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Compassionate Release and COVID-19: Analyzing Inconsistent Applications of the First Step Act by Federal Courts. 同情释放与COVID-19:分析联邦法院对第一步法案的不一致适用。
IF 1.7 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.10127
Helen Mooney, Kayla Larkin, Mara Howard-Williams

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant health threat to people in corrections facilities due to communal living, inability to social distance, and high rates of comorbidity among incarcerated populations. Combined with the First Step Act of 2018, which granted incarcerated individuals seeking compassionate release access to the courts, the pandemic increased the number of people in federal prisons petitioning for early release due to health risk. Analysis of federal compassionate release case law throughout the pandemic reveals inconsistent judicial reasoning related to COVID-19-based requests. Inconsistently interpreted compassionate release factors include vaccination status, COVID-19 reinfection, and the "degree" of extraordinary circumstances considered. Varied application among federal districts produced inequitable access to compassionate release. Therefore, this analysis provides insight into how an unclear policy can create disparate public health outcomes and considerations for compassionate release determinations in future times of uncertainty, such as a pandemic.

由于集体生活、无法保持社交距离以及被监禁人群的高发合并症,2019冠状病毒病大流行对惩戒机构中的人员构成了重大健康威胁。再加上2018年的《第一步法案》(First Step Act),该法案允许寻求同情释放的被监禁者向法院提起诉讼,疫情增加了联邦监狱中因健康风险而请求提前释放的人数。对整个大流行期间联邦同情释放判例法的分析显示,与基于covid -19的请求相关的司法推理不一致。不一致解释的同情释放因素包括疫苗接种状况、COVID-19再感染以及所考虑的特殊情况的“程度”。联邦地区的不同申请导致获得同情释放的机会不公平。因此,该分析提供了一项不明确的政策如何产生不同的公共卫生结果以及在未来不确定时期(如大流行)同情释放决定的考虑因素的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Maintaining the Integrity of the Biomedical Research Record Through Timely, Appropriate Corrective Action. 通过及时、适当的纠正措施维护生物医学研究记录的完整性。
IF 1.7 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.10150
Lauren Walsh, Minal Caron, Carolyn T Lye, Mark Barnes, Barbara E Bierer

Researchers, academic institutions, and journals have an ethical obligation to correct the research record expeditiously and publicly to maintain the integrity of science.

研究人员、学术机构和期刊在道德上有义务迅速、公开地纠正研究记录,以维护科学的完整性。
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引用次数: 0
End-of-Life Care and Organ Donation: Rethinking Legislative Separation. 临终关怀和器官捐赠:重新思考立法分离。
IF 1.7 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.10195
Jed Adam Gross

Reflections on Claire O'Callaghan and Brendan Parent's article "Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment and Organ Donation After Circulatory Death: Consequences of Legislative Separation."

《循环性死亡后生命维持治疗和器官捐赠的退出:立法分离的后果》一文的反思。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Climate Change Policy for Global Health. 对气候变化政策促进全球健康的思考。
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.2
David W Patterson

This reflection considers the contribution of Prof Larry Gostin to global health law and the lessons for climate action.

这一反思考虑了Larry Gostin教授对全球卫生法的贡献以及气候行动的经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Working with Larry. 与拉里共事的感想。
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.29
I Glenn Cohen

In longer-form writing with Larry Gostin, especially on global health, I have been particularly struck by how careful he is not to lose the narrative voice, especially of the vulnerable. He truly believes that these stories are "on loan" to us, and that there is an almost holy reverence and devotion we owe to the lives of those whose stories we tell.

在与拉里•戈斯廷(Larry Gostin)合作的长篇写作中,尤其是在全球健康方面,他小心翼翼地不让自己失去叙事的声音,尤其是弱势群体的声音,这让我印象特别深刻。他真的相信这些故事是“租借”给我们的,我们对那些我们讲述的故事的人的生命有一种近乎神圣的崇敬和奉献。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Health and Human Rights. 关于健康与人权的思考。
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.23
Tlaleng Mofokeng

Communities and individuals globally continue to suffer the violent impacts of colonialism and racism, in a global system of governance that remains rooted in unequal and hierarchical power imbalances. The interpersonal, societal, and structural violence that persists around the world exists in violation of human rights, and is evidence of a persistent lack of political will to effectively invest in human rights, including the right to health, as a true priority.The demand on States and non-State actors to fulfil the human right to health is imperative. Attacks on civilians during times of conflict and catastrophe, as seen in the latest escalation and display of imperial aggression by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, demonstrate the consistent uneven application of human rights and commitment to fulfilling them.Protecting human rights, and specifically the realization of the right to health, is fundamental as it has significant consequences for the realisation of other human rights. Eliminating discrimination requires paying sufficient attention to groups of individuals that suffer historical or persistent prejudice. Fulfilling a commitment to health equity and justice demands creating opportunity and conducive conditions for the dignity for all people.

全球社区和个人继续遭受殖民主义和种族主义的暴力影响,全球治理体系仍然植根于不平等和等级权力不平衡。世界各地持续存在的人际、社会和结构性暴力是对人权的侵犯,证明长期缺乏将有效投资于人权,包括将健康权作为真正优先事项的政治意愿。要求国家和非国家行为体实现健康权是当务之急。在冲突和灾难时期对平民的攻击,正如以色列在被占领巴勒斯坦领土上最近的帝国主义侵略升级和表现所显示的那样,表明人权的适用和实现人权的承诺始终不平衡。保护人权,特别是实现健康权至关重要,因为它对实现其他人权具有重大影响。消除歧视需要对遭受历史或持续偏见的个人群体给予足够的关注。履行对卫生公平和正义的承诺,需要为所有人的尊严创造机会和有利条件。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on Global Health Law in the COVID-19 Response. COVID-19应对中对全球卫生法的思考。
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.26
Helen Clark

Over the last three years, Larry Gostin, I, and many others have urged world leaders to open their minds toward specific subsets of reform in the interest of pandemic response, including mechanisms for transparency, accountability, and, crucially, financial buy-in. With negotiations for a new pandemic accord still incomplete, our focus must remain on reaching global agreement, and keeping at top of mind the immense stakes if that is not possible.

在过去三年中,我和Larry Gostin以及其他许多人一直敦促世界各国领导人开放思想,以实现有利于大流行应对的具体改革,包括透明度、问责制以及至关重要的财政支持机制。由于新的大流行病协议的谈判仍未完成,我们的重点必须继续放在达成全球协议上,并牢记如果不可能达成这一协议,将面临的巨大风险。
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引用次数: 0
Reflection on the Legacy of Lawrence Gostin in Global Health. 对劳伦斯·高斯廷在全球卫生领域遗产的反思。
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.14
Anthony S Fauci

The tenth anniversary of the publication of Lawrence Gostin's seminal treatise Global Health Law affords us the opportunity to reflect on his enduring legacy as a preeminent scholar, and one of the field's founding thought leaders.

Lawrence Gostin的开创性论文《全球卫生法》出版十周年,使我们有机会反思他作为杰出学者和该领域创始思想领袖之一的不朽遗产。
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引用次数: 0
The 2024 Amendments to the International Health Regulations: A New Era for Global Health Law in Pandemic Preparedness and Response? 2024年《国际卫生条例》修正案:全球卫生法在大流行防范和应对方面的新时代?
IF 1.6 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.16
Roojin Habibi, Mark Eccleston-Turner, Gian Luca Burci

On June 1, 2024, the World Health Assembly reached consensus on a package of amendments to the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR). These amendments follow nearly two decades of implementation and an intensive multilateral process prompted by the global struggle against COVID-19. This article critically examines whether the amended IHR reflect lessons learned from the pandemic, potentially ushering in a new era for global health law in pandemic preparedness and response, or if they deflect attention from the need for deeper structural reforms. While the IHR remain the only near-universal legal framework for preventing and addressing the international spread of disease, these amendments emphasize equity and solidarity, and potentially shift the IHR from a technical instrument to one focusing on inherently political issues. This analysis examines key IHR amendments and their implications for the future of global health law, particularly in the context of equity, financing, and implementation.

2024年6月1日,世界卫生大会就2005年《国际卫生条例》的一揽子修正案达成共识。在全球抗击COVID-19斗争推动了近20年的实施和密集的多边进程之后,这些修正案得以通过。本文批判性地考察了修订后的《国际卫生条例》是否反映了从大流行中吸取的教训,是否可能开启全球卫生法在大流行防范和应对方面的新时代,或者是否转移了人们对深化结构改革必要性的关注。虽然《国际卫生条例》仍然是预防和处理疾病国际传播的唯一近乎普遍的法律框架,但这些修正案强调公平和团结,并有可能将《国际卫生条例》从一项技术文书转变为一项关注内在政治问题的文书。本分析审查了《国际卫生条例》的主要修订及其对全球卫生法未来的影响,特别是在公平、融资和实施方面。
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引用次数: 0
New VSED Advance Directive: Improved Documentation to Avoid Late-Stage Dementia. 新的VSED预先指示:改进文件以避免晚期痴呆。
IF 1.7 4区 哲学 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2025.10176
Thaddeus Mason Pope, Lisa E Brodoff, Erin Mae Glass, Paul T Menzel, Robb M Miller

People use advance directives to express preferences that direct their future care when they lack decision-making capacity. One form of advance directive, a "dementia directive," records preferences about living in various stages of dementia. This is important because many Americans want to avoid living with advanced progressive dementia. Unfortunately, traditional advance directives cannot dependably achieve this goal. In contrast, some dementia directives can achieve this goal, by directing cessation of manually assisted feeding and drinking.While many dementia directives have been published, most have gaps and omissions that thwart the goal of avoiding extended intolerable life in advanced dementia. To overcome these problems, we formulated a new dementia directive. This article explains the value of this new directive. We proceed in six stages. First, we review the prevalence of advanced dementia. Second, we identify the disadvantages of another option for accomplishing the goal of not living into advanced dementia, preemptive VSED. Third, we distinguish notable court cases where dementia directives were unsuccessful. Fourth, we review nine prominent dementia directives, noting how the Northwest Justice Project's Advance Directive for VSED remedies those shortcomings. Fifth, we review this directive's legal status. Sixth, we articulate its ethical justification.

当人们缺乏决策能力时,他们使用预先指示来表达对未来护理的偏好。预先指示的一种形式是“痴呆症指示”,它记录了人们对痴呆症不同阶段生活的偏好。这一点很重要,因为许多美国人希望避免患上晚期进行性痴呆。不幸的是,传统的预先指示不能可靠地实现这一目标。相比之下,一些痴呆指令可以通过指导停止人工辅助喂养和饮水来实现这一目标。虽然已经发布了许多痴呆症指令,但大多数指令存在空白和遗漏,阻碍了避免晚期痴呆症患者无法忍受的延长生活的目标。为了克服这些问题,我们制定了新的痴呆症指导方针。本文解释了这个新指令的价值。我们分六个阶段进行。首先,我们回顾了晚期痴呆的患病率。其次,我们确定了实现不活到晚期痴呆症的另一种选择的缺点,即先发制人的VSED。第三,我们区分了痴呆指令不成功的著名法庭案例。第四,我们回顾了九项著名的痴呆症指令,注意到西北司法项目的VSED预先指令如何弥补这些缺陷。第五,回顾该指令的法律地位。第六,阐明其伦理正当性。
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Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics
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