Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/00225266241263669
Iuliia Eremenko, Tymoteusz Kraski
This paper examines to what extent heritage considerations guided the closure of an operating tramline in Toruń's Old Town prior to its designation as a World Heritage City. The study is based on an analysis of local newspapers’ articles over a decade, encompassing the period before and after the tramline was closed. Additionally, it incorporates evaluations of historical public transport maps, content analysis of public consultation reports and expert interviews. The closure's narratives drew on factors including safety, operating costs, modernisation, and the promotion of tourism, all carefully tailored to confer legitimacy upon the decision. While heritage considerations and heritage experts’ opinions may have contributed indirectly to the formulation of policy, these elements were entirely absent from the narratives of justifications preceding the tramline's closure. The study traces, following the tramline's closure, a marked evolution in the narrative, which came progressively to emphasise the protection of Toruń's cultural heritage.
{"title":"Heritage expertise and tram closures in the World Heritage City of Toruń, Poland","authors":"Iuliia Eremenko, Tymoteusz Kraski","doi":"10.1177/00225266241263669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241263669","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines to what extent heritage considerations guided the closure of an operating tramline in Toruń's Old Town prior to its designation as a World Heritage City. The study is based on an analysis of local newspapers’ articles over a decade, encompassing the period before and after the tramline was closed. Additionally, it incorporates evaluations of historical public transport maps, content analysis of public consultation reports and expert interviews. The closure's narratives drew on factors including safety, operating costs, modernisation, and the promotion of tourism, all carefully tailored to confer legitimacy upon the decision. While heritage considerations and heritage experts’ opinions may have contributed indirectly to the formulation of policy, these elements were entirely absent from the narratives of justifications preceding the tramline's closure. The study traces, following the tramline's closure, a marked evolution in the narrative, which came progressively to emphasise the protection of Toruń's cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/00225266241262736
Daan de Leeuw
This article scrutinises the role railways played in the existence of the German concentration camp system during the Third Reich era. Through the lens of Jewish slave labourers’ experiences, I argue that the numerous daily transports of prisoners from site to site were the backbone of the SS camp system. Grounded in survivor testimonies and Nazi administrative records, this paper traces the pathways of Dutch Jewish deportees on a single deportation transport to the concentration camps and addresses the impact of the frequent displacements upon the inmates. In general, the Germans decided which detainee was sent where, yet sometimes the victims could interfere in the selection process or evade relocation to another site. The maps in this article visualise the trajectories of several Dutch Jews; they demonstrate that prisoner relocation was a common phenomenon and reveal the vast distance that inmates covered by train.
{"title":"The centrality of railways in the German concentration camp system: Jewish slave labourers’ relocation experiences","authors":"Daan de Leeuw","doi":"10.1177/00225266241262736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241262736","url":null,"abstract":"This article scrutinises the role railways played in the existence of the German concentration camp system during the Third Reich era. Through the lens of Jewish slave labourers’ experiences, I argue that the numerous daily transports of prisoners from site to site were the backbone of the SS camp system. Grounded in survivor testimonies and Nazi administrative records, this paper traces the pathways of Dutch Jewish deportees on a single deportation transport to the concentration camps and addresses the impact of the frequent displacements upon the inmates. In general, the Germans decided which detainee was sent where, yet sometimes the victims could interfere in the selection process or evade relocation to another site. The maps in this article visualise the trajectories of several Dutch Jews; they demonstrate that prisoner relocation was a common phenomenon and reveal the vast distance that inmates covered by train.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/00225266241262639
Jason Finch
Film representations of transport networks’ closure events are valuable materials in a critical, comparative urban studies. Here, 1953 and 1962 films commemorating the last nights of the London and Glasgow tramways exemplify such use. The present study examines them as part of work towards an understanding of public transport as a type of contested public space, since publics can have them removed. On the one hand, both films manufacture consent for the removal of on-street electric public transport on rails at a time when internal combustion engine vehicles, both private and public, were becoming more and more widespread in the UK. On the other, the film-makers provide affectionate views of urban transport modes which in the late twentieth century were largely considered obsolete, thus paving the way for heritage discourses of transport and even anticipating sustainability-led positions on the city that would only gain traction decades after these networks closed.
{"title":"Tramway closure representations as tools in critical urbanism: London and Glasgow on film, 1953–62","authors":"Jason Finch","doi":"10.1177/00225266241262639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241262639","url":null,"abstract":"Film representations of transport networks’ closure events are valuable materials in a critical, comparative urban studies. Here, 1953 and 1962 films commemorating the last nights of the London and Glasgow tramways exemplify such use. The present study examines them as part of work towards an understanding of public transport as a type of contested public space, since publics can have them removed. On the one hand, both films manufacture consent for the removal of on-street electric public transport on rails at a time when internal combustion engine vehicles, both private and public, were becoming more and more widespread in the UK. On the other, the film-makers provide affectionate views of urban transport modes which in the late twentieth century were largely considered obsolete, thus paving the way for heritage discourses of transport and even anticipating sustainability-led positions on the city that would only gain traction decades after these networks closed.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/00225266241263547
Marie Huber
The 1960s were a pivotal moment for global air transport: the confluence of the technological innovations of the jet age and the formal decolonisation of most African countries resulted in a new connectivity between Africa and the world, as global aerial mobility rapidly intensified. This paper focuses on the multifaceted role of the jet plane in this process. Jets as flag carriers were key objects in terms of national representation on foreign ground for the newly independent nations. They featured prominently as icons of postcolonial African modernity, were diplomatic tools in the Cold War context and were valuable business assets in a competitive global market. The biographies of the first African-owned jets, Air Afrique's DC-8s and Ethiopian Airlines’ Boeing 720Bs, were analysed for this paper. Following these biographies brings to the fore the social life of planes as a new and exciting research avenue for postcolonial aerial infrastructure and geographies.
{"title":"“Higher up, further” approaching air transport in postcolonial Africa through the biographies of planes","authors":"Marie Huber","doi":"10.1177/00225266241263547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241263547","url":null,"abstract":"The 1960s were a pivotal moment for global air transport: the confluence of the technological innovations of the jet age and the formal decolonisation of most African countries resulted in a new connectivity between Africa and the world, as global aerial mobility rapidly intensified. This paper focuses on the multifaceted role of the jet plane in this process. Jets as flag carriers were key objects in terms of national representation on foreign ground for the newly independent nations. They featured prominently as icons of postcolonial African modernity, were diplomatic tools in the Cold War context and were valuable business assets in a competitive global market. The biographies of the first African-owned jets, Air Afrique's DC-8s and Ethiopian Airlines’ Boeing 720Bs, were analysed for this paper. Following these biographies brings to the fore the social life of planes as a new and exciting research avenue for postcolonial aerial infrastructure and geographies.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/00225266241262473
Joppan George
This article revisits one of the earliest instances of British colonial aerial aggression in an urban milieu in South Asia to better understand the normative conceptions of airmindedness, the popular appreciation of aviation. A day after the massacre of unarmed civilians in Jalianwala Bagh, Amritsar, in 1919, three Royal Air Force airplanes armed with bombs and machine guns flew out from Lahore toward Gujranwala in Punjab. The event unleashed a whirlwind of rumours that spread from Lahore to Rangoon, which spoke of the collective fears of aerial violence. If the scant evidence presented by the pilots to the official inquiry into the unrest in Punjab served only to whitewash the record, a peoples’ report that marshalled witness testimonies indicted the colonial state's proclivity for violence. By assembling photographic evidence and crafting a cartographic triangulation of the sites of bombing from their testimonies, the colonial subjects challenged the statist narrative. The asymmetry of vertical violence in Gujranwala was also excavated as political commentary in a novel published in New York by an Indian author. By piecing together these disparate discursive fragments, my article attempts to make a composite sketch of the popular responses to trace a non-Western perspective on airmindedness.
{"title":"Gujranwala, 14 April 1919: Terror from air and airmindedness in late colonial India","authors":"Joppan George","doi":"10.1177/00225266241262473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241262473","url":null,"abstract":"This article revisits one of the earliest instances of British colonial aerial aggression in an urban milieu in South Asia to better understand the normative conceptions of airmindedness, the popular appreciation of aviation. A day after the massacre of unarmed civilians in Jalianwala Bagh, Amritsar, in 1919, three Royal Air Force airplanes armed with bombs and machine guns flew out from Lahore toward Gujranwala in Punjab. The event unleashed a whirlwind of rumours that spread from Lahore to Rangoon, which spoke of the collective fears of aerial violence. If the scant evidence presented by the pilots to the official inquiry into the unrest in Punjab served only to whitewash the record, a peoples’ report that marshalled witness testimonies indicted the colonial state's proclivity for violence. By assembling photographic evidence and crafting a cartographic triangulation of the sites of bombing from their testimonies, the colonial subjects challenged the statist narrative. The asymmetry of vertical violence in Gujranwala was also excavated as political commentary in a novel published in New York by an Indian author. By piecing together these disparate discursive fragments, my article attempts to make a composite sketch of the popular responses to trace a non-Western perspective on airmindedness.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1177/00225266241257684
Jennifer Clark, Michelangelo Bolognese, Carolyn Collins
Holden is arguably the most important vehicle brand in Australian transport history. As a result, it is intimately tied to the cultural, social and economic history of the nation. This paper discusses the tension that emerges, and the issues faced when trying to bring Holden, and all it represents, into the museum space and tell its complex story to a diverse and changing public audience. The task has been magnified, facilitated and made more urgent since the closure of the last Australian Holden manufacturing plant in 2017. Now that Holden is more realistically identified with a defined historical period, this article explores how the National Motor Museum of Australia (NMM) represents that history through thoughtful and appropriate museological practice.
{"title":"Exhibiting Holden: Best practice and practical problems in a national motor museum","authors":"Jennifer Clark, Michelangelo Bolognese, Carolyn Collins","doi":"10.1177/00225266241257684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241257684","url":null,"abstract":"Holden is arguably the most important vehicle brand in Australian transport history. As a result, it is intimately tied to the cultural, social and economic history of the nation. This paper discusses the tension that emerges, and the issues faced when trying to bring Holden, and all it represents, into the museum space and tell its complex story to a diverse and changing public audience. The task has been magnified, facilitated and made more urgent since the closure of the last Australian Holden manufacturing plant in 2017. Now that Holden is more realistically identified with a defined historical period, this article explores how the National Motor Museum of Australia (NMM) represents that history through thoughtful and appropriate museological practice.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141341139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1177/00225266241260804
Melina Piglia
This work deals with the policies concerning Aerolíneas Argentinas, Argentina's flag carrier, during two periods of authoritarian rule: the self-titled Revolución Argentina (1966–1973) and Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976–1983). The article seeks to explain the apparent contradiction between the contrasting economic policies of the two dictatorships (one “developmentalist”, the other neo-liberal), and the coherent trajectory of Aerolíneas, characterised by the efforts to implement a more efficient commercial management; the transformation of the fleet, the focus of domestic operations on profitable trunk routes; and finally, the boosting of international aviation. The central argument is that this consistency was the result of two factors: firstly, the fact that since 1955 Aerolíneas and aerocommercial policy were part of the sphere of action of the Argentine Air Force. Secondly, that between 1966 and 1968, the AAF was able to overcome its acute internal disputes and reach a consensus on the direction of airline policy.
{"title":"Commercial aviation and the military: Aerolíneas Argentinas during the last two dictatorships (1966–1973 and 1976–1983)","authors":"Melina Piglia","doi":"10.1177/00225266241260804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241260804","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the policies concerning Aerolíneas Argentinas, Argentina's flag carrier, during two periods of authoritarian rule: the self-titled Revolución Argentina (1966–1973) and Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976–1983). The article seeks to explain the apparent contradiction between the contrasting economic policies of the two dictatorships (one “developmentalist”, the other neo-liberal), and the coherent trajectory of Aerolíneas, characterised by the efforts to implement a more efficient commercial management; the transformation of the fleet, the focus of domestic operations on profitable trunk routes; and finally, the boosting of international aviation. The central argument is that this consistency was the result of two factors: firstly, the fact that since 1955 Aerolíneas and aerocommercial policy were part of the sphere of action of the Argentine Air Force. Secondly, that between 1966 and 1968, the AAF was able to overcome its acute internal disputes and reach a consensus on the direction of airline policy.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141349163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1177/00225266241254764
Malte Fuhrmann
The Bulgarian Principality, established in 1878, witnessed serious contentions over railway accessibility. The central planning state, through its de facto practices of catering to local interests, polarised regions contending against one another. It also witnessed strife between rich and poor articulated in class-based party politics as well as intra-elite struggles between traditional and new elites, fought out in the sphere of cultural capital. Claims to rail accessibility and its gains were expressed in social Darwinian, ethnic, nationalist, economist and socialist discourses. By contrast, the factual division of the railway network into state-run and privately operated services evoked a sense of unity. The Orient Railways served as Enemy Within due to its multinational ownership and profit-oriented policy, first under Maurice de Hirsch's control and later the Deutsche Bank's. This “negative integration” served to gloss over the many social, ethnic, ideological and regional fault lines running through the country which the central state had not managed to bridge.
保加利亚公国成立于 1878 年，在铁路通达性方面存在严重争议。中央计划国家通过其迎合地方利益的实际做法，将相互竞争的地区分化开来。此外，贫富之间的纷争在以阶级为基础的政党政治中得以体现，传统精英与新精英之间的内部斗争也在文化资本领域展开。社会达尔文主义、种族、民族主义、经济主义和社会主义话语表达了对铁路可及性及其收益的诉求。相比之下，将铁路网实际划分为国营和私营服务则唤起了一种统一感。东方铁路公司因其跨国所有制和以利润为导向的政策而成为 "内部敌人"，先是由莫里斯-德-赫希（Maurice de Hirsch）控制，后来又由德意志银行（Deutsche Bank）控制。这种 "消极的一体化 "掩盖了横贯该国的许多社会、种族、意识形态和地区断层，而中央政府却未能弥合这些断层。
{"title":"The “veins and arteries of the country”","authors":"Malte Fuhrmann","doi":"10.1177/00225266241254764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241254764","url":null,"abstract":"The Bulgarian Principality, established in 1878, witnessed serious contentions over railway accessibility. The central planning state, through its de facto practices of catering to local interests, polarised regions contending against one another. It also witnessed strife between rich and poor articulated in class-based party politics as well as intra-elite struggles between traditional and new elites, fought out in the sphere of cultural capital. Claims to rail accessibility and its gains were expressed in social Darwinian, ethnic, nationalist, economist and socialist discourses. By contrast, the factual division of the railway network into state-run and privately operated services evoked a sense of unity. The Orient Railways served as Enemy Within due to its multinational ownership and profit-oriented policy, first under Maurice de Hirsch's control and later the Deutsche Bank's. This “negative integration” served to gloss over the many social, ethnic, ideological and regional fault lines running through the country which the central state had not managed to bridge.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1177/00225266241230164
{"title":"Thanks to Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/00225266241230164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241230164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1177/00225266241254615
Jacob Flaws
Historian Raul Hilberg once observed of death trains: “It's just very regular traffic. Death traffic”. Though subtle, his insinuation that this death traffic represented a “new normal” is, in fact, an astute observation of a largely unresearched process whereby Polish railway workers, and locals living near railway tracks, became witnesses to the Holocaust through observing the distinctive new “traffic” flowing by their spaces of home and work. In this case study, therefore, I examine these “death traffic witnesses” to reveal how their experiences highlight a critical reality about genocide in our modern world – its ability to transform relatively banal spaces (in peacetime) into horrific ones when employed for sinister purposes. In this case, those banal spaces are the railways that cut through our modern landscapes as symbols of connection, commerce and transport; their steel rails cutting through backyards and city centres linking even remote villages with major metropolises.
{"title":"Death traffic: The railway witnesses of Operation Reinhard","authors":"Jacob Flaws","doi":"10.1177/00225266241254615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266241254615","url":null,"abstract":"Historian Raul Hilberg once observed of death trains: “It's just very regular traffic. Death traffic”. Though subtle, his insinuation that this death traffic represented a “new normal” is, in fact, an astute observation of a largely unresearched process whereby Polish railway workers, and locals living near railway tracks, became witnesses to the Holocaust through observing the distinctive new “traffic” flowing by their spaces of home and work. In this case study, therefore, I examine these “death traffic witnesses” to reveal how their experiences highlight a critical reality about genocide in our modern world – its ability to transform relatively banal spaces (in peacetime) into horrific ones when employed for sinister purposes. In this case, those banal spaces are the railways that cut through our modern landscapes as symbols of connection, commerce and transport; their steel rails cutting through backyards and city centres linking even remote villages with major metropolises.","PeriodicalId":501587,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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