Molecular subtyping of cancer can greatly help to understand the development of disease and predict tumor behavior. Exploring detection methods for precise subtyping is appealing to prognosis and personalized therapy. During the past decades, DNA-based biosensors have exhibited great potential in cancer diagnosis due to their structural programmability and functional diversity. Despite the encouraging progress that has been made, there remains an issue in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of cancer subtyping due to the complex process of disease, especially in preclinical or clinical applications. To accelerate the development of DNA sensors in the identification of cancer subtypes, in this review, we summarized their advances in molecular subtyping by analyzing the heterogeneity in categories and levels of biomarkers between cancer subtypes. The strategies toward genomic and proteomic heterogeneity in cells or on the cell surface, as well as the cancer excretions including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNA (miRNAs) in serum, are summarized. Current challenges and the opportunities of DNA-based sensors in this field are also discussed.
癌症的分子亚型对了解疾病的发展和预测肿瘤的行为有很大帮助。探索精确亚型的检测方法对预后和个性化治疗很有吸引力。在过去几十年中，基于 DNA 的生物传感器因其结构可编程性和功能多样性而在癌症诊断中展现出巨大潜力。尽管已经取得了令人鼓舞的进展，但由于疾病过程复杂，尤其是在临床前或临床应用中，提高癌症亚型鉴定的准确性和灵敏度仍是一个问题。为了加快 DNA 传感器在癌症亚型鉴定方面的发展，我们在本综述中通过分析癌症亚型之间生物标志物类别和水平的异质性，总结了他们在分子亚型鉴定方面的进展。本文总结了针对细胞内或细胞表面基因组和蛋白质组异质性以及癌症排泄物（包括细胞外囊泡（EV）和血清中的微RNA（miRNA））的策略。还讨论了基于 DNA 的传感器在这一领域目前面临的挑战和机遇。
{"title":"Smart DNA sensors-based molecular identification for cancer subtyping","authors":"Yingying Gao, Mengyi Xiong, Chaonan Gong, Bo Wang, Longwei Bai, Xiao-Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smo.20230020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smo.20230020","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular subtyping of cancer can greatly help to understand the development of disease and predict tumor behavior. Exploring detection methods for precise subtyping is appealing to prognosis and personalized therapy. During the past decades, DNA-based biosensors have exhibited great potential in cancer diagnosis due to their structural programmability and functional diversity. Despite the encouraging progress that has been made, there remains an issue in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of cancer subtyping due to the complex process of disease, especially in preclinical or clinical applications. To accelerate the development of DNA sensors in the identification of cancer subtypes, in this review, we summarized their advances in molecular subtyping by analyzing the heterogeneity in categories and levels of biomarkers between cancer subtypes. The strategies toward genomic and proteomic heterogeneity in cells or on the cell surface, as well as the cancer excretions including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNA (miRNAs) in serum, are summarized. Current challenges and the opportunities of DNA-based sensors in this field are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":501601,"journal":{"name":"Smart Molecules","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138574385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low-swelling polymers (LSPs) generally refer to materials with a low solvent absorption ratio or volume expansion rate at swelling equilibrium. LSPs with exceptional responsiveness could be upgraded to smart sensors with structural color self-reporting by bridging photonic crystals (PCs). Based on the regulation of swelling to effective refractive index, lattice spacing, the order-disorder arrangement of nanostructures, and incident/detection angle, the structural color feedback of smart photonic crystal sensors (SPCSs) can quantitatively and visually reveal the stimulus, which greatly promotes the interdisciplinary development of nanophotonic technology in the fields of chemical engineering, materials science, engineering mechanics, biomedicine, environmental engineering, etc. Herein, to clarify the role of the photonic structures and polymer molecules in high-performance SPCSs, LSP-based SPCSs are summarized and discussed, including general swelling mechanisms, color change strategies, structural design, and typical functional applications. It aims to figure out the combination rule between PC structures and LSPs, optimize the design of PC structures, and expound the corresponding structural color sensing mechanisms, inspiring the fabrication of next-generation SPCSs. Finally, perspectives on future structural design and sensing applications are also presented. It is believed that SPCSs are multifunctional nanophotonic tools for the interdisciplinary development of numerous engineering fields in the future.
低膨胀聚合物（LSP）通常指在膨胀平衡时溶剂吸收率或体积膨胀率较低的材料。通过桥接光子晶体（PC），具有优异响应性的低膨胀聚合物可升级为具有结构颜色自报告功能的智能传感器。基于膨胀对有效折射率、晶格间距、纳米结构的有序-无序排列以及事件/探测角度的调控，智能光子晶体传感器（SPCS）的结构颜色反馈可以定量、直观地揭示刺激因素，极大地促进了纳米光子技术在化学工程、材料科学、工程力学、生物医学、环境工程等领域的跨学科发展。为了阐明光子结构和聚合物分子在高性能 SPCS 中的作用，本文总结并讨论了基于 LSP 的 SPCS，包括一般膨胀机理、变色策略、结构设计和典型功能应用。旨在找出 PC 结构与 LSP 的结合规律，优化 PC 结构的设计，并阐述相应的结构颜色传感机制，为下一代 SPCS 的制造提供启发。最后，还对未来的结构设计和传感应用进行了展望。我们相信，SPCS 是一种多功能的纳米光子工具，将在未来促进众多工程领域的跨学科发展。
{"title":"Recent progress in low-swellable polymer-based smart photonic crystal sensors","authors":"Yong Qi, Shufen Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smo.20230018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smo.20230018","url":null,"abstract":"Low-swelling polymers (LSPs) generally refer to materials with a low solvent absorption ratio or volume expansion rate at swelling equilibrium. LSPs with exceptional responsiveness could be upgraded to smart sensors with structural color self-reporting by bridging photonic crystals (PCs). Based on the regulation of swelling to effective refractive index, lattice spacing, the order-disorder arrangement of nanostructures, and incident/detection angle, the structural color feedback of smart photonic crystal sensors (SPCSs) can quantitatively and visually reveal the stimulus, which greatly promotes the interdisciplinary development of nanophotonic technology in the fields of chemical engineering, materials science, engineering mechanics, biomedicine, environmental engineering, etc. Herein, to clarify the role of the photonic structures and polymer molecules in high-performance SPCSs, LSP-based SPCSs are summarized and discussed, including general swelling mechanisms, color change strategies, structural design, and typical functional applications. It aims to figure out the combination rule between PC structures and LSPs, optimize the design of PC structures, and expound the corresponding structural color sensing mechanisms, inspiring the fabrication of next-generation SPCSs. Finally, perspectives on future structural design and sensing applications are also presented. It is believed that SPCSs are multifunctional nanophotonic tools for the interdisciplinary development of numerous engineering fields in the future.","PeriodicalId":501601,"journal":{"name":"Smart Molecules","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138548636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hua Gu, Wen Sun, Jianjun Du, Jiangli Fan, Xiaojun Peng
The integration of robust photon-absorption capacity, high reactive oxygen species yields and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) into a single phototheranostic nano-agents is ideal but rarely reported. This study employed a dual-acceptor engineering strategy utilizing isoindigo and selenium-substituted [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine to augment the molar extinction coefficient and spin-orbit coupling effect, respectively, resulting in a substantial enhancement of photon-absorption ability and non-radiative decay energy-release process of donor-acceptor type phototherapy molecules. As the optimal phototherapy agent, IID-PSe exhibited a high molar extinction coefficient two times that of photosensitizer, excellent 1O2 yield (15%) and PCE (34%), exhibiting great potential for phototherapy. After encapsulating with DSPE-PEG2000, IID-PSe NPs showed excellent anti-tumor phototherapy ability both in vitro and in vivo. This work provides an effective idea for designing high-performance photosensitive dyes with high efficiency phototherapy output.
{"title":"Dual-acceptor engineering of donor-acceptor type molecules for all-round boosting anti-tumor phototherapy","authors":"Hua Gu, Wen Sun, Jianjun Du, Jiangli Fan, Xiaojun Peng","doi":"10.1002/smo.20230014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smo.20230014","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of robust photon-absorption capacity, high reactive oxygen species yields and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) into a single phototheranostic nano-agents is ideal but rarely reported. This study employed a dual-acceptor engineering strategy utilizing isoindigo and selenium-substituted [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-<i>c</i>]pyridine to augment the molar extinction coefficient and spin-orbit coupling effect, respectively, resulting in a substantial enhancement of photon-absorption ability and non-radiative decay energy-release process of donor-acceptor type phototherapy molecules. As the optimal phototherapy agent, IID-PSe exhibited a high molar extinction coefficient two times that of photosensitizer, excellent <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> yield (15%) and PCE (34%), exhibiting great potential for phototherapy. After encapsulating with DSPE-PEG2000, IID-PSe NPs showed excellent anti-tumor phototherapy ability both in vitro and in vivo. This work provides an effective idea for designing high-performance photosensitive dyes with high efficiency phototherapy output.","PeriodicalId":501601,"journal":{"name":"Smart Molecules","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138554356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongxia Li, Gengxin Wu, Xin Wang, Jia-Rui Wu, Ying-Wei Yang
Synthetic macrocycles have served as principal tools for supramolecular chemistry since their establishment, and the investigation of macrocycles-aided organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials has also attracted broad interest in chemistry and material communities during the past decade owing to their widespread applications in optical sensing, catalytic degradation, biomedicine, and other related fields. Herein, a new class of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified by anionic water-soluble [2]biphenyl-extended pillar[6]arene (WBpP6), namely WBpP6-AgNPs, is designed and synthesized through a facile one-pot method. WBpP6-AgNPs with good dispersion and stability exhibit efficient catalytic properties toward the hydrogenation of a series of aromatic nitro compounds and also show good performance in label-free detection toward diquat.
{"title":"[2]Biphenyl-extended pillar[6]arene functionalized silver nanoparticles for catalysis and label-free detection","authors":"Dongxia Li, Gengxin Wu, Xin Wang, Jia-Rui Wu, Ying-Wei Yang","doi":"10.1002/smo.20230016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smo.20230016","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic macrocycles have served as principal tools for supramolecular chemistry since their establishment, and the investigation of macrocycles-aided organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials has also attracted broad interest in chemistry and material communities during the past decade owing to their widespread applications in optical sensing, catalytic degradation, biomedicine, and other related fields. Herein, a new class of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified by anionic water-soluble [2]biphenyl-extended pillar[6]arene (WBpP6), namely WBpP6-AgNPs, is designed and synthesized through a facile one-pot method. WBpP6-AgNPs with good dispersion and stability exhibit efficient catalytic properties toward the hydrogenation of a series of aromatic nitro compounds and also show good performance in label-free detection toward diquat.","PeriodicalId":501601,"journal":{"name":"Smart Molecules","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138548634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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