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Quick In Situ Evaluation of Herbicide Efficacy in Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop 玉米(Zea mays L.)作物除草剂药效的现场快速评估
Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.3390/agrochemicals3010002
A. Tsekoura, I. Gazoulis, N. Antonopoulos, Angeliki Kousta, P. Kanatas, I. Travlos
Sustainable crop and weed management is among the crucial challenges in the era of the EU Green Deal. The main objective of the present study was to apply an innovative approach for the rapid assessment of herbicide efficacy in maize (Zea mays) crop in four different trials during two years. Weed NDVI values were recorded at two weeks after treatment, while weed biomass and crop yield were also measured. The results revealed significant differences between the several treatments. In many cases, significant effects of herbicide application on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values and weed biomass were noticed at two weeks after treatment. Moreover, the mixture nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + mesotrione resulted in high efficacy on the crop yield of all fields. Consequently, our approach can allow for an early prediction of the real field efficacy of several herbicides and thus act as an alert for the farmers in order to choose the most efficient herbicide, avoid applications of low efficacy and reduce the herbicide inputs.
可持续的作物和杂草管理是欧盟 "绿色协议 "时代的重要挑战之一。本研究的主要目的是采用一种创新方法,在两年中的四个不同试验中快速评估除草剂对玉米(玉米)作物的药效。在处理后两周记录杂草 NDVI 值,同时测量杂草生物量和作物产量。结果显示,几种处理之间存在明显差异。在许多情况下,施用除草剂对处理后两周的归一化植被指数(NDVI)值和杂草生物量有明显影响。此外,烟嘧磺隆+嘧磺隆+甲磺隆的混合物对所有田块的作物产量都有很高的功效。因此,我们的方法可以及早预测几种除草剂的实际田间药效,从而提醒农民选择最有效的除草剂,避免使用药效低的除草剂,减少除草剂的投入。
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引用次数: 0
Adjuvant Pluronic F68 Is Compatible with a Plant Root-Colonizing Probiotic, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 佐剂 Pluronic F68 与植物根系定殖益生菌绿脓杆菌 O6 兼容
Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.3390/agrochemicals3010001
Amanda R. Streeter, Anthony Cartwright, Mohammad Zargaran, Anagha Wankhade, Anne J. Anderson, D. Britt
Plant probiotic bacteria are being increasingly used to maximize both the productivity and quality of field crops. Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 (PcO6) is a plant root colonizer with probiotic activities. This bacterium produces an array of metabolites, including a group of phenazines that are functional in plant protection. The paper reports responses of PcO6 to a nonionic triblock copolymer surfactant, Pluronic F68. This Pluronic exhibits membrane “healing” activity and improves cryopreservation recovery in eukaryotic cells. The product is FDA-approved and is applied as an adjuvant in formulations used in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. Growth of PcO6 on lysogeny broth at 25 °C was unhindered by 0.1 and 1.0 g/L F68, reduced at 10 g/L, and with significant inhibition at 100 g/L F68; micelle formation could account for inhibited growth at higher doses. Phenazine production was not changed by F68, whereas the surfactant activity of F68 induced the spread of bacterial colonization on 0.5% agar. Exposure of cells to fluorescein-labeled F68 resulted in intense fluorescence, stable to washing, showing a direct association of the Pluronic with the bacterium. However, neither protection nor harm was found for PcO6 cells suspended in either 0.1% or 1% F68 after three freeze (−20 °C)/thaw cycles. These findings suggest that F68 could be compatible for use in agricultural formulations with little effect on probiotics such as PcO6.
植物益生菌正被越来越多地用于最大限度地提高大田作物的产量和质量。绿假单胞菌 O6(PcO6)是一种具有益生菌活性的植物根部定殖菌。这种细菌能产生一系列代谢产物,包括一组具有植物保护功能的吩嗪类化合物。论文报告了 PcO6 对非离子三嵌段共聚物表面活性剂 Pluronic F68 的反应。这种 Pluronic 具有膜 "愈合 "活性,可改善真核细胞的低温保存恢复。该产品已获得美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)批准,可用作农业、医药和生物技术配方中的佐剂。0.1 克/升和 1.0 克/升的 F68 不会阻碍 PcO6 在 25 °C溶菌肉汤中的生长,但在 10 克/升时生长会受到抑制,在 100 克/升时生长会受到明显抑制;胶束的形成可能是较高剂量下生长受到抑制的原因。F68 不会改变酚嗪的产生,而 F68 的表面活性剂活性会促使细菌在 0.5% 琼脂上定植扩散。将细胞暴露在荧光素标记的 F68 中会产生强烈的荧光,这种荧光在洗涤后仍保持稳定,这表明 Pluronic 与细菌有直接的联系。然而,经过三次冷冻(-20 °C)/解冻循环后,悬浮在 0.1% 或 1% F68 中的 PcO6 细胞既没有受到保护,也没有受到伤害。这些研究结果表明,F68 可用于农用配方,对 PcO6 等益生菌的影响很小。
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引用次数: 0
Insecticidal Activity of Nicotiana benthamiana Trichome Exudates on the Sweetpotato Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED (Gennadius) 烟草毛状体渗出物对甘薯粉虱 Bemisia tabaci MED (Gennadius) 的杀虫活性
Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/agrochemicals2040034
S. R. Sharma, M. Mostafiz, Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
Trichome is a hair-like structure involved in mechanical and chemical defenses of plants against herbivorous insects. Nicotiana benthamiana, a wild tobacco plant, has well-developed glandular trichomes that secrete sugar esters with potent repellent and insecticidal properties. However, there is a lack of information about the effectiveness of trichome extract in the control of plant-sapping insects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N. benthamiana trichome exudates on Bemisia tabaci MED (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a highly destructive insect pest that poses significant threats to both vegetable and ornamental plants globally. First, we determined the host preference and mortality of B. tabaci adults using the choice test and feeding assay towards tomato and N. benthamiana plants. B. tabaci preferred tomato over N. benthamiana plants. Second, we extracted N. benthamiana trichome exudates by washing the leaves with either water or ethanol and evaluated their oral toxicities against B. tabaci adults using a parafilm feeding chamber containing 20% sucrose solution. Oral ingestion of both extracts significantly increased mortality in a concentration-dependent manner. Oral ingestion of ethanol-washed 10% trichome extract caused >60% mortality in B. tabaci adults after 36 h. Third, trichome exudates were concentrated by drying to obtain a powder form, which was more potent in killing whiteflies than the liquid form. Oral ingestion of 1% trichome powder was completely lethal to B. tabaci within 36 h. N. benthamiana trichome exudates are highly toxic to B. tabaci through oral ingestion, suggesting that N. benthamiana can be used as a potential natural pesticide for whitefly management.
毛状体是一种毛发状结构,参与植物对食草昆虫的机械和化学防御。野生烟草植物烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)具有发达的腺毛,能分泌糖酯,具有强大的驱虫和杀虫特性。然而,关于毛状体萃取物在控制植物蛀食昆虫方面的效果,目前还缺乏相关信息。本研究的目的是调查 N. benthamiana 毛状体渗出物对烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci MED (Gennadius))(半翅目:蝼蛄科)的影响。首先,我们使用选择试验和取食试验测定了 B. tabaci 成虫对番茄和 N. benthamiana 植物的寄主偏好和死亡率。与 N. benthamiana 植物相比,B. tabaci 更喜欢番茄。其次,我们用水或乙醇清洗 N. benthamiana 的叶片,提取其毛状体渗出物,并使用含有 20% 蔗糖溶液的parafilm饲喂室评估其对 B. tabaci 成虫的口服毒性。口服这两种提取物都会显著增加死亡率,且呈浓度依赖性。口服乙醇洗涤的 10%毛状体提取物可在 36 小时后导致烟粉虱成虫死亡率超过 60%。口服 1%的毛状体粉末可在 36 小时内完全杀死烟粉虱。N. benthamiana 毛状体渗出物通过口服对烟粉虱具有很强的毒性,这表明 N. benthamiana 可作为一种潜在的天然杀虫剂用于防治烟粉虱。
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引用次数: 0
Propolis: Harnessing Nature’s Hidden Treasure for Sustainable Agriculture 蜂胶:利用大自然隐藏的宝藏实现可持续农业
Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.3390/agrochemicals2040033
V. Bankova, M. Popova
Recently, the search for sustainable and environmentally friendly agrochemicals from natural origin is steadily growing. Propolis, a resinous substance collected by honeybees, well known for its diverse biological activities, has attracted the attention of scientists and farmers with its agrochemical potential in the last years. This review article aims to delve into the fascinating world of propolis and its utilization in agriculture. Here, we provide a brief overview of propolis: its chemical composition and the bioactive substances responsible for its biological properties. The effectiveness of propolis in controlling common pests and diseases that affect crops, suppressing postharvest illnesses of fruits and vegetables, stimulating plant defenses and increasing stress resistance, is reviewed. Discussion of the challenges and future perspectives related to the integration of propolis in agriculture is also one of our objectives, including chemical variability, standardization and regulatory considerations. We also focused on the latest research trends and technological advances that promise to unlock the full potential of propolis as a sustainable agricultural tool.
近来,从自然界中寻找可持续和环保型农用化学品的呼声日益高涨。蜂胶是蜜蜂采集的一种树脂物质,以其多种多样的生物活性而闻名,近年来,蜂胶的农用化学品潜力吸引了科学家和农民的关注。这篇综述文章旨在深入探讨蜂胶的迷人世界及其在农业中的应用。在此,我们将简要概述蜂胶:其化学成分和具有生物特性的生物活性物质。我们还回顾了蜂胶在控制影响农作物的常见病虫害、抑制水果和蔬菜采后病害、刺激植物防御系统和提高抗逆性方面的功效。讨论与蜂胶在农业中的应用有关的挑战和未来前景也是我们的目标之一,包括化学变异、标准化和监管方面的考虑。我们还关注了最新的研究趋势和技术进步,它们有望释放蜂胶作为可持续农业工具的全部潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Element Composition of Fractionated Water-Extractable Soil Colloidal Particles Separated by Track-Etched Membranes 用轨迹蚀刻膜分离出的水提取土壤胶体颗粒的元素组成
Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.3390/agrochemicals2040032
D. Volkov, O. Rogova, Svetlana T. Ovseenko, Aleksandr Odelskii, M. Proskurnin
Membrane fractionation with track-etched membranes was used to size-profile the microelement composition of water-extractable soil colloids (WESCs). The aim of the study is the element composition of narrow WESC fractions of typical chernozems in the range of 0.01–10 µm. Micro-/ultrafiltration through a cascade of track-etched polycarbonate membrane filters with pore sizes of 5, 2, 1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.01 µm at room temperature was used. ICP–AES using direct spraying of obtained fractions without decomposition was used; Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and S were found. Narrow WESC fractions differ significantly. For macro- and microelements, maximum amounts of Si, Al, Fe, and Ti and their maximum percentages are observed in fractions with sizes above 1 µm, while Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, K, and S are accumulated more in fractions with sizes below 1 µm. The developed approach provides preparative isolation of a detailed set of narrow WESC fractions in the micrometer–nanometer range. This provides element soil profiles that reveal distinct differences and the individual character of each fraction as well as trends in changes in the mineral matrix and microelement composition with fraction size.
使用履带式蚀刻膜进行膜分馏,对水提取土壤胶体(WESCs)的微量元素组成进行了粒度分析。该研究的目的是分析 0.01-10 微米范围内典型的螯合藻类的窄水提取土壤胶体馏分的元素组成。在室温下,通过一系列孔径分别为 5、2、1、0.8、0.4、0.2、0.1、0.05、0.03 和 0.01 微米的聚碳酸酯膜过滤器进行微/超滤。使用 ICP-AES 直接喷射所获得的馏分,而不进行分解,结果发现了 Al、Ba、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn、Ca、K、Mg、Na、P 和 S。狭窄的 WESC 分数差异显著。就宏观和微观元素而言,在粒度大于 1 µm 的馏分中,硅、铝、铁和钛的含量最高,其百分比也最高;而在粒度小于 1 µm 的馏分中,钙、镁、锰、铜、锌、钾和硒的累积量较多。所开发的方法可对微米-纳米范围内的一组详细的窄WESC馏分进行制备分离。这就提供了土壤元素剖面图,揭示了每个馏分的明显差异和个性特征,以及矿物基质和微量元素组成随馏分大小的变化趋势。
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