directional words (e.g., "left", "down") biased the trajectory and speed of hand movements that occurred during the WM delay, but the bias was dampened in blocks when WM content predictably conflicted with movement goals. Then we targeted left lateral PFC with two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols before participants completed the task. We found that an intermittent theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be excitatory, dampened sensitivity to block-level control demands (i.e., proactive control), while a continuous theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be inhibitory, dampened adaptation to trial-by-trial conflict (i.e., reactive control). Therefore, lateral PFC is involved in controlling the interplay between WM content and manual action, but different PFC mechanisms may support different time-scales of adaptive control.
{"title":"Lateral prefrontal cortex controls interplay between working memory and actions","authors":"Anastasia Kiyonaga, Jacob Miller, Mark D'Esposito","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.17.613601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.17.613601","url":null,"abstract":"Humans must often keep multiple task goals in mind, at different levels of priority and immediacy, while also interacting with the environment. We might need to remember information for an upcoming task while engaged in more immediate actions. Consequently, actively maintained working memory (WM) content may bleed into ongoing but unrelated motor behavior. Here, we experimentally test the impact of WM maintenance on action execution, and we transcranially stimulate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) to parse its functional contributions to WM-motor interactions. We first created a task scenario wherein human participants (both sexes) executed cued hand movements during WM maintenance. We manipulated the compatibility between WM and movement goals at the trial level and the statistical likelihood that the two would be compatible at the block level. We found that remembering directional words (e.g., \"left\", \"down\") biased the trajectory and speed of hand movements that occurred during the WM delay, but the bias was dampened in blocks when WM content predictably conflicted with movement goals. Then we targeted left lateral PFC with two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols before participants completed the task. We found that an intermittent theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be excitatory, dampened sensitivity to block-level control demands (i.e., proactive control), while a continuous theta-burst protocol, which is thought to be inhibitory, dampened adaptation to trial-by-trial conflict (i.e., reactive control). Therefore, lateral PFC is involved in controlling the interplay between WM content and manual action, but different PFC mechanisms may support different time-scales of adaptive control.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.16.612934
Nicole Pinzon-Hoyos, Yibo Li, Monnie McGee, Nicholas P Poolos, Nicola Marchi, Amy L Brewster
Objective: Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) poses significant challenges in treatment and management. While seizure-related alterations in peripheral immune players are increasingly recognized, the involvement of the complement system, central to immune function, remains insufficiently explored in DRE. This study aimed to investigate the levels of complement system components and their association with cytokine profiles in patients with DRE. Methods: We analyzed serum samples from DRE patients (n = 46) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 45). Complement components and cytokines were quantified using Multi- and Single-plex ELISA. Statistical analyses examined relationships between complement molecules, cytokines, and clinical outcomes including epilepsy duration, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores, and age. Results: We found common alterations in all DRE cases, including significant complement deficiencies (C1q, Factor H, C4, C4b, C3, and C3b/iC3b) and detectable bFGF levels. DRE females showed significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-8 compared to healthy females. In DRE males, we observed a trend towards elevated CCL2 and CCL5 levels compared to healthy males. These findings suggest potential sex-dimorphism in immune profiles. Our analysis also indicated associations between specific complement and inflammatory markers (C2, IL-8, and IL-9) and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores in DRE patients. Interpretation: Our study reveals sex-specific peripheral complement deficiencies and cytokine dysregulation in DRE patients, indicating an underlying immune system vulnerability. These findings provide new insights into DRE mechanisms, potentially guiding future research on complement and cytokine signaling towards personalized treatments for DRE patients.
目的：耐药性癫痫（DRE）给治疗和管理带来了巨大挑战。虽然与癫痫发作相关的外周免疫参与者的改变已被越来越多的人所认识，但作为免疫功能核心的补体系统在 DRE 中的参与仍未得到充分探讨。本研究旨在调查 DRE 患者体内补体系统成分的水平及其与细胞因子谱的关联：我们分析了 DRE 患者（46 人）和年龄与性别匹配的健康对照组（45 人）的血清样本。使用多倍和单倍酶联免疫吸附法对补体成分和细胞因子进行了定量分析。统计分析研究了补体分子、细胞因子和临床结果（包括癫痫持续时间、全量表智商 (FSIQ) 评分和年龄）之间的关系。结果我们在所有 DRE 病例中发现了共同的改变，包括明显的补体缺乏（C1q、因子 H、C4、C4b、C3 和 C3b/iC3b）和可检测到的 bFGF 水平。与健康女性相比，DRE 女性的 TNF-α 和 IL-8 水平明显较低。与健康男性相比，我们观察到 DRE 男性的 CCL2 和 CCL5 水平呈上升趋势。这些研究结果表明，免疫特征存在潜在的性别畸变。我们的分析还表明，DRE 患者的特定补体和炎症标记物（C2、IL-8 和 IL-9）与全量表智商 (FSIQ) 评分之间存在关联：我们的研究揭示了 DRE 患者外周补体缺乏和细胞因子失调的性别特异性，表明了潜在的免疫系统脆弱性。这些发现为了解 DRE 的机制提供了新的视角，有可能指导未来的补体和细胞因子信号转导研究，从而为 DRE 患者提供个性化治疗。
{"title":"Sex-Specific Complement and Cytokine Imbalances in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Biomarkers of Immune Vulnerability","authors":"Nicole Pinzon-Hoyos, Yibo Li, Monnie McGee, Nicholas P Poolos, Nicola Marchi, Amy L Brewster","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.16.612934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.16.612934","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) poses significant challenges in treatment and management. While seizure-related alterations in peripheral immune players are increasingly recognized, the involvement of the complement system, central to immune function, remains insufficiently explored in DRE. This study aimed to investigate the levels of complement system components and their association with cytokine profiles in patients with DRE.\u0000Methods: We analyzed serum samples from DRE patients (n = 46) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 45). Complement components and cytokines were quantified using Multi- and Single-plex ELISA. Statistical analyses examined relationships between complement molecules, cytokines, and clinical outcomes including epilepsy duration, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores, and age. Results: We found common alterations in all DRE cases, including significant complement deficiencies (C1q, Factor H, C4, C4b, C3, and C3b/iC3b) and detectable bFGF levels. DRE females showed significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-8 compared to healthy females. In DRE males, we observed a trend towards elevated CCL2 and CCL5 levels compared to healthy males. These findings suggest potential sex-dimorphism in immune profiles. Our analysis also indicated associations between specific complement and inflammatory markers (C2, IL-8, and IL-9) and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores in DRE patients.\u0000Interpretation: Our study reveals sex-specific peripheral complement deficiencies and cytokine dysregulation in DRE patients, indicating an underlying immune system vulnerability. These findings provide new insights into DRE mechanisms, potentially guiding future research on complement and cytokine signaling towards personalized treatments for DRE patients.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613272
Pedro Macias Gordaliza, Nataliia Molchanova, Maxence Wynen, Pietro Maggi, Joost Janssen, Jaume Banus, Alessandro Cagol, Cristina Granziera, Meritxell Bach Cuadra
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by heterogeneous progression patterns. Traditional clinical measures like the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) inadequately capture the full spectrum of disease progression, highlighting the need for advanced Disease Progression Modeling (DPM) approaches.This study harnesses cutting-edge neuroimaging and deep learning techniques to investigate deviations in subcortical volumes in MS patients. We analyze T1-weighted and Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data using advanced DL segmentation models, SynthSeg+ and SynthSeg-WMH, which address the challenges of conventional methods in the presence of white matter lesions. By comparing subcortical volumes of 326 MS patients to a normative model from 37,407 healthy individuals, we identify significant deviations that enhance our understanding of MS progression. This study highlights the potential of integrating DL with normative modeling to refine MS progression characterization, automate informative MRI contrasts, and contribute to data-driven DPM in neurodegenerative diseases.
{"title":"Towards Longitudinal Characterization of Multiple Sclerosis Atrophy Employing SynthSeg Framework and Normative Modeling","authors":"Pedro Macias Gordaliza, Nataliia Molchanova, Maxence Wynen, Pietro Maggi, Joost Janssen, Jaume Banus, Alessandro Cagol, Cristina Granziera, Meritxell Bach Cuadra","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.17.613272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.17.613272","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by heterogeneous progression patterns. Traditional clinical measures like the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) inadequately capture the full spectrum of disease progression, highlighting the need for advanced Disease Progression Modeling (DPM) approaches.This study harnesses cutting-edge neuroimaging and deep learning techniques to investigate deviations in subcortical volumes in MS patients. We analyze T1-weighted and Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data using advanced DL segmentation models, SynthSeg+ and SynthSeg-WMH, which address the challenges of conventional methods in the presence of white matter lesions. By comparing subcortical volumes of 326 MS patients to a normative model from 37,407 healthy individuals, we identify significant deviations that enhance our understanding of MS progression. This study highlights the potential of integrating DL with normative modeling to refine MS progression characterization, automate informative MRI contrasts, and contribute to data-driven DPM in neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.612568
Wenhui Gao, Changbo Zhu, Bailu Si, Liqin Zhou, Ke Zhou
Social attention, guided by cues like gaze direction, is crucial for effective social interactions. However, how dynamic environmental context modulates this process remains unclear. Integrating a hierarchical Bayesian model with fMRI, this study investigated how individuals adjusted attention based on the predictions about cue validity (CV). Thirty-three participants performed a modified Posner location-cueing task with varying CV. Behaviorally, individuals' allocation of social attention was finely tuned to the precision (inverse variance) of CV predictions, with the predictions being updated by precision-weighted prediction errors (PEs) about the occurrence of target locations. Neuroimaging results revealed that the interaction between allocation of social attention and CV influenced activity in regions involved in spatial attention and/or social perception, such as the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), frontal eye field (FEF), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and inferior parietal sulcus (IPS). Precision-weighted PEs about target locations specifically modulated activity in the TPJ, STS, and primary visual cortex (V1), underscoring their roles in refining attentional predictions. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) further demonstrated that enhanced absolute precision-weighted PEs about target locations strengthened the effective connectivity from V1 and STS to TPJ, emphasizing their roles in conveying residual error signals from low-level sensory areas to high-level critical attention areas. These findings elucidated how the precision of contextual predictions dynamically modulated social attention, offering insights into the computational and neurocognitive mechanisms of context-dependent social attention.
{"title":"Precision-dependent modulation of social attention","authors":"Wenhui Gao, Changbo Zhu, Bailu Si, Liqin Zhou, Ke Zhou","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.17.612568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.17.612568","url":null,"abstract":"Social attention, guided by cues like gaze direction, is crucial for effective social interactions. However, how dynamic environmental context modulates this process remains unclear. Integrating a hierarchical Bayesian model with fMRI, this study investigated how individuals adjusted attention based on the predictions about cue validity (CV). Thirty-three participants performed a modified Posner location-cueing task with varying CV. Behaviorally, individuals' allocation of social attention was finely tuned to the precision (inverse variance) of CV predictions, with the predictions being updated by precision-weighted prediction errors (PEs) about the occurrence of target locations. Neuroimaging results revealed that the interaction between allocation of social attention and CV influenced activity in regions involved in spatial attention and/or social perception, such as the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), frontal eye field (FEF), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and inferior parietal sulcus (IPS). Precision-weighted PEs about target locations specifically modulated activity in the TPJ, STS, and primary visual cortex (V1), underscoring their roles in refining attentional predictions. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) further demonstrated that enhanced absolute precision-weighted PEs about target locations strengthened the effective connectivity from V1 and STS to TPJ, emphasizing their roles in conveying residual error signals from low-level sensory areas to high-level critical attention areas. These findings elucidated how the precision of contextual predictions dynamically modulated social attention, offering insights into the computational and neurocognitive mechanisms of context-dependent social attention.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613549
J. Quinn Lee, Matthew Nielsen, Rebecca McHugh, Erik Morgan, Nhung Hong, Robert J Sutherland, Robert J McDonald
Evidence from neurophysiological and genetic studies demonstrates that activity sparsity, the proportion of neurons that are active at a given time in a population, systematically varies across the canonical trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus. Recent work has also shown that sparsity varies across the hippocampal dorsoventral (long) axis, wherein activity is sparser in ventral than dorsal regions. While the hippocampus has a critical role in long term memory (LTM), whether sparsity across the trisynaptic circuit and hippocampal long axis is task dependent or invariant remains unknown. Importantly, representational sparsity has significant implications for neural computation and theoretical models of learning and memory within and beyond the hippocampus. Here we used functional molecular imaging to quantify sparsity in the rat hippocampus during performance of the Morris water task (MWT) and contextual fear discrimination (CFD); two popular and distinct assays of LTM. We found that activity sparsity is highly reliable across memory tasks, wherein activity increases sequentially across the trisynaptic circuit (DG < CA3 < CA1) and decreases across the long axis (ventral < dorsal). These results have important implications for models of hippocampal function and suggest that activity sparsity is a preserved property in the hippocampal system across cognitive settings.
{"title":"Sparsity of population activity in the hippocampus is task-invariant across the trisynaptic circuit and dorsoventral axis","authors":"J. Quinn Lee, Matthew Nielsen, Rebecca McHugh, Erik Morgan, Nhung Hong, Robert J Sutherland, Robert J McDonald","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.17.613549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.17.613549","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence from neurophysiological and genetic studies demonstrates that activity sparsity, the proportion of neurons that are active at a given time in a population, systematically varies across the canonical trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus. Recent work has also shown that sparsity varies across the hippocampal dorsoventral (long) axis, wherein activity is sparser in ventral than dorsal regions. While the hippocampus has a critical role in long term memory (LTM), whether sparsity across the trisynaptic circuit and hippocampal long axis is task dependent or invariant remains unknown. Importantly, representational sparsity has significant implications for neural computation and theoretical models of learning and memory within and beyond the hippocampus. Here we used functional molecular imaging to quantify sparsity in the rat hippocampus during performance of the Morris water task (MWT) and contextual fear discrimination (CFD); two popular and distinct assays of LTM. We found that activity sparsity is highly reliable across memory tasks, wherein activity increases sequentially across the trisynaptic circuit (DG < CA3 < CA1) and decreases across the long axis (ventral < dorsal). These results have important implications for models of hippocampal function and suggest that activity sparsity is a preserved property in the hippocampal system across cognitive settings.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cholinergic modulation plays an important role in motor skill learning, including vocal learning. In songbirds, song premotor nucleus RA simultaneously receives inputs from song nuclei HVC and LMAN, and then its projection neurons (RAPNs) generate song motor control output. Using electrophysiological and pharmacological methods, we found that cholinergic signaling can enhance song stability by reducing HVC-RAPN excitatory synaptic transmission in adult male zebra finches, mediated by mAChRs. Although nAChRs are not effective overall, cholinergic signaling can also decrease LMAN-RAPN excitatory synaptic transmission induced by electrical stimulation via nAChRs, suggesting the potential role of cholinergic regulation in song behavior through LMAN-RA pathway. On the contrary, in adult female zebra finches, only LMAN-RAPN synaptic transmission was reduced by cholinergic signaling via mAChRs. The role of differential cholinergic regulation of song premotor circuits in songbirds' singing provides insights into the neural processes of motor skill learning.
{"title":"Cholinergic signaling differentially regulates song premotor circuits to stabilize songs in songbirds","authors":"Ning Xu, Yutao Zhang, Yalun Sun, Xueqing Song, Yangyang Cao, Xinqi Yang, Songhua Wang, Wei Meng","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.03.610982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.03.610982","url":null,"abstract":"Cholinergic modulation plays an important role in motor skill learning, including vocal learning. In songbirds, song premotor nucleus RA simultaneously receives inputs from song nuclei HVC and LMAN, and then its projection neurons (RAPNs) generate song motor control output. Using electrophysiological and pharmacological methods, we found that cholinergic signaling can enhance song stability by reducing HVC-RAPN excitatory synaptic transmission in adult male zebra finches, mediated by mAChRs. Although nAChRs are not effective overall, cholinergic signaling can also decrease LMAN-RAPN excitatory synaptic transmission induced by electrical stimulation via nAChRs, suggesting the potential role of cholinergic regulation in song behavior through LMAN-RA pathway. On the contrary, in adult female zebra finches, only LMAN-RAPN synaptic transmission was reduced by cholinergic signaling via mAChRs. The role of differential cholinergic regulation of song premotor circuits in songbirds' singing provides insights into the neural processes of motor skill learning.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.07.611827
Susanne Eisenhauer, Meichao Zhang, Katya Krieger-Redwood, Richard Aveyard, Rebecca L. Jackson, Piers L. Cornelissen, Jonathan Smallwood, Elizabeth Jefferies
To navigate the world, we store knowledge about the relationships between concepts and retrieve this information flexibly to suit our goals. The semantic control network, comprising left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), is thought to orchestrate this flexible retrieval by modulating sensory inputs. However, interactions between semantic control and input regions are not sufficiently understood. Moreover, pMTG's well-formed structural connections to both IFG and visual cortex suggests it as a candidate region to integrate control and input processes. We used magnetoencephalography to investigate oscillatory dynamics during semantic decisions to pairs of words, presented one at a time, when participants did or did not know the type of semantic relation between them. IFG showed early increases and decreases in oscillatory responses to prior task knowledge, while pMTG only showed positive effects of task knowledge at a later time window. Furthermore, both regions provided feedback to visual cortex when goals were absent, while IFG also provided feedback when goals were known. This goal-dependent feedback coincided with an earlier onset of feedforward signalling from visual cortex to pMTG, indicating rapid retrieval of task-relevant features. Knowledge of task goals also enhanced simultaneous inputs to pMTG from both IFG and visual cortex, consistent with the view that pMTG integrates top-down control with bottom-up input. Our findings elucidate the separate roles of anterior and posterior components of the semantic control network and reveal the spectro-temporal cascade of interactions between semantic control and visual regions that underlie our ability to flexibly adapt cognition to the current goals.
{"title":"Controlled retrieval relies on directed interactions between semantic control regions and visual cortex: MEG evidence from oscillatory dynamics","authors":"Susanne Eisenhauer, Meichao Zhang, Katya Krieger-Redwood, Richard Aveyard, Rebecca L. Jackson, Piers L. Cornelissen, Jonathan Smallwood, Elizabeth Jefferies","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.07.611827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.07.611827","url":null,"abstract":"To navigate the world, we store knowledge about the relationships between concepts and retrieve this information flexibly to suit our goals. The semantic control network, comprising left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), is thought to orchestrate this flexible retrieval by modulating sensory inputs. However, interactions between semantic control and input regions are not sufficiently understood. Moreover, pMTG's well-formed structural connections to both IFG and visual cortex suggests it as a candidate region to integrate control and input processes. We used magnetoencephalography to investigate oscillatory dynamics during semantic decisions to pairs of words, presented one at a time, when participants did or did not know the type of semantic relation between them. IFG showed early increases and decreases in oscillatory responses to prior task knowledge, while pMTG only showed positive effects of task knowledge at a later time window. Furthermore, both regions provided feedback to visual cortex when goals were absent, while IFG also provided feedback when goals were known. This goal-dependent feedback coincided with an earlier onset of feedforward signalling from visual cortex to pMTG, indicating rapid retrieval of task-relevant features. Knowledge of task goals also enhanced simultaneous inputs to pMTG from both IFG and visual cortex, consistent with the view that pMTG integrates top-down control with bottom-up input. Our findings elucidate the separate roles of anterior and posterior components of the semantic control network and reveal the spectro-temporal cascade of interactions between semantic control and visual regions that underlie our ability to flexibly adapt cognition to the current goals.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.611600
Michael Connaughton, Orla Mitchell, Emer Cullen, Michael O'Connor, Tobias Banaschewski, Gareth Barker, Arun LW Bokde, Rudiger Bruhl, Sylvane Desrivieres, Herta Flor, Hugh Garavan, Penny Anne Gowland, Antoine Anne Grigis, Andreas Heinz, Herve Lemaitre, Jean-Luc Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillere Martinot, Eric Artiges, Frauke Nees, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Luise Poustka, Michael N Smolka, Sarah Hohmann, Nathalie E Holz, Nilakshi Vaidya, Henrik Walter, Gunter Schumann, Robert Whelan, Darren Roddy
To explore this, we conducted the largest structural MRI analysis to date (n=2094, including 1009 females), across three time points from the IMAGEN study, tracking region-specific brain volume trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood using a data-driven approach. Generally, experienced bullying showed increased subcortical volumes in the putamen (beta=0.12), caudate (beta=0.06), accumbens (beta=0.06), amygdala (beta=0.07), hippocampus (beta=0.06), paired with decreased cerebellar (beta=-0.10), entorhinal, (beta=-0.12), and insula (beta=-0.11) volumes. Females exhibited more volumetric changes in emotional processing areas whereas males had more changes in motor and sensory regions. These findings point to widespread associations between bullying victimization and brain development, offering a potential neurobiological framework to explain the emotional and behavioral difficulties observed. Importantly, this study emphasizes the need for a sex-sensitive approach in future research and interventions related to bullying.
{"title":"Bullying and Early Brain Development: A Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study from Adolescence to Early Adulthood","authors":"Michael Connaughton, Orla Mitchell, Emer Cullen, Michael O'Connor, Tobias Banaschewski, Gareth Barker, Arun LW Bokde, Rudiger Bruhl, Sylvane Desrivieres, Herta Flor, Hugh Garavan, Penny Anne Gowland, Antoine Anne Grigis, Andreas Heinz, Herve Lemaitre, Jean-Luc Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillere Martinot, Eric Artiges, Frauke Nees, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Luise Poustka, Michael N Smolka, Sarah Hohmann, Nathalie E Holz, Nilakshi Vaidya, Henrik Walter, Gunter Schumann, Robert Whelan, Darren Roddy","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.11.611600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.11.611600","url":null,"abstract":"To explore this, we conducted the largest structural MRI analysis to date (n=2094, including 1009 females), across three time points from the IMAGEN study, tracking region-specific brain volume trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood using a data-driven approach. Generally, experienced bullying showed increased subcortical volumes in the putamen (beta=0.12), caudate (beta=0.06), accumbens (beta=0.06), amygdala (beta=0.07), hippocampus (beta=0.06), paired with decreased cerebellar (beta=-0.10), entorhinal, (beta=-0.12), and insula (beta=-0.11) volumes. Females exhibited more volumetric changes in emotional processing areas whereas males had more changes in motor and sensory regions. These findings point to widespread associations between bullying victimization and brain development, offering a potential neurobiological framework to explain the emotional and behavioral difficulties observed. Importantly, this study emphasizes the need for a sex-sensitive approach in future research and interventions related to bullying.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.09.612073
Ching Fang, Jack Lindsey, Dmitriy Aronov, LF Abbott, Selmaan N Chettih
Forming an episodic memory requires binding together disparate elements that co-occur in a single experience. One model of this process is that neurons representing different components of a memory bind to an "index" --- a subset of neurons unique to that memory. Evidence for this model has recently been found in chickadees, which use hippocampal memory to store and recall locations of cached food. Chickadee hippocampus produces sparse, high-dimensional patterns ("barcodes") that uniquely specify each caching event. Unexpectedly, the same neurons that participate in barcodes also exhibit conventional place tuning. It is unknown how barcode activity is generated, and what role it plays in memory formation and retrieval. It is also unclear how a memory index (e.g. barcodes) could function in the same neural population that represents memory content (e.g. place). Here, we design a biologically plausible model that generates barcodes and uses them to bind experiential content. Our model generates barcodes from place inputs through the chaotic dynamics of a recurrent neural network and uses Hebbian plasticity to store barcodes as attractor states. The model matches experimental observations that memory indices (barcodes) and content signals (place tuning) are randomly intermixed in the activity of single neurons. We demonstrate that barcodes reduce memory interference between correlated experiences. We also show that place tuning plays a complementary role to barcodes, enabling flexible, contextually-appropriate memory retrieval. Finally, our model is compatible with previous models of the hippocampus as generating a predictive map. Distinct predictive and indexing functions of the network are achieved via an adjustment of global recurrent gain. Our results suggest how the hippocampus may use barcodes to resolve fundamental tensions between memory specificity (pattern separation) and flexible recall (pattern completion) in general memory systems.
{"title":"Barcode activity in a recurrent network model of the hippocampus enables efficient memory binding","authors":"Ching Fang, Jack Lindsey, Dmitriy Aronov, LF Abbott, Selmaan N Chettih","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.09.612073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.09.612073","url":null,"abstract":"Forming an episodic memory requires binding together disparate elements that co-occur in a single experience. One model of this process is that neurons representing different components of a memory bind to an \"index\" --- a subset of neurons unique to that memory. Evidence for this model has recently been found in chickadees, which use hippocampal memory to store and recall locations of cached food. Chickadee hippocampus produces sparse, high-dimensional patterns (\"barcodes\") that uniquely specify each caching event. Unexpectedly, the same neurons that participate in barcodes also exhibit conventional place tuning. It is unknown how barcode activity is generated, and what role it plays in memory formation and retrieval. It is also unclear how a memory index (e.g. barcodes) could function in the same neural population that represents memory content (e.g. place). Here, we design a biologically plausible model that generates barcodes and uses them to bind experiential content. Our model generates barcodes from place inputs through the chaotic dynamics of a recurrent neural network and uses Hebbian plasticity to store barcodes as attractor states. The model matches experimental observations that memory indices (barcodes) and content signals (place tuning) are randomly intermixed in the activity of single neurons. We demonstrate that barcodes reduce memory interference between correlated experiences. We also show that place tuning plays a complementary role to barcodes, enabling flexible, contextually-appropriate memory retrieval. Finally, our model is compatible with previous models of the hippocampus as generating a predictive map. Distinct predictive and indexing functions of the network are achieved via an adjustment of global recurrent gain. Our results suggest how the hippocampus may use barcodes to resolve fundamental tensions between memory specificity (pattern separation) and flexible recall (pattern completion) in general memory systems.","PeriodicalId":501581,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Neuroscience","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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