Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5882
Esseh, J.N., Ujowundu, F.N., Ibegbulem, C.O., Okereke, D. C.
This study evaluated the chemical profiles of boiled Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko, WG) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) solutions and their effects on the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The GC-MS analyses of the solutions revealed that notable among the compounds present in boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS) were hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecanoic acid and methyl stearate. Hexadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-(trimethylsiloxy)-, methyl stearate, 6-Octadecenoic acid and n-hexadecanoic were relatively present at high levels in boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS) while 9-octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl stearate were also present in boiled centipede solution (BCS). Histological examinations of the kidneys and liver showed that the most notable effects of these solutions after 28-day exposure of the rats were haemorrhage in both organs, vacuolar degeneration in the kidneys and degeneration of the hepatocytes; in dose-dependent manners. The BWWGS and BCS induced hepatic and renal morphological changes in organs of the rats that were treated with them; indicating that the solutions contained toxic substances. The toxic effect was more pronounced with BWWGS relative to BDWGS; suggesting that the gut of WG might have contained agents responsible for the higher toxicity of its boiled solution. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the organs of the rats because of the toxic substances detected in them.
{"title":"Chemical Evaluations of Boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta Solutions and their Histopathological Effects on Livers and Kidneys of Rats","authors":"Esseh, J.N., Ujowundu, F.N., Ibegbulem, C.O., Okereke, D. C.","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5882","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the chemical profiles of boiled Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko, WG) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) solutions and their effects on the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The GC-MS analyses of the solutions revealed that notable among the compounds present in boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS) were hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecanoic acid and methyl stearate. Hexadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-(trimethylsiloxy)-, methyl stearate, 6-Octadecenoic acid and n-hexadecanoic were relatively present at high levels in boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS) while 9-octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl stearate were also present in boiled centipede solution (BCS). Histological examinations of the kidneys and liver showed that the most notable effects of these solutions after 28-day exposure of the rats were haemorrhage in both organs, vacuolar degeneration in the kidneys and degeneration of the hepatocytes; in dose-dependent manners. The BWWGS and BCS induced hepatic and renal morphological changes in organs of the rats that were treated with them; indicating that the solutions contained toxic substances. The toxic effect was more pronounced with BWWGS relative to BDWGS; suggesting that the gut of WG might have contained agents responsible for the higher toxicity of its boiled solution. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the organs of the rats because of the toxic substances detected in them.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5879
Abigael A. Ajayi, Benjamin A. Ajayi, Tolulope F. Ajayi
Aims: This study examines the effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Annona Muricata on liver enzymes in wister rats using the spectrophotometric method. Methodology: 20 Wister rats were divided into groups A, B, C, and D, of 5 rats each, housed, fed, and the experimental groups administered treatments orally in distilled water (10 ml/kg) by means of orogastric cannula for 14 days. 500g of the plant powder was submerged for 72 hours 1500ml of distilled water. The sample was taken with a rotating evaporator, an electrical evaporator extraction apparatus. With water heated to 45°C, the solvent was removed. Before use, a paste-like sample was made and kept in a refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius. The animals in group A were used as the control. The animals in group B were given feeds + 20mg of paracetamol, and the animals in group C were administered 100mg of paracetamol + silymarin. In comparison, the ones in group D were given 150mg of paracetamol + Annona muricata extracts. The animals were then sacrificed 48 hours following the final dose. A blood sample was collected, allowed to coagulate, and then the serum was separated, while the liver was excised and utilized for biochemical analyses. Results: The alanine aminotransferase activities (ul) recorded 9.0±2.71, 14.67±1.5, 13.50±0.58, 15.75±2.50 for animals in groups A, B, C, and D respectively with corresponding activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ul) of 7.25±0.50, 27.33±4.04, 20.00±2.71, 17.25±1.71. Results revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the activities of ALT and AST of all the treated groups. Thus, the aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata could be hepato-protective. The silymarin could also be hepatoprotective, but it is less effective than Annona muricata. The untreated group, B, showed elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, confirming paracetamol's hepatotoxic activity. Conclusion: The ethanol leaf extract of Annona muricata decreased the activities of liver enzymes in male wister rats, suggesting its hepato-protective tendency. It also does not encourage body weight loss.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Annona muricata Aqueous Extract on Liver Enzymes in Wister Rats Exposed to Paracetamol Over Dose","authors":"Abigael A. Ajayi, Benjamin A. Ajayi, Tolulope F. Ajayi","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5879","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study examines the effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Annona Muricata on liver enzymes in wister rats using the spectrophotometric method. \u0000Methodology: 20 Wister rats were divided into groups A, B, C, and D, of 5 rats each, housed, fed, and the experimental groups administered treatments orally in distilled water (10 ml/kg) by means of orogastric cannula for 14 days. 500g of the plant powder was submerged for 72 hours 1500ml of distilled water. The sample was taken with a rotating evaporator, an electrical evaporator extraction apparatus. With water heated to 45°C, the solvent was removed. Before use, a paste-like sample was made and kept in a refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius. The animals in group A were used as the control. The animals in group B were given feeds + 20mg of paracetamol, and the animals in group C were administered 100mg of paracetamol + silymarin. In comparison, the ones in group D were given 150mg of paracetamol + Annona muricata extracts. The animals were then sacrificed 48 hours following the final dose. A blood sample was collected, allowed to coagulate, and then the serum was separated, while the liver was excised and utilized for biochemical analyses.\u0000Results: The alanine aminotransferase activities (ul) recorded 9.0±2.71, 14.67±1.5, 13.50±0.58, 15.75±2.50 for animals in groups A, B, C, and D respectively with corresponding activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ul) of 7.25±0.50, 27.33±4.04, 20.00±2.71, 17.25±1.71. Results revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the activities of ALT and AST of all the treated groups. Thus, the aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata could be hepato-protective. The silymarin could also be hepatoprotective, but it is less effective than Annona muricata. The untreated group, B, showed elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, confirming paracetamol's hepatotoxic activity. \u0000Conclusion: The ethanol leaf extract of Annona muricata decreased the activities of liver enzymes in male wister rats, suggesting its hepato-protective tendency. It also does not encourage body weight loss. ","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"66 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5878
Eba Krou Philippe, Yao Koffi Bertin, Dje Kouakou Martin, A. Georges
Oilseeds of Citrullus lanatus are highly prized in African societies for their nutritional and socio-economic importance. In an attempt to improve their yield, remaining very low mainly due to lack of good nutritive and germinative quality seeds, the effect of fruit harvest time was studied. After growing plants of ʺwlêwlêʺ cultivar on Nangui Abrogoua University experimental site, fruits were harvested at six different times [15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days after anthesis (DAA)] then fermented to produce seeds for germination test concerning agronomic aspect and biochemical analysis for nutritional quality. Agronomically, results showed that delaying harvest time (from 15 to 40 DAA) significantly (P < 0.001) improved fruit weight (from 512.20 to 760.50 g) and their seed content (from 71.75 to 230.70 seeds/fruit), as well as size (from 10.69 to 11.42 mm) and weight (from 5.16 to 6.37 g) of dry seeds what lead to their optimum viability (89.50%). Nutritionally, apart from ash which didn’t vary, C. lanatus seeds reached their highest levels of flavonoids (0.03 mg/100g) and tannins (0.022 mg/100g) at 15 DAA, followed by protein (30.66%), lipids (56.60%) and vitamin C (2.25 mg/100g DM) ones at 35 days while dehydrating to reach the lowest moisture content (5.51%). Hence, this variety seeds reach their nutritional maturity earlier, already at 35 DAA, while their optimal germination quality occurs later at 40 DAA.
{"title":"Effect of Fruit Harvest Time on the Nutritional and Agronomic Quality of Oleaginous Citrullus lanatus Seeds","authors":"Eba Krou Philippe, Yao Koffi Bertin, Dje Kouakou Martin, A. Georges","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5878","url":null,"abstract":"Oilseeds of Citrullus lanatus are highly prized in African societies for their nutritional and socio-economic importance. In an attempt to improve their yield, remaining very low mainly due to lack of good nutritive and germinative quality seeds, the effect of fruit harvest time was studied. After growing plants of ʺwlêwlêʺ cultivar on Nangui Abrogoua University experimental site, fruits were harvested at six different times [15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days after anthesis (DAA)] then fermented to produce seeds for germination test concerning agronomic aspect and biochemical analysis for nutritional quality. Agronomically, results showed that delaying harvest time (from 15 to 40 DAA) significantly (P < 0.001) improved fruit weight (from 512.20 to 760.50 g) and their seed content (from 71.75 to 230.70 seeds/fruit), as well as size (from 10.69 to 11.42 mm) and weight (from 5.16 to 6.37 g) of dry seeds what lead to their optimum viability (89.50%). Nutritionally, apart from ash which didn’t vary, C. lanatus seeds reached their highest levels of flavonoids (0.03 mg/100g) and tannins (0.022 mg/100g) at 15 DAA, followed by protein (30.66%), lipids (56.60%) and vitamin C (2.25 mg/100g DM) ones at 35 days while dehydrating to reach the lowest moisture content (5.51%). Hence, this variety seeds reach their nutritional maturity earlier, already at 35 DAA, while their optimal germination quality occurs later at 40 DAA.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141008257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5877
Ugwu Obiora Celestine, Ukpabi-Ugo Chigozie Jacinta, Asadu Chidinma Lilian, Ali Ibeabuchi Jude, Asogwa Felix Keneolisa, Ugodi Gerald Walter, Obasi Uchenna Emmanuel, Ogbonna Chidera Gloria, Nwokedi Chukwuebuka Kingsley, A. C. Assumpta
Background of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021. Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 ± 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 ± 11.43) and Tannin (1466 ± 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 ± 4.21) Glycoside (315 ± 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 ± 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 ± 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 ± 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively. Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauwofia vomitera Leaves (MERVL) Using In-vivo Based Assays","authors":"Ugwu Obiora Celestine, Ukpabi-Ugo Chigozie Jacinta, Asadu Chidinma Lilian, Ali Ibeabuchi Jude, Asogwa Felix Keneolisa, Ugodi Gerald Walter, Obasi Uchenna Emmanuel, Ogbonna Chidera Gloria, Nwokedi Chukwuebuka Kingsley, A. C. Assumpta","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5877","url":null,"abstract":"Background of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. \u0000Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays. \u0000 Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method. \u0000Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021. \u0000Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 ± 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 ± 11.43) and Tannin (1466 ± 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 ± 4.21) Glycoside (315 ± 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 ± 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 ± 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 ± 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"68 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141013941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5876
Ravindra Jadav, S. Kalaswa, .. Keshav, Janak Panchal, Vipul Solanki, H. Nakhashi, B. Suthar
A Banni buffalo in 3rd parity was presented with the history of completed gestation period and violent straining for more than forty eight hours without any progress in calving. On per-vaginum and per-rectum revealed dystocia due to 180° post-cervical right sided uterine torsion. Caudal epidural anesthesia was applied by injecting 5 ml of 2% lignocaine and the animal was calmed down with 0.2 ml xylazine (IV) and cast on the side of torsion because highly furious and uncontrol or unable to restrained, then the rolling was applied as described by Modified Schaffer‘s detorsion method. After second roll the torsion was completely corrected. A dead male fetus was delivered by close critical obstetrical management with therapeutically using intravenous administration of 10ml-Dexamethasone®, 75IU-Oxytocin®, 1litre-Normal saline, 1litre Ringer lactate and 200ml-Calcium magnesium borogluconate, whereas 10ml-Valethamate bromide (Epidosin®) was given intramuscularly result into completely opened and dilatation of cervix in buffalo. Then the buffalo was post-medicated with various fluids, analgesic, antibiotic and antihistamine parentally apart from intra-uterine passaries which resulted to normal health of affected Banni buffalo.
{"title":"Obstetrical Management of Dystocia Due to Uterine Torsion and Faulty Disposition of Foetus in Banni Buffalo","authors":"Ravindra Jadav, S. Kalaswa, .. Keshav, Janak Panchal, Vipul Solanki, H. Nakhashi, B. Suthar","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5876","url":null,"abstract":"A Banni buffalo in 3rd parity was presented with the history of completed gestation period and violent straining for more than forty eight hours without any progress in calving. On per-vaginum and per-rectum revealed dystocia due to 180° post-cervical right sided uterine torsion. Caudal epidural anesthesia was applied by injecting 5 ml of 2% lignocaine and the animal was calmed down with 0.2 ml xylazine (IV) and cast on the side of torsion because highly furious and uncontrol or unable to restrained, then the rolling was applied as described by Modified Schaffer‘s detorsion method. After second roll the torsion was completely corrected. A dead male fetus was delivered by close critical obstetrical management with therapeutically using intravenous administration of 10ml-Dexamethasone®, 75IU-Oxytocin®, 1litre-Normal saline, 1litre Ringer lactate and 200ml-Calcium magnesium borogluconate, whereas 10ml-Valethamate bromide (Epidosin®) was given intramuscularly result into completely opened and dilatation of cervix in buffalo. Then the buffalo was post-medicated with various fluids, analgesic, antibiotic and antihistamine parentally apart from intra-uterine passaries which resulted to normal health of affected Banni buffalo.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":" 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5874
Deepak Singh, Manoj Kumar Sharma
Saccharum officinarum L. is a useful crop and a member of the Poaceae family that yields sugar molecules with a high concentration. The present study focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances. For the comparative analysis of the crop, we have selected traffic road and non-traffic road sites (control). The qualitative phytochemical substances showed the analysis of protein, carbohydrate, iodine, phenol, tannin, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides, steroid, terpene, and alkaloid, quantitative phytochemical substances of (total phenolic content total mean value 0.03644 ˃ 0.03240 and total flavonoid content total mean value 0.04772 ˃ 0.03952). The quality of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances in crops growing near traffic roads was reduced. The negative effects of traffic-related air pollution on crop vegetation are clearly shown in this record. Crop vegetation varies between traffic roads and control sites based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substance data.
{"title":"Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents in Saccharum officinarum L. Exposed to Roadside Traffic-Derived Ambient Air Pollution","authors":"Deepak Singh, Manoj Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5874","url":null,"abstract":"Saccharum officinarum L. is a useful crop and a member of the Poaceae family that yields sugar molecules with a high concentration. The present study focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances. For the comparative analysis of the crop, we have selected traffic road and non-traffic road sites (control). The qualitative phytochemical substances showed the analysis of protein, carbohydrate, iodine, phenol, tannin, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides, steroid, terpene, and alkaloid, quantitative phytochemical substances of (total phenolic content total mean value 0.03644 ˃ 0.03240 and total flavonoid content total mean value 0.04772 ˃ 0.03952). The quality of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances in crops growing near traffic roads was reduced. The negative effects of traffic-related air pollution on crop vegetation are clearly shown in this record. Crop vegetation varies between traffic roads and control sites based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substance data.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":" 64","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140683310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5875
Shimaakhtar Saiyad, B. Bhanderi, P. G. Koringa, R. Mathakiya, V. Nimavat
According to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, expected to claim the lives of almost 10 million people in 2020. It is estimated that 30% of cancer incidences in low- and lower-middle-income countries are caused by diseases like hepatitis and HPV. Many tumours are treatable if detected early and treated properly. The most common malignancies in dogs include transmissible venereal tumours, mammary gland tumours (breast cancer), spleen cancer, skin cancer, lymphatic cancer, gum tumours (epulis cancer), and eye cancer. The frequency of canine cancer cases in India has been rising quickly. The fast-developing fields of cancer immunology and immunotherapy have revolutionized how cancer is seen and treated. The process of immunotherapy involves using the body's immune system to locate and destroy cancer cells. New immunotherapy medications that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells have been developed as a result of advancements in immunology. The present study reviews the cause, impacts and effects of Cancer along with the feasibility of Immunotherapy as a cure for the cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell therapy are a few types of immunotherapies. To more effectively target these malignancies, researchers are exploring novel immunotherapy techniques such as oncolytic virotherapy or CAR T-cell treatment. Researchers are working to develop biomarkers to identify which patients would benefit most from immunotherapy. Different immunotherapies have been used by veterinary medicine researchers to treat canine neoplasms. These include the use of "caninized" mAb against canine PD-L1 in dogs that have metastatic melanoma, IL-12 electrogene treatment for mast cell tumours in dogs, and hTyr-specific T cells for stage II and III melanoma. This review discusses several immunotherapy approaches for cancer and their outcomes.
据世界卫生组织（WHO）估计，癌症是导致全球死亡的主要原因之一，预计到 2020 年将夺走近 1 000 万人的生命。据估计，在低收入和中低收入国家，30%的癌症发病率是由肝炎和人乳头瘤病毒等疾病引起的。如果早期发现并治疗得当，许多肿瘤是可以治愈的。狗最常见的恶性肿瘤包括传染性性病肿瘤、乳腺肿瘤（乳腺癌）、脾癌、皮肤癌、淋巴癌、牙龈瘤（上皮癌）和眼癌。在印度，犬类癌症病例的发病率迅速上升。 癌症免疫学和免疫疗法领域的快速发展彻底改变了人们对癌症的认识和治疗方法。免疫疗法包括利用人体的免疫系统来定位和消灭癌细胞。由于免疫学的进步，人们开发出了新的免疫疗法药物，这些药物可选择性地靶向癌细胞，同时保留健康细胞。本研究回顾了癌症的病因、影响和作用，以及免疫疗法作为癌症治疗方法的可行性。检查点抑制剂、单克隆抗体、疫苗和收养细胞疗法是免疫疗法的几种类型。为了更有效地针对这些恶性肿瘤，研究人员正在探索新型免疫疗法技术，如溶瘤病毒疗法或 CAR T 细胞疗法。研究人员正在努力开发生物标志物，以确定哪些患者最能从免疫疗法中获益。兽医学研究人员已使用不同的免疫疗法来治疗犬类肿瘤。其中包括使用针对犬 PD-L1 的 "犬化 "mAb 治疗转移性黑色素瘤、IL-12 电基因治疗犬肥大细胞瘤，以及 hTyr 特异性 T 细胞治疗 II 期和 III 期黑色素瘤。本综述讨论了几种癌症免疫疗法及其结果。
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Cancer Immunotherapy in Veterinary Medicine","authors":"Shimaakhtar Saiyad, B. Bhanderi, P. G. Koringa, R. Mathakiya, V. Nimavat","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5875","url":null,"abstract":"According to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, expected to claim the lives of almost 10 million people in 2020. It is estimated that 30% of cancer incidences in low- and lower-middle-income countries are caused by diseases like hepatitis and HPV. Many tumours are treatable if detected early and treated properly. The most common malignancies in dogs include transmissible venereal tumours, mammary gland tumours (breast cancer), spleen cancer, skin cancer, lymphatic cancer, gum tumours (epulis cancer), and eye cancer. The frequency of canine cancer cases in India has been rising quickly. \u0000The fast-developing fields of cancer immunology and immunotherapy have revolutionized how cancer is seen and treated. The process of immunotherapy involves using the body's immune system to locate and destroy cancer cells. New immunotherapy medications that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells have been developed as a result of advancements in immunology. The present study reviews the cause, impacts and effects of Cancer along with the feasibility of Immunotherapy as a cure for the cancer. \u0000Checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell therapy are a few types of immunotherapies. To more effectively target these malignancies, researchers are exploring novel immunotherapy techniques such as oncolytic virotherapy or CAR T-cell treatment. Researchers are working to develop biomarkers to identify which patients would benefit most from immunotherapy. \u0000Different immunotherapies have been used by veterinary medicine researchers to treat canine neoplasms. These include the use of \"caninized\" mAb against canine PD-L1 in dogs that have metastatic melanoma, IL-12 electrogene treatment for mast cell tumours in dogs, and hTyr-specific T cells for stage II and III melanoma. This review discusses several immunotherapy approaches for cancer and their outcomes.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5873
J. Chifamba, S. Zengeni
Introduction: Pittosporum viridiflorum, the multi habitat thriving plant species is widely believed to have been the source of sexual prowess for the polygamous kings and elites of the mighty medieval empire known as ‘Great Zimbabwe’. Despite the lack of systematic scientific validation, the macerated roots fractions continue to be the aphrodisiacs of choice among Zimbabweans. Aims: To scientifically validate the aphrodisiac claims using male rats’ sexual performance investigation protocols. To evaluate the toxicity profile and to identify the pharmacologically active metabolites present in the lyophilized hydro-ethanolic crude extracts. Methodology: Four concentrations of prepared Pittosporum viridiflorum root extract doses of 200, 400, 800 and 2000mg/kg as well as a commercial 5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate (standard) and distilled water (control) dosages were gavaged to male rats (n = 5 animals per group) for 21 days. The crude extract was subjected to screening protocols for various secondary metabolites of pharmacological relevance as well as acute oral toxicity profiling using OECD 425 TG. The sexual behaviour, mating parameters and hormonal changes in the male rats were evaluated accordingly. Observation and Results: Compared with the control, a significant increase in mating behaviour, mating performance and the serum hormonal levels were observed in test animals which showed a dose‑dependent bias. The phytoscreening evaluation confirmed the presence of saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, di-terpenoids, tannins, and polyphenols. The Extract was toxicological safe with an LD50 above 2000mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: Pittosporum viridiflorum has excellent aphrodisiac activity on rats and is toxicologically safe for oral use. The abundant phytochemicals found are known to be pharmacologically active with regards to modulation of sexual hormones as well as sexual enhancement. It was further concluded that the traditional belief is valid, the plant can indeed be used as an alternative to modern medicines for various sexual dysfunctions and sexual performance enhancement.
{"title":"From Zimbabwean Indigenous Knowledge: Scientific Substantiation of the Aphrodisiac Efficacy and Safety of Pittosporum viridiflorum in Male Rat Models","authors":"J. Chifamba, S. Zengeni","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5873","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pittosporum viridiflorum, the multi habitat thriving plant species is widely believed to have been the source of sexual prowess for the polygamous kings and elites of the mighty medieval empire known as ‘Great Zimbabwe’. Despite the lack of systematic scientific validation, the macerated roots fractions continue to be the aphrodisiacs of choice among Zimbabweans. \u0000Aims: To scientifically validate the aphrodisiac claims using male rats’ sexual performance investigation protocols. To evaluate the toxicity profile and to identify the pharmacologically active metabolites present in the lyophilized hydro-ethanolic crude extracts. \u0000Methodology: Four concentrations of prepared Pittosporum viridiflorum root extract doses of 200, 400, 800 and 2000mg/kg as well as a commercial 5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate (standard) and distilled water (control) dosages were gavaged to male rats (n = 5 animals per group) for 21 days. The crude extract was subjected to screening protocols for various secondary metabolites of pharmacological relevance as well as acute oral toxicity profiling using OECD 425 TG. The sexual behaviour, mating parameters and hormonal changes in the male rats were evaluated accordingly. \u0000Observation and Results: Compared with the control, a significant increase in mating behaviour, mating performance and the serum hormonal levels were observed in test animals which showed a dose‑dependent bias. The phytoscreening evaluation confirmed the presence of saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, di-terpenoids, tannins, and polyphenols. The Extract was toxicological safe with an LD50 above 2000mg/kg body weight. \u0000Conclusion: Pittosporum viridiflorum has excellent aphrodisiac activity on rats and is toxicologically safe for oral use. The abundant phytochemicals found are known to be pharmacologically active with regards to modulation of sexual hormones as well as sexual enhancement. It was further concluded that the traditional belief is valid, the plant can indeed be used as an alternative to modern medicines for various sexual dysfunctions and sexual performance enhancement.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5872
A. Salawu, S. Ojedokun, Joel Akande, T. Oloyede
Background: The indices of obesity (measured by Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio) have been observed to be strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of general obesity while waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to measure central obesity, with the latter suggested to be the indicator for the prediction of cardiovascular risks. This study aimed to determine the advantage of WHtR for cardiovascular risk over the use of other indices of obesity. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design carried out among 441 participants at the Metabolic Research Laboratory LTH Ogbomoso excluding pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, thyroid disease, those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, those on blood-pressure, blood-glucose or lipid-lowering medications; those on weight-control medications or supplements. A structured self-administer questionnaire was distributed to obtain socio-demographic data of participants. Physical examination was done with anthropometry measurements. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood glucose and lipid profiles. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Results: The study included 441 subjects with male to female ratio of 1:1.47 mean age of 37.92±11.80 and 34.72±12.16 respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, height and other obesity indices except waist circumference were all statistically significantly higher in the males than in the females p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI between the sexes for all categories with the majority of female subjects having abnormal BMI and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant relationship between all the obesity indices (BMI, WHtR & WC) and the cardiovascular risk factors excluding TG and HDLC P <0.05. Conclusion: It was observed that all indices of obesity measured in this study were sensitive and significant in determining cardiovascular risk. It could be concluded that WHtR does not have a special or greater advantage over BMI and WC as all indices showed a significant association with cardiovascular risks. Also, the level of statistical significance suggested that either of these obesity indices could be used independently as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.
{"title":"Is Waist to Height Ratio Better than Other Indices of Obesity in Determining Cardiovascular Risk?","authors":"A. Salawu, S. Ojedokun, Joel Akande, T. Oloyede","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5872","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The indices of obesity (measured by Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio) have been observed to be strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of general obesity while waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to measure central obesity, with the latter suggested to be the indicator for the prediction of cardiovascular risks. This study aimed to determine the advantage of WHtR for cardiovascular risk over the use of other indices of obesity.\u0000Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design carried out among 441 participants at the Metabolic Research Laboratory LTH Ogbomoso excluding pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, thyroid disease, those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, those on blood-pressure, blood-glucose or lipid-lowering medications; those on weight-control medications or supplements. A structured self-administer questionnaire was distributed to obtain socio-demographic data of participants. Physical examination was done with anthropometry measurements. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood glucose and lipid profiles. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.\u0000Results: The study included 441 subjects with male to female ratio of 1:1.47 mean age of 37.92±11.80 and 34.72±12.16 respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, height and other obesity indices except waist circumference were all statistically significantly higher in the males than in the females p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI between the sexes for all categories with the majority of female subjects having abnormal BMI and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant relationship between all the obesity indices (BMI, WHtR & WC) and the cardiovascular risk factors excluding TG and HDLC P <0.05.\u0000Conclusion: It was observed that all indices of obesity measured in this study were sensitive and significant in determining cardiovascular risk. It could be concluded that WHtR does not have a special or greater advantage over BMI and WC as all indices showed a significant association with cardiovascular risks. Also, the level of statistical significance suggested that either of these obesity indices could be used independently as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140737286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5871
R. Nikiema-Ndong, Aude Syntia Mbang Bengone, E. Lendoye, Asheley Praxede Bikoro-Bi-Assoumou, Alvine Sibylle Batou, Felix Ovono Abessolo
Introduction: As kidney function declines towards the more severe stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the interactions between kidney, intestine and bone become increasingly unstable. CKD with mineral and bone disorders and secondary hyperparathyroidism would be developing. The aim of this study was to determine the phosphocalcic profile of CKD patients in Libreville. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study with 89 CKD patients recruited. A blood sample was taken to measure PTH, vitamin D, FGF-23 by ELISA method; calcium, magnesium, fasting blood glucose, phosphate and creatinine by spectrophotometer. Results: Mean phosphorus levels were 1.3 ± 0.5 mmol/L and hormone levels 81.8 ± 26.2 pg/mL and 27.5 ± 5.0 ng/mL for PTH and vitamin D respectively. Significant hyperphosphatemia was found among 43 (48.3%; p=0.0135) patients. There were 59 (66.3%) subjects with hypovitaminosis D p=0.0000. Less than 50% of patients had normal blood glucose levels (p=0.0034). PTH was 99.4 ± 16.4 pg/mL in dialysis patients and 61.7 ± 20.3 pg/mL in non-dialysis patients, with a p=0.0000. Vitamin D levels were significantly higher in patients without calcium supplementation (29.5 ± 5.0 ng/mL) than in those with supplementation (25.1 ± 4.0 ng/mL, p= 0.0000). Conclusion: Phosphate levels remained high in our study population. Vitamin D deficiency was found in the majority of our patients. It would be advisable to readjust the management of these patients in order to minimize the effects of hyperphosphatemia and improve life quality.
{"title":"Phosphocalcic Profile of Chronic Kidney Disease at Libreville","authors":"R. Nikiema-Ndong, Aude Syntia Mbang Bengone, E. Lendoye, Asheley Praxede Bikoro-Bi-Assoumou, Alvine Sibylle Batou, Felix Ovono Abessolo","doi":"10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5871","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: As kidney function declines towards the more severe stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the interactions between kidney, intestine and bone become increasingly unstable. CKD with mineral and bone disorders and secondary hyperparathyroidism would be developing. The aim of this study was to determine the phosphocalcic profile of CKD patients in Libreville. \u0000Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study with 89 CKD patients recruited. A blood sample was taken to measure PTH, vitamin D, FGF-23 by ELISA method; calcium, magnesium, fasting blood glucose, phosphate and creatinine by spectrophotometer. \u0000Results: Mean phosphorus levels were 1.3 ± 0.5 mmol/L and hormone levels 81.8 ± 26.2 pg/mL and 27.5 ± 5.0 ng/mL for PTH and vitamin D respectively. Significant hyperphosphatemia was found among 43 (48.3%; p=0.0135) patients. There were 59 (66.3%) subjects with hypovitaminosis D p=0.0000. Less than 50% of patients had normal blood glucose levels (p=0.0034). PTH was 99.4 ± 16.4 pg/mL in dialysis patients and 61.7 ± 20.3 pg/mL in non-dialysis patients, with a p=0.0000. Vitamin D levels were significantly higher in patients without calcium supplementation (29.5 ± 5.0 ng/mL) than in those with supplementation (25.1 ± 4.0 ng/mL, p= 0.0000). \u0000Conclusion: Phosphate levels remained high in our study population. Vitamin D deficiency was found in the majority of our patients. It would be advisable to readjust the management of these patients in order to minimize the effects of hyperphosphatemia and improve life quality.","PeriodicalId":504637,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review","volume":"20 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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