Ayed. R. A. Alanzi, Ohud A. Alqasem, M. E. A. Elwahab, Raouf Fakhfakh
Let K+(μi)={Qsiμi,si∈(m0μi,m+μi)}, i=1,2, be two CSK families generated by the nondegenerate probability measures μ1 and μ2 with support bounded from above. Define the set of measures L=K+(μ1)•K+(μ2)={Qs1μ1•Qs2μ2,s1∈(m0μ1,m+μ1)ands2∈(m0μ2,m+μ2)}, where Qs1μ1•Qs2μ2 denotes the Fermi convolution of Qs1μ1 and Qs2μ2. We prove that if L is still a CSK family (that is, L=K+(σ) for some nondegenerate probability measure ()σ), then the probability measures σ, μ1 and μ2 are of the free Poisson type and follow the free Poisson law up to affinity. The same result, regarding the free Poisson measure, is obtained if we consider the t-deformed free convolution t replacing the Fermi convolution • in the family of measures L.
设 K+(μi)={Qsiμi,si∈(m0μi,m+μi)}，i=1,2，是由非enerate 概率度量 μ1 和 μ2 生成的两个 CSK 族，它们的支持从上而下有界。定义度量集合 L=K+(μ1)-K+(μ2)={Qs1μ1-Qs2μ2,s1∈(m0μ1,m+μ1)ands2∈(m0μ2,m+μ2)} ，其中 Qs1μ1-Qs2μ2 表示 Qs1μ1 和 Qs2μ2 的费米卷积。我们证明，如果 L 仍然是 CSK 族（即 L=K+(σ) 对于某个非enerate 概率度量 ()σ），那么概率度量 σ、μ1 和 μ2 属于自由泊松类型，并遵循直到亲和性的自由泊松定律。如果我们在量纲 L 的族中考虑 t 变形自由卷积 t 代替费米卷积，也会得到关于自由泊松量纲的相同结果。
{"title":"Some Results on the Free Poisson Distribution","authors":"Ayed. R. A. Alanzi, Ohud A. Alqasem, M. E. A. Elwahab, Raouf Fakhfakh","doi":"10.3390/axioms13080496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13080496","url":null,"abstract":"Let K+(μi)={Qsiμi,si∈(m0μi,m+μi)}, i=1,2, be two CSK families generated by the nondegenerate probability measures μ1 and μ2 with support bounded from above. Define the set of measures L=K+(μ1)•K+(μ2)={Qs1μ1•Qs2μ2,s1∈(m0μ1,m+μ1)ands2∈(m0μ2,m+μ2)}, where Qs1μ1•Qs2μ2 denotes the Fermi convolution of Qs1μ1 and Qs2μ2. We prove that if L is still a CSK family (that is, L=K+(σ) for some nondegenerate probability measure ()σ), then the probability measures σ, μ1 and μ2 are of the free Poisson type and follow the free Poisson law up to affinity. The same result, regarding the free Poisson measure, is obtained if we consider the t-deformed free convolution t replacing the Fermi convolution • in the family of measures L.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"21 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graham and Pollack in 1971 presented applications of eigenvalues of the distance matrix in addressing problems in data communication systems. Spectral graph theory employs tools from linear algebra to retrieve the properties of a graph from the spectrum of graph-theoretic matrices. The study of graphs with “few eigenvalues” is a contemporary problem in spectral graph theory. This paper studies graphs with few distinct distance eigenvalues. After mentioning the classification of graphs with one and two distinct distance eigenvalues, we mainly focus on graphs with three distinct distance eigenvalues. Characterizing graphs with three distinct distance eigenvalues is “highly” non-trivial. In this paper, we classify all trees whose distance matrix has precisely three distinct eigenvalues. Our proof is different from earlier existing proof of the result as our proof is extendable to other similar families such as unicyclic and bicyclic graphs. The main tools which we employ include interlacing and equitable partitions. We also list all the connected graphs on ν ≤ 6 vertices and compute their distance spectra. Importantly, all these graphs on ν ≤ 6 vertices are determined from their distance spectra. We deliver a distance cospectral pair of order 7, thus making it a distance cospectral pair of the smallest order. This paper is concluded with some future directions.
{"title":"On Some Distance Spectral Characteristics of Trees","authors":"Sakander Hayat, Asad Khan, Mohammed J. F. Alenazi","doi":"10.3390/axioms13080494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13080494","url":null,"abstract":"Graham and Pollack in 1971 presented applications of eigenvalues of the distance matrix in addressing problems in data communication systems. Spectral graph theory employs tools from linear algebra to retrieve the properties of a graph from the spectrum of graph-theoretic matrices. The study of graphs with “few eigenvalues” is a contemporary problem in spectral graph theory. This paper studies graphs with few distinct distance eigenvalues. After mentioning the classification of graphs with one and two distinct distance eigenvalues, we mainly focus on graphs with three distinct distance eigenvalues. Characterizing graphs with three distinct distance eigenvalues is “highly” non-trivial. In this paper, we classify all trees whose distance matrix has precisely three distinct eigenvalues. Our proof is different from earlier existing proof of the result as our proof is extendable to other similar families such as unicyclic and bicyclic graphs. The main tools which we employ include interlacing and equitable partitions. We also list all the connected graphs on ν ≤ 6 vertices and compute their distance spectra. Importantly, all these graphs on ν ≤ 6 vertices are determined from their distance spectra. We deliver a distance cospectral pair of order 7, thus making it a distance cospectral pair of the smallest order. This paper is concluded with some future directions.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"102 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iliya Bouyukliev, Mariya Dzhumalieva-Stoeva, Paskal Piperkov
In this paper, three discrete transforms related to vector spaces over finite fields are studied. For our purposes, and according to the properties of the finite fields, the most suitable transforms are as follows: for binary fields, this is the Walsh–Hadamard transform; for odd prime fields, the Vilenkin–Chrestenson transform; and for composite fields, the trace transform. A factorization of the transform matrices using Kronecker power is given so that the considered discrete transforms are reduced to the fast discrete transforms. Examples and applications are also presented of the considered transforms in coding theory for calculating the weight distribution of a linear code.
{"title":"Matrix Factorization and Some Fast Discrete Transforms","authors":"Iliya Bouyukliev, Mariya Dzhumalieva-Stoeva, Paskal Piperkov","doi":"10.3390/axioms13080495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13080495","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, three discrete transforms related to vector spaces over finite fields are studied. For our purposes, and according to the properties of the finite fields, the most suitable transforms are as follows: for binary fields, this is the Walsh–Hadamard transform; for odd prime fields, the Vilenkin–Chrestenson transform; and for composite fields, the trace transform. A factorization of the transform matrices using Kronecker power is given so that the considered discrete transforms are reduced to the fast discrete transforms. Examples and applications are also presented of the considered transforms in coding theory for calculating the weight distribution of a linear code.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. I. Baek, T. Al-shami, S. Jafari, M. Cheong, K. Hur
Our research’s main aim is to study two viewpoints: First, we define partial interval-valued soft Ti(j)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii), study some of their properties and some of relationships among them, and give some examples. Second, we introduce the notions of partial total interval-valued soft Tj(i)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii) and discuss some of their properties. We present some relationships among them and give some examples.
我们研究的主要目的是研究两个观点：首先，我们定义了部分区间值软 Ti(j)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii)，研究了它们的一些性质和它们之间的一些关系，并给出了一些例子。其次，我们引入部分全区间值软 Tj(i)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii) 的概念，并讨论它们的一些性质。我们介绍了它们之间的一些关系，并举了一些例子。
{"title":"New Interval-Valued Soft Separation Axioms","authors":"J. I. Baek, T. Al-shami, S. Jafari, M. Cheong, K. Hur","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070493","url":null,"abstract":"Our research’s main aim is to study two viewpoints: First, we define partial interval-valued soft Ti(j)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii), study some of their properties and some of relationships among them, and give some examples. Second, we introduce the notions of partial total interval-valued soft Tj(i)-spaces (i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i, ii) and discuss some of their properties. We present some relationships among them and give some examples.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"2 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141815813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Let p,q,q′∈[1,∞], q′≤q. Several new characterizations of locally convex spaces with the sequential Dunford–Pettis property of order (p,q) are given. We introduce and thoroughly study the sequential Dunford–Pettis* property of order (p,q) of locally convex spaces (in the realm of Banach spaces, the sequential DP(p,∞)* property coincides with the well-known DPp* property). Being motivated by the coarse p-DP* property and the p-Dunford–Pettis relatively compact property for Banach spaces, we define and study the coarse sequential DP(p,q)* property, the coarse DPp* property and the p-Dunford–Pettis sequentially compact property of order (q′,q) in the class of all locally convex spaces.
{"title":"Locally Convex Spaces with Sequential Dunford–Pettis Type Properties","authors":"S. Gabriyelyan","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070491","url":null,"abstract":"Let p,q,q′∈[1,∞], q′≤q. Several new characterizations of locally convex spaces with the sequential Dunford–Pettis property of order (p,q) are given. We introduce and thoroughly study the sequential Dunford–Pettis* property of order (p,q) of locally convex spaces (in the realm of Banach spaces, the sequential DP(p,∞)* property coincides with the well-known DPp* property). Being motivated by the coarse p-DP* property and the p-Dunford–Pettis relatively compact property for Banach spaces, we define and study the coarse sequential DP(p,q)* property, the coarse DPp* property and the p-Dunford–Pettis sequentially compact property of order (q′,q) in the class of all locally convex spaces.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"20 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the time-dependent boundary element method, also termed the pseudo-initial condition method, is employed for solving transient heat conduction problems, the numerical evaluation of domain integrals is necessitated. Consequently, the accurate calculation of the domain integrals is of crucial importance for analyzing transient heat conduction. However, as the time step decreases progressively and approaches zero, the integrand of the domain integrals is close to singular, resulting in large errors when employing standard Gaussian quadrature directly. To solve the problem and further improve the calculation accuracy of the domain integrals, an (α, β) distance transformation is presented. Distance transformation is a simple and efficient method for eliminating near-singularity, typically applied to nearly singular integrals. Firstly, the (α, β) coordinate transformation is introduced. Then, a new distance transformation for the domain integrals is constructed by replacing the shortest distance with the time step. With the new method, the integrand of the domain integrals is substantially smoothed, and the singularity arising from small time steps in the domain integrals is effectively eliminated. Thus, more accurate results can be obtained by the (α, β) distance transformation. Different sizes of time steps, positions of source point, and shapes of integration elements are considered in numerical examples. Comparative studies of the numerical results for the domain integrals using various methods demonstrate that higher accuracy and efficiency are achieved by the proposed method.
{"title":"Numerical Computation of 2D Domain Integrals in Boundary Element Method by (α, β) Distance Transformation for Transient Heat Conduction Problems","authors":"Yunqiao Dong, Zhengxu Tan, Hengbo Sun","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070490","url":null,"abstract":"When the time-dependent boundary element method, also termed the pseudo-initial condition method, is employed for solving transient heat conduction problems, the numerical evaluation of domain integrals is necessitated. Consequently, the accurate calculation of the domain integrals is of crucial importance for analyzing transient heat conduction. However, as the time step decreases progressively and approaches zero, the integrand of the domain integrals is close to singular, resulting in large errors when employing standard Gaussian quadrature directly. To solve the problem and further improve the calculation accuracy of the domain integrals, an (α, β) distance transformation is presented. Distance transformation is a simple and efficient method for eliminating near-singularity, typically applied to nearly singular integrals. Firstly, the (α, β) coordinate transformation is introduced. Then, a new distance transformation for the domain integrals is constructed by replacing the shortest distance with the time step. With the new method, the integrand of the domain integrals is substantially smoothed, and the singularity arising from small time steps in the domain integrals is effectively eliminated. Thus, more accurate results can be obtained by the (α, β) distance transformation. Different sizes of time steps, positions of source point, and shapes of integration elements are considered in numerical examples. Comparative studies of the numerical results for the domain integrals using various methods demonstrate that higher accuracy and efficiency are achieved by the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"29 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we mainly studied the Gel’fand widths of Sobolev space in the probabilistic and average settings. And, we estimated the sharp bounds of the probabilistic Gel’fand (N,δ)-widths of multivariate Sobolev space MW2r(Td) with mixed derivative equipped with the Gaussian measure in the Sq-norm by discretization methods. Later, we estimated the sharp bounds of the p-average Gel’fand N-widths of univariate Sobolev space W2r(T) and multivariate Sobolev space MW2r(Td) with mixed derivative equipped with the Gaussian measure in the Sq-norm.
{"title":"Probabilistic and Average Gel’fand Widths of Sobolev Space Equipped with Gaussian Measure in the Sq-Norm","authors":"Ruihuan Wu, Yuqing Liu, Huan Li","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070492","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we mainly studied the Gel’fand widths of Sobolev space in the probabilistic and average settings. And, we estimated the sharp bounds of the probabilistic Gel’fand (N,δ)-widths of multivariate Sobolev space MW2r(Td) with mixed derivative equipped with the Gaussian measure in the Sq-norm by discretization methods. Later, we estimated the sharp bounds of the p-average Gel’fand N-widths of univariate Sobolev space W2r(T) and multivariate Sobolev space MW2r(Td) with mixed derivative equipped with the Gaussian measure in the Sq-norm.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"35 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers generalized consistent sampling and reconstruction processes in an abstract separable Hilbert space. Using an operator-theoretical approach, quasi-consistent and consistent approximations with optimal properties, such as possessing the minimum norm or being closest to the original vector, are derived. The results are illustrated with several examples.
{"title":"Consistent Sampling Approximations in Abstract Hilbert Spaces","authors":"Sinuk Kang, Kil Hyun Kwon, Dae Gwan Lee","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070489","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers generalized consistent sampling and reconstruction processes in an abstract separable Hilbert space. Using an operator-theoretical approach, quasi-consistent and consistent approximations with optimal properties, such as possessing the minimum norm or being closest to the original vector, are derived. The results are illustrated with several examples.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"60 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanlin Li, Mohd Aquib, Meraj Ali Khan, Ibrahim Al-Dayel, M. Z. Youssef
In this particular article, our focus revolves around the establishment of a geometric inequality, commonly referred to as Chen’s inequality. We specifically apply this inequality to assess the square norm of the mean curvature vector and the warping function of warped product slant submanifolds. Our investigation takes place within the context of locally metallic product space forms with quarter-symmetric metric connections. Additionally, we delve into the condition that determines when equality is achieved within the inequality. Furthermore, we explore a number of implications of our findings.
{"title":"Geometric Inequalities of Slant Submanifolds in Locally Metallic Product Space Forms","authors":"Yanlin Li, Mohd Aquib, Meraj Ali Khan, Ibrahim Al-Dayel, M. Z. Youssef","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070486","url":null,"abstract":"In this particular article, our focus revolves around the establishment of a geometric inequality, commonly referred to as Chen’s inequality. We specifically apply this inequality to assess the square norm of the mean curvature vector and the warping function of warped product slant submanifolds. Our investigation takes place within the context of locally metallic product space forms with quarter-symmetric metric connections. Additionally, we delve into the condition that determines when equality is achieved within the inequality. Furthermore, we explore a number of implications of our findings.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"102 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the Dirichlet series F(s)=∑n=1∞fnexp{sλn}, which is the Hadamard composition of the genus m of similar Dirichlet series Fj(s) with the same exponents, the growth with respect to the function G(s) given as the Dirichlet series is studied in terms of the Φ-type (the upper limit of MG−1(MF(σ))/Φ(σ) as σ↑A) and convergence Φ-class defined by the condition ∫σ0AΦ′(σ)MG−1(MF(σ))Φ2(σ)dσ<+∞, where MF(σ) is the maximum modulus of the function F at an imaginary line and A is the abscissa of the absolute convergence.
{"title":"On the Relative Φ-Growth of Hadamard Compositions of Dirichlet Series","authors":"M. Sheremeta, O. Mulyava","doi":"10.3390/axioms13070487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13070487","url":null,"abstract":"For the Dirichlet series F(s)=∑n=1∞fnexp{sλn}, which is the Hadamard composition of the genus m of similar Dirichlet series Fj(s) with the same exponents, the growth with respect to the function G(s) given as the Dirichlet series is studied in terms of the Φ-type (the upper limit of MG−1(MF(σ))/Φ(σ) as σ↑A) and convergence Φ-class defined by the condition ∫σ0AΦ′(σ)MG−1(MF(σ))Φ2(σ)dσ<+∞, where MF(σ) is the maximum modulus of the function F at an imaginary line and A is the abscissa of the absolute convergence.","PeriodicalId":502355,"journal":{"name":"Axioms","volume":"105 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：