Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1701573
Min Jee Kim, Jong Seok Kim, SUNG-SOO Kim, Iksoo Kim
The Bekko Tombo, Libellula angelina Selys, 1883 (Odonata: Libellulidae), is listed as an endangered species in South Korea, and is classified as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). An assessment of the genetic diversity and population relationships of the species by molecular markers can provide the information necessary to establish effective conservation strategies. In this study, we developed 10 microsatellite markers specific to L. angelina using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Forty-three samples of L. angelina collected from three localities in South Korea were genotyped to validate these markers and to preliminarily assess the population genetic characteristics. The 10 markers revealed 4–11 alleles, 0.211–0.950 observed heterozygosity (H O), and 0.659–0.871 expected heterozygosity (H E) in the population with the largest sample size (n = 20), thereby validating the suitability of these markers for population analyses. Our preliminary assessment of the population genetic characteristics appears to indicate the following: presence of inbreeding in all populations, an isolation of the most geographically distant population (Seocheon), and a lower H O than H E. The microsatellite markers developed in this study will be useful for studying the population genetics of L. angelina collected from additional sites in South Korea and from other regions.
{"title":"Development and validation of microsatellite markers for an endangered dragonfly, Libellula angelina (Odonata: Libellulidae), with notes on population structures and genetic diversity","authors":"Min Jee Kim, Jong Seok Kim, SUNG-SOO Kim, Iksoo Kim","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1701573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1701573","url":null,"abstract":"The Bekko Tombo, Libellula angelina Selys, 1883 (Odonata: Libellulidae), is listed as an endangered species in South Korea, and is classified as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). An assessment of the genetic diversity and population relationships of the species by molecular markers can provide the information necessary to establish effective conservation strategies. In this study, we developed 10 microsatellite markers specific to L. angelina using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Forty-three samples of L. angelina collected from three localities in South Korea were genotyped to validate these markers and to preliminarily assess the population genetic characteristics. The 10 markers revealed 4–11 alleles, 0.211–0.950 observed heterozygosity (H O), and 0.659–0.871 expected heterozygosity (H E) in the population with the largest sample size (n = 20), thereby validating the suitability of these markers for population analyses. Our preliminary assessment of the population genetic characteristics appears to indicate the following: presence of inbreeding in all populations, an isolation of the most geographically distant population (Seocheon), and a lower H O than H E. The microsatellite markers developed in this study will be useful for studying the population genetics of L. angelina collected from additional sites in South Korea and from other regions.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1701573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1682372
R. Wootton
Charles Porter Ellington was born on December 31st 1952 in the State of Maryland, grew up there and in the State of Georgia, and gained his first degree at Duke University, North Carolina, all in the USA. Under the leadership of Steven Vogel and Stephen Wainwright, Duke at that time was the hub of biomechanics in the USA, and several of Charlie’s near contemporaries went on to establish influential laboratories on other US campuses. He took a different route, coming to Cambridge in 1972 on a prestigious Churchill Scholarship to work for a PhD under the supervision of Torkel Weis-Fogh, a brilliant Dane who was then the world leader in insect flight research. Weis-Fogh had recently broken new ground in aerodynamics. Using high-speed cinematography of the tiny wasp Encarsia formosa in free flight, he had described the first non-steady state mechanism for generating high lift by flapping wings. Charlie’s remit was to develop and extend this approach to other insect groups and to work towards a greater understanding of the aerodynamics of hovering flight. Disaster struck soon after, when Weis-Fogh took his own life. Charlie’s supervision was taken over by Ken Machin, a radio-astronomer turned zoologist whose outstanding experimental flair lay behind much important research in Cambridge at that time. The result was a PhD thesis that must rank among the most remarkable in the history of the degree, and spectacularly demonstrated what the disciplinary breadth of the American undergraduate system could achieve in an outstanding student. Building his own digitiser and using a computer the size of a wardrobe Charlie developed the first methodology and software for kinematic analysis of unimpeded flapping flight, and applied them to his own high-speed films of a range of hovering insects. He identified five new unsteady mechanisms for lift generation, and, crucially, was the first person to develop a vortex theory for flapping flight. He developed and extended the use of morphometric parameters in calculating aerodynamic and inertial forces and power requirements of flight. The work was published virtually intact in 1984 in a seminal series of six papers in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, and established the platform on which virtually all subsequent research on insect flight mechanics has been built. Now on the staff at Cambridge, Charlie replaced Weis-Fogh as the recognised world leader in insect flight mechanics. An excellent theoretician as well as a first-rate experimentalist, he began a programme of research and publications with a succession of postgraduates and post-doctoral assistants, primarily addressing the nature and relative importance of unsteady mechanisms in
Charles Porter Ellington 1952年12月31日出生于马里兰州，在那里和佐治亚州长大，并在美国北卡罗来纳州杜克大学获得了第一个学位。在Steven Vogel和Stephen Wainwright的领导下，当时的杜克大学是美国生物力学的中心，与查理同时代的几位同事随后在美国其他校园建立了有影响力的实验室。他走了另一条路，1972年凭借著名的丘吉尔奖学金来到剑桥，在当时世界昆虫飞行研究领导者、才华横溢的丹麦人托克尔·韦斯·福格的指导下攻读博士学位。韦斯·福格最近在空气动力学方面开辟了新天地。利用自由飞行中的小黄蜂Encarsia formosa的高速摄影，他描述了第一个通过拍打翅膀产生高升力的非稳态机制。Charlie的职责是开发并将这种方法推广到其他昆虫群体，并致力于更好地了解悬停飞行的空气动力学。不久灾难降临，韦斯·福格自杀了。查理的监督由Ken Machin接管，他是一位无线电天文学家，后来成为动物学家，杰出的实验天赋是当时剑桥许多重要研究的基础。结果是一篇博士论文，它一定是该学位历史上最引人注目的论文之一，并引人注目地展示了美国本科生系统的学科广度可以在一名优秀学生身上取得什么成就。查理建立了自己的数字化仪，并使用衣柜大小的计算机，开发了第一种用于无障碍扑翼飞行运动学分析的方法和软件，并将其应用于他自己拍摄的一系列悬停昆虫的高速胶片。他确定了产生升力的五种新的非定常机制，至关重要的是，他是第一个开发出扑翼飞行涡流理论的人。他发展并扩展了形态测量参数在计算空气动力学和惯性力以及飞行功率要求方面的应用。1984年，这项工作几乎完好无损地发表在《皇家学会哲学汇刊B》的六篇开创性论文系列中，并为后来几乎所有关于昆虫飞行力学的研究奠定了基础。现在，查理在剑桥大学工作，取代韦斯·福格成为公认的昆虫飞行力学世界领导者。作为一名优秀的理论家和一流的实验学家，他与一系列研究生和博士后助理一起开始了一项研究和出版计划，主要研究不稳定机制的性质和相对重要性
{"title":"Charlie Ellington (1952-2019) – a career in animal flight mechanics","authors":"R. Wootton","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1682372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1682372","url":null,"abstract":"Charles Porter Ellington was born on December 31st 1952 in the State of Maryland, grew up there and in the State of Georgia, and gained his first degree at Duke University, North Carolina, all in the USA. Under the leadership of Steven Vogel and Stephen Wainwright, Duke at that time was the hub of biomechanics in the USA, and several of Charlie’s near contemporaries went on to establish influential laboratories on other US campuses. He took a different route, coming to Cambridge in 1972 on a prestigious Churchill Scholarship to work for a PhD under the supervision of Torkel Weis-Fogh, a brilliant Dane who was then the world leader in insect flight research. Weis-Fogh had recently broken new ground in aerodynamics. Using high-speed cinematography of the tiny wasp Encarsia formosa in free flight, he had described the first non-steady state mechanism for generating high lift by flapping wings. Charlie’s remit was to develop and extend this approach to other insect groups and to work towards a greater understanding of the aerodynamics of hovering flight. Disaster struck soon after, when Weis-Fogh took his own life. Charlie’s supervision was taken over by Ken Machin, a radio-astronomer turned zoologist whose outstanding experimental flair lay behind much important research in Cambridge at that time. The result was a PhD thesis that must rank among the most remarkable in the history of the degree, and spectacularly demonstrated what the disciplinary breadth of the American undergraduate system could achieve in an outstanding student. Building his own digitiser and using a computer the size of a wardrobe Charlie developed the first methodology and software for kinematic analysis of unimpeded flapping flight, and applied them to his own high-speed films of a range of hovering insects. He identified five new unsteady mechanisms for lift generation, and, crucially, was the first person to develop a vortex theory for flapping flight. He developed and extended the use of morphometric parameters in calculating aerodynamic and inertial forces and power requirements of flight. The work was published virtually intact in 1984 in a seminal series of six papers in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, and established the platform on which virtually all subsequent research on insect flight mechanics has been built. Now on the staff at Cambridge, Charlie replaced Weis-Fogh as the recognised world leader in insect flight mechanics. An excellent theoretician as well as a first-rate experimentalist, he began a programme of research and publications with a succession of postgraduates and post-doctoral assistants, primarily addressing the nature and relative importance of unsteady mechanisms in","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1682372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44346305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1688017
G. Rüppell, Dagmar Hilfert-Rüppell
Acceleration manoeuvres in free flight in nature of five damselfly (Zygoptera) and four dragonfly (Anisoptera) species were analysed by means of slow motion filming. Changes in stroke frequencies, stroke angles, stroke directions, angles of inclination of the wings, and the phase-relationship of fore- and hindwings were recorded during acceleration. Damselflies and dragonflies showed similar actions. In rapid acceleration, a shifting of the relationship of the two wing pairs to in-phase stroking and the use of highly inclined wings in the stroke direction opposite to the flight direction can be seen. Slow backward flight was done by phase-shifted stroking, fast backward flight by in-phase stroking. The downstrokes in slow and fast backward flight were quicker than the upstrokes. When fleeing from frogs, dragonflies show extreme flight action: all stroke phases were in-phase and the stroke phases directed toward the frog were very fast and highly inclined. Distances covered per stroke, non-dimensional flight velocities and acceleration are compared and discussed.
{"title":"Rapid acceleration in Odonata flight: highly inclined and in-phase wing beating","authors":"G. Rüppell, Dagmar Hilfert-Rüppell","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1688017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1688017","url":null,"abstract":"Acceleration manoeuvres in free flight in nature of five damselfly (Zygoptera) and four dragonfly (Anisoptera) species were analysed by means of slow motion filming. Changes in stroke frequencies, stroke angles, stroke directions, angles of inclination of the wings, and the phase-relationship of fore- and hindwings were recorded during acceleration. Damselflies and dragonflies showed similar actions. In rapid acceleration, a shifting of the relationship of the two wing pairs to in-phase stroking and the use of highly inclined wings in the stroke direction opposite to the flight direction can be seen. Slow backward flight was done by phase-shifted stroking, fast backward flight by in-phase stroking. The downstrokes in slow and fast backward flight were quicker than the upstrokes. When fleeing from frogs, dragonflies show extreme flight action: all stroke phases were in-phase and the stroke phases directed toward the frog were very fast and highly inclined. Distances covered per stroke, non-dimensional flight velocities and acceleration are compared and discussed.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1688017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43180525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1682852
Richard J. Rowe
From their earliest appearance in the fossil record, dragonflies have clearly taken a different approach to flight than other insect groups. Even the superficially similar Neuroptera do not fly like dragonflies. Flight specialisation has enabled dragonflies to occupy a range of niches, as specialised predators of flying insects, for around 300 My.
{"title":"History of dragonfly flight","authors":"Richard J. Rowe","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1682852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1682852","url":null,"abstract":"From their earliest appearance in the fossil record, dragonflies have clearly taken a different approach to flight than other insect groups. Even the superficially similar Neuroptera do not fly like dragonflies. Flight specialisation has enabled dragonflies to occupy a range of niches, as specialised predators of flying insects, for around 300 My.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1682852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49255909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1688502
T. Nakata, P. Henningsson, Huai-Ti Lin, R. Bomphrey
Remarkable flight performance is key to the survival of adult Odonata. They integrate varied three-dimensional architectures and kinematics of the wings, unsteady aerodynamics, and sensory feedback control in order to achieve agile flight. Therefore, a diverse range of approaches are necessary to understand their flight strategy comprehensively. Recently, new data have been presented in several key areas in Odonata such as measurement of surface topographies, computational fluid dynamic analyses, quantitative flow visualisation using particle image velocimetry, and optical tracking of free flight trajectories in laboratory environments. In this paper, we briefly review those findings alongside more recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the flight mechanics of Odonata still further.
{"title":"Recent progress on the flight of dragonflies and damselflies","authors":"T. Nakata, P. Henningsson, Huai-Ti Lin, R. Bomphrey","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1688502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1688502","url":null,"abstract":"Remarkable flight performance is key to the survival of adult Odonata. They integrate varied three-dimensional architectures and kinematics of the wings, unsteady aerodynamics, and sensory feedback control in order to achieve agile flight. Therefore, a diverse range of approaches are necessary to understand their flight strategy comprehensively. Recently, new data have been presented in several key areas in Odonata such as measurement of surface topographies, computational fluid dynamic analyses, quantitative flow visualisation using particle image velocimetry, and optical tracking of free flight trajectories in laboratory environments. In this paper, we briefly review those findings alongside more recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the flight mechanics of Odonata still further.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1688502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46661647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1687994
F. Lehmann, Henja-Niniane Wehmann
The fluid dynamics of aerodynamic force control in insects depends on how oscillating wings interact with the surrounding air. The resulting flow structures are shaped by the flow induced by the wing’s instantaneous motion but also on flow components resulting from force production in previous wing strokes and the motion of other wings flapping in close proximity. In four-winged insects such as damsel- and dragonflies, the flow over the hindwings is affected by the forewing downwash. In these animals, a phase-shift between the stroke cycles of forewing and hindwing modulates aerodynamic performance of the hindwing via leading edge vortex destruction, changes in local flow condition and the wake capture effect. This review is engaged in the significance of wing-wake interference for force control, showing that in damselfly model wings the strength of phase-dependent force modulation critically depends on the vertical spacing between forewing and hindwing stroke planes and the aspect ratio of both wings. We conclude that damsel- and dragonflies reach maximum steering capacity for body posture control when forewings and hindwings flap in close proximity and have similar length. The latter findings are of significance for the evolution and diversification of insect wings because they might explain why forewings and hindwings are little different in the order Odonatoptera.
{"title":"Aerodynamic interference depends on stroke plane spacing and wing aspect ratio in damselfly model wings","authors":"F. Lehmann, Henja-Niniane Wehmann","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1687994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1687994","url":null,"abstract":"The fluid dynamics of aerodynamic force control in insects depends on how oscillating wings interact with the surrounding air. The resulting flow structures are shaped by the flow induced by the wing’s instantaneous motion but also on flow components resulting from force production in previous wing strokes and the motion of other wings flapping in close proximity. In four-winged insects such as damsel- and dragonflies, the flow over the hindwings is affected by the forewing downwash. In these animals, a phase-shift between the stroke cycles of forewing and hindwing modulates aerodynamic performance of the hindwing via leading edge vortex destruction, changes in local flow condition and the wake capture effect. This review is engaged in the significance of wing-wake interference for force control, showing that in damselfly model wings the strength of phase-dependent force modulation critically depends on the vertical spacing between forewing and hindwing stroke planes and the aspect ratio of both wings. We conclude that damsel- and dragonflies reach maximum steering capacity for body posture control when forewings and hindwings flap in close proximity and have similar length. The latter findings are of significance for the evolution and diversification of insect wings because they might explain why forewings and hindwings are little different in the order Odonatoptera.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1687994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45774214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1681812
R. Rowe
At the 2017 International Congress of Odonatology the opportunity was taken to present a half day symposium on dragonfly flight. This symposium was organised to honour the fundamental contributions to investigations into insect flight made over more than three decades by Charles Ellington, at a Congress being held at his home institution. We were honoured that Charlie was able to attend our Symposium. Because of a gentleman’s agreement with Robin Wootton, dividing up the tasks to be done, Charlie did little direct work on dragonflies. However, his work, especially on unsteady state aerodynamics, has had enormous influence on directing researchers. While he did not publish on dragonflies he did think about them a lot and has always been ready to comment and counsel. In terms of insect flight the four independently controlled wings of dragonflies provides both incredible manoeuvrability and power for the animal, and a supreme test of our capacity for analysis and understanding. Dragonflies can achieve accelerations of greater than 10g, and up to 20g in some interpretations, linearly as well as in turns. They can brake to a stop within a few wing strokes; two wing strokes can effect a 180° turn, with the animal spinning about its centre of mass. They can hover, with body horizontal. They can fly backwards. They can tumble. They can side-slip, whether climbing, maintaining altitude or diving. And in all these activities they seemingly remain in total control. In the Symposium the following papers were presented (for multi-authored presentations the presenter’s names are underlined):
{"title":"Dragonfly flight: a Symposium from the 2017 International Congress of Odonatology held at Clare College, Cambridge","authors":"R. Rowe","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1681812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1681812","url":null,"abstract":"At the 2017 International Congress of Odonatology the opportunity was taken to present a half day symposium on dragonfly flight. This symposium was organised to honour the fundamental contributions to investigations into insect flight made over more than three decades by Charles Ellington, at a Congress being held at his home institution. We were honoured that Charlie was able to attend our Symposium. Because of a gentleman’s agreement with Robin Wootton, dividing up the tasks to be done, Charlie did little direct work on dragonflies. However, his work, especially on unsteady state aerodynamics, has had enormous influence on directing researchers. While he did not publish on dragonflies he did think about them a lot and has always been ready to comment and counsel. In terms of insect flight the four independently controlled wings of dragonflies provides both incredible manoeuvrability and power for the animal, and a supreme test of our capacity for analysis and understanding. Dragonflies can achieve accelerations of greater than 10g, and up to 20g in some interpretations, linearly as well as in turns. They can brake to a stop within a few wing strokes; two wing strokes can effect a 180° turn, with the animal spinning about its centre of mass. They can hover, with body horizontal. They can fly backwards. They can tumble. They can side-slip, whether climbing, maintaining altitude or diving. And in all these activities they seemingly remain in total control. In the Symposium the following papers were presented (for multi-authored presentations the presenter’s names are underlined):","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1681812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44134807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1677515
H. Rajabi, S. Gorb
Insect wings have no flight muscles, except those situated in the thorax. However, they continuously respond to forces acting on them during flight. This ability is achieved by the specialised design of the wings and plays a key role in their aerodynamic performance. Dragonfly (Anisoptera) wings represent an extreme example of this automatic shape control among flying insects. The functionality of the wings results from complex interactions between several structural components of which they are composed. Here we put together the results of our recent works, to review the functional roles of some of the key wing components including vein, membrane, vein microjoint, nodus, basal complex and corrugation. Our results help to understand the relationship between the structure, material and function of each of these wing components in complex dragonfly wings. We further use our data to explain how the interactions between the wing components provide dragonflies with fully functional wings.
{"title":"How do dragonfly wings work? A brief guide to functional roles of wing structural components","authors":"H. Rajabi, S. Gorb","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1677515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1677515","url":null,"abstract":"Insect wings have no flight muscles, except those situated in the thorax. However, they continuously respond to forces acting on them during flight. This ability is achieved by the specialised design of the wings and plays a key role in their aerodynamic performance. Dragonfly (Anisoptera) wings represent an extreme example of this automatic shape control among flying insects. The functionality of the wings results from complex interactions between several structural components of which they are composed. Here we put together the results of our recent works, to review the functional roles of some of the key wing components including vein, membrane, vein microjoint, nodus, basal complex and corrugation. Our results help to understand the relationship between the structure, material and function of each of these wing components in complex dragonfly wings. We further use our data to explain how the interactions between the wing components provide dragonflies with fully functional wings.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1677515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44260449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1688499
D. Zheng, E. Jarzembowski
Odonatans are rare as amber inclusions, but quite diverse in Cretaceous Burmese amber. In the past two years, over 20 new species have been found by the present authors after studying over 250 odonatans from 300,000 amber inclusions. Most of them have now been published, and here we provide a brief review. Three suborders of crown Odonata have been recorded, including the damselfly families or superfamilies Platycnemididae, Platystictidae, Perilestidae, Hemiphlebiidae, Coenagrionoidea, Pseudostigmatoidea, Mesomegaloprepidae and Dysagrionidae, plus the dragonfly families Lindeniidae, Gomphaeschnidae and Burmaeshnidae, and the damsel-dragonfly family Burmaphlebiidae.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2019.1687991
R. Wootton
Odonata flight performance capabilities and behaviour and their body and wing form diversity are explored, and their interrelationships discussed theoretically and from observational evidence. Overall size and particularly wing loading appear predictably to be related to speed range. In Anisoptera at least, relatively short bodies and long wings should favour high speed manoeuvrability, though further information is needed. Medium and low aspect ratio wings are associated with gliding and soaring, but the significance of aspect ratio in flapping flight is less straightforward, and much depends on kinematics. Narrow wing bases, petiolation, basal vein fusion, distal concentration of area and a proximally positioned nodus – described by a newly defined variable, the “nodal index” – all allow high torsion between half-strokes and favour habitually slow flight, while broad wing bases are useful at higher speeds. The “basal complex” in all families seems to be a mechanism for automatic lowering of the trailing edge and maintenance of an effective angle of attack, but the relative merits of different configurations are not yet clear. There is serious need for more quantitative information on a wider range of species and families.
{"title":"Dragonfly flight: morphology, performance and behaviour","authors":"R. Wootton","doi":"10.1080/13887890.2019.1687991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1687991","url":null,"abstract":"Odonata flight performance capabilities and behaviour and their body and wing form diversity are explored, and their interrelationships discussed theoretically and from observational evidence. Overall size and particularly wing loading appear predictably to be related to speed range. In Anisoptera at least, relatively short bodies and long wings should favour high speed manoeuvrability, though further information is needed. Medium and low aspect ratio wings are associated with gliding and soaring, but the significance of aspect ratio in flapping flight is less straightforward, and much depends on kinematics. Narrow wing bases, petiolation, basal vein fusion, distal concentration of area and a proximally positioned nodus – described by a newly defined variable, the “nodal index” – all allow high torsion between half-strokes and favour habitually slow flight, while broad wing bases are useful at higher speeds. The “basal complex” in all families seems to be a mechanism for automatic lowering of the trailing edge and maintenance of an effective angle of attack, but the relative merits of different configurations are not yet clear. There is serious need for more quantitative information on a wider range of species and families.","PeriodicalId":50297,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Odonatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13887890.2019.1687991","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43468004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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