Sachi Edirisinghe, S. Satake, Yuyi Liu, Takayuki Kanda
We developed a security guard robot that is specifically designed to manage queues of people and conducted a field trial at an actual public event to assess its effectiveness. However, the acceptance of robot instructions or admonishments poses challenges in real-world applications. Our primary objective was to achieve an effective and socially acceptable queue-management solution. To accomplish this, we took inspiration from human security guards whose role has already been well-received in society. Our robot, whose design embodied the image of a professional security guard, focused on three key aspects: duties, professional behavior, and appearance. To ensure its competence, we interviewed professional security guards to deepen our understanding of the responsibilities associated with queue management. Based on their insights, we incorporated features of ushering, admonishing, announcing, and question answering into the robot’s functionality. We also prioritized the modeling of professional ushering behavior. During a 10-day field trial at a children’s amusement event, we interviewed both the visitors who interacted with the robot and the event staff. The results revealed that visitors generally complied with its ushering and admonishments, indicating a positive reception. Both visitors and event staff expressed an overall favorable impression of the robot and its queue-management services. These findings suggest that our proposed security guard robot shows great promise as a solution for effective crowd handling in public spaces.
{"title":"Field Trial of a Queue-Managing Security Guard Robot","authors":"Sachi Edirisinghe, S. Satake, Yuyi Liu, Takayuki Kanda","doi":"10.1145/3680292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680292","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a security guard robot that is specifically designed to manage queues of people and conducted a field trial at an actual public event to assess its effectiveness. However, the acceptance of robot instructions or admonishments poses challenges in real-world applications. Our primary objective was to achieve an effective and socially acceptable queue-management solution. To accomplish this, we took inspiration from human security guards whose role has already been well-received in society. Our robot, whose design embodied the image of a professional security guard, focused on three key aspects: duties, professional behavior, and appearance. To ensure its competence, we interviewed professional security guards to deepen our understanding of the responsibilities associated with queue management. Based on their insights, we incorporated features of ushering, admonishing, announcing, and question answering into the robot’s functionality. We also prioritized the modeling of professional ushering behavior. During a 10-day field trial at a children’s amusement event, we interviewed both the visitors who interacted with the robot and the event staff. The results revealed that visitors generally complied with its ushering and admonishments, indicating a positive reception. Both visitors and event staff expressed an overall favorable impression of the robot and its queue-management services. These findings suggest that our proposed security guard robot shows great promise as a solution for effective crowd handling in public spaces.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence for Human-Robot Interaction (AI-HRI)","authors":"Jivko Sinapov, Zhao Han, Shelly Bagchi, Muneeb Ahmad, Matteo Leonetti, Ross Mead, Reuth Mirsky, Emmanuel Senft","doi":"10.1145/3672535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672535","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141818832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyan Yu, Marius Hoggenmüller, Tram Thi Minh Tran, Yiyuan Wang, M. Tomitsch
The deployment of autonomous delivery robots in urban environments presents unique challenges in navigating complex traffic conditions and interacting with diverse road and sidewalk users. Effective communication between robots and road and sidewalk users is crucial to address these challenges. This study investigates real-world encounter scenarios where delivery robots and road and sidewalk users interact, seeking to understand the essential role of communication in ensuring seamless encounters. Following an online ethnography approach, we collected 117 user-generated videos from TikTok and their associated 2067 comments. Our systematic analysis revealed several design opportunities to augment communication between delivery robots and road and sidewalk users, which include facilitating multi-party path negotiation, managing unexpected robot behaviour via transparency information, and expressing robot limitations to request human assistance. Moreover, the triangulation of video and comments analysis provides a set of design considerations to realise these opportunities. The findings contribute to understanding the operational context of delivery robots and offer insights for designing interactions with road and sidewalk users, facilitating their integration into urban spaces.
{"title":"Understanding the Interaction between Delivery Robots and Other Road and Sidewalk Users: A Study of User-generated Online Videos","authors":"Xinyan Yu, Marius Hoggenmüller, Tram Thi Minh Tran, Yiyuan Wang, M. Tomitsch","doi":"10.1145/3677615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3677615","url":null,"abstract":"The deployment of autonomous delivery robots in urban environments presents unique challenges in navigating complex traffic conditions and interacting with diverse road and sidewalk users. Effective communication between robots and road and sidewalk users is crucial to address these challenges. This study investigates real-world encounter scenarios where delivery robots and road and sidewalk users interact, seeking to understand the essential role of communication in ensuring seamless encounters. Following an online ethnography approach, we collected 117 user-generated videos from TikTok and their associated 2067 comments. Our systematic analysis revealed several design opportunities to augment communication between delivery robots and road and sidewalk users, which include facilitating multi-party path negotiation, managing unexpected robot behaviour via transparency information, and expressing robot limitations to request human assistance. Moreover, the triangulation of video and comments analysis provides a set of design considerations to realise these opportunities. The findings contribute to understanding the operational context of delivery robots and offer insights for designing interactions with road and sidewalk users, facilitating their integration into urban spaces.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we report on methodological insights gained from a workshop in which we collaborated with theater professionals to enact situated encounters between humans and robots on a mixed reality stage combining VR with real-life interaction. We deployed the skills of theater professionals to investigate the behaviors of humans encountering robots to speculate about the kind of interactions that may result from encountering robots in supermarket settings. The mixed reality stage made it possible to adapt the robot’s morphology quickly, as well as its movement and perceptual capacities, to investigate how this together co-determines possibilities for interaction. This setup allowed us to follow the interactions simultaneously from different perspectives, including the robot’s, which provided the basis for a collective phenomenological analysis of the interactions. Our work contributes to approaches to HRI that do not work towards identifying communicative behaviors that can be universally applied but instead work towards insights that can be used to develop HRI that is emergent, and situation- and robot-specific. Furthermore, it supports a more-than-human-design approach that takes the fundamental differences between humans and robots as a starting point for the creative development of new kinds of communication and interaction.
{"title":"Enacting Human-Robot Encounters with Theater Professionals on a Mixed Reality Stage","authors":"Marco C. Rozendaal, J. Vroon, M. Bleeker","doi":"10.1145/3678186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678186","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report on methodological insights gained from a workshop in which we collaborated with theater professionals to enact situated encounters between humans and robots on a mixed reality stage combining VR with real-life interaction. We deployed the skills of theater professionals to investigate the behaviors of humans encountering robots to speculate about the kind of interactions that may result from encountering robots in supermarket settings. The mixed reality stage made it possible to adapt the robot’s morphology quickly, as well as its movement and perceptual capacities, to investigate how this together co-determines possibilities for interaction. This setup allowed us to follow the interactions simultaneously from different perspectives, including the robot’s, which provided the basis for a collective phenomenological analysis of the interactions. Our work contributes to approaches to HRI that do not work towards identifying communicative behaviors that can be universally applied but instead work towards insights that can be used to develop HRI that is emergent, and situation- and robot-specific. Furthermore, it supports a more-than-human-design approach that takes the fundamental differences between humans and robots as a starting point for the creative development of new kinds of communication and interaction.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer Rheman, Rune P. Baggett, Martin Simecek, Marlena R. Fraune, Katherine M. Tsui
Mobile telepresence robots can help reduce loneliness by facilitating people to visit each other and have more social presence than visiting via video or audio calls. However, using new technology can be challenging for many older adults. In this paper, we examine how older adults use and want to use mobile telepresence robots, how these robots affect their social connection, and how they can be improved for older adults’ use. We placed a mobile telepresence robot in the home of older adult primary participants ( N = 7; age 60+) for 7 months and facilitated monthly activities between them and a secondary participant ( N = 8; age 18+) of their choice. Participants used the robots as they liked between monthly activities. We collected diary entries and monthly interviews from primary participants and a final interview from secondary participants. Results indicate that older adults found many creative uses for the robots, including conversations, board games, and hide ‘n’ seek. Several participants felt more socially connected with others and a few had improved their comfort with technology because of their use of the robot. They also suggested design recommendations and updates for the robots related to size, mobility, and more, which can help practitioners improve robots for older adults’ use.
{"title":"Longitudinal Study of Mobile Telepresence Robots in Older Adults’ Homes: Uses, Social Connection, and Comfort with Technology","authors":"Jennifer Rheman, Rune P. Baggett, Martin Simecek, Marlena R. Fraune, Katherine M. Tsui","doi":"10.1145/3674956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3674956","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mobile telepresence robots can help reduce loneliness by facilitating people to visit each other and have more social presence than visiting via video or audio calls. However, using new technology can be challenging for many older adults. In this paper, we examine how older adults use and want to use mobile telepresence robots, how these robots affect their social connection, and how they can be improved for older adults’ use. We placed a mobile telepresence robot in the home of older adult primary participants (\u0000 N\u0000 = 7; age 60+) for 7 months and facilitated monthly activities between them and a secondary participant (\u0000 N\u0000 = 8; age 18+) of their choice. Participants used the robots as they liked between monthly activities. We collected diary entries and monthly interviews from primary participants and a final interview from secondary participants. Results indicate that older adults found many creative uses for the robots, including conversations, board games, and hide ‘n’ seek. Several participants felt more socially connected with others and a few had improved their comfort with technology because of their use of the robot. They also suggested design recommendations and updates for the robots related to size, mobility, and more, which can help practitioners improve robots for older adults’ use.\u0000","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141834929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruixing Jia, Lei Yang, Ying Cao, Calvin Kalun Or, Wenping Wang, Jia Pan
Teleoperation systems find many applications from earlier search-and-rescue to more recent daily tasks. It is widely acknowledged that using external sensors can decouple the view of the remote scene from the motion of the robot arm during manipulation, facilitating the control task. However, this design requires the coordination of multiple operators or may exhaust a single operator as s/he needs to control both the manipulator arm and the external sensors. To address this challenge, our work introduces a viewpoint prediction model, the first data-driven approach that autonomously adjusts the viewpoint of a dynamic camera to assist in telemanipulation tasks. This model is parameterized by a deep neural network and trained on a set of human demonstrations. We propose a contrastive learning scheme that leverages viewpoints in a camera trajectory as contrastive data for network training. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed viewpoint prediction model by integrating it into a real-world robotic system for telemanipulation. User studies reveal that our model outperforms several camera control methods in terms of control experience and reduces the perceived task load compared to manual camera control. As an assistive module of a telemanipulation system, our method significantly reduces task completion time for users who choose to adopt its recommendation.
{"title":"Learning Autonomous Viewpoint Adjustment from Human Demonstrations for Telemanipulation","authors":"Ruixing Jia, Lei Yang, Ying Cao, Calvin Kalun Or, Wenping Wang, Jia Pan","doi":"10.1145/3660348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660348","url":null,"abstract":"Teleoperation systems find many applications from earlier search-and-rescue to more recent daily tasks. It is widely acknowledged that using external sensors can decouple the view of the remote scene from the motion of the robot arm during manipulation, facilitating the control task. However, this design requires the coordination of multiple operators or may exhaust a single operator as s/he needs to control both the manipulator arm and the external sensors. To address this challenge, our work introduces a viewpoint prediction model, the first data-driven approach that autonomously adjusts the viewpoint of a dynamic camera to assist in telemanipulation tasks. This model is parameterized by a deep neural network and trained on a set of human demonstrations. We propose a contrastive learning scheme that leverages viewpoints in a camera trajectory as contrastive data for network training. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed viewpoint prediction model by integrating it into a real-world robotic system for telemanipulation. User studies reveal that our model outperforms several camera control methods in terms of control experience and reduces the perceived task load compared to manual camera control. As an assistive module of a telemanipulation system, our method significantly reduces task completion time for users who choose to adopt its recommendation.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last 15 years, an increasing amount of works have investigated proactive robotic behavior in relation to Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The works engage with a variety of research topics and technical challenges. In this paper a review of the related literature identified through a structured block search is performed. Variations in the corpus are investigated, and a definition of Proactive HRI is provided. Furthermore, a taxonomy is proposed based on the corpus and exemplified through specific works. Finally, a selection of noteworthy observations is discussed.
{"title":"What is Proactive Human-Robot Interaction? - A review of a progressive field and its definitions","authors":"Marike K. van den Broek, T. Moeslund","doi":"10.1145/3650117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3650117","url":null,"abstract":"During the last 15 years, an increasing amount of works have investigated proactive robotic behavior in relation to Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The works engage with a variety of research topics and technical challenges. In this paper a review of the related literature identified through a structured block search is performed. Variations in the corpus are investigated, and a definition of Proactive HRI is provided. Furthermore, a taxonomy is proposed based on the corpus and exemplified through specific works. Finally, a selection of noteworthy observations is discussed.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140670483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Khurram Monir Rabby, M. Khan, Steven Xiaochun Jiang, A. Karimoddini
In this study, a novel time-driven mathematical model for trust is developed considering human-multi-robot performance for a Human-robot Collaboration (HRC) framework. For this purpose, a model is developed to quantify human performance considering the effects of physical and cognitive constraints and factors such as muscle fatigue and recovery, muscle isometric force, human (cognitive and physical) workload and workloads due to the robots’ mistakes, and task complexity. The performance of multi-robot in the HRC setting is modeled based upon the rate of task assignment and completion as well as the mistake probabilities of the individual robots. The human trust in HRC setting with single and multiple robots are modeled over different operation regions, namely unpredictable region, predictable region, dependable region, and faithful region. The relative performance difference between the human operator and the robot is used to analyze the effect on the human operator’s trust in robots’ operation. The developed model is simulated for a manufacturing workspace scenario considering different task complexities and involving multiple robots to complete shared tasks. The simulation results indicate that for a constant multi-robot performance in operation, the human operator’s trust in robots’ operation improves whenever the comparative performance of the robots improves with respect to the human operator performance. The impact of robot hypothetical learning capabilities on human trust in the same HRC setting is also analyzed. The results confirm that a hypothetical learning capability allows robots to reduce human workloads, which improves human performance. The simulation result analysis confirms that the human operator’s trust in the multi-robot operation increases faster with the improvement of the multi-robot performance when the robots have a hypothetical learning capability. An empirical study was conducted involving a human operator and two collaborator robots with two different performance levels in a software-based HRC setting. The experimental results closely followed the pattern of the developed mathematical models when capturing human trust and performance in terms of human-multi-robot collaboration.
{"title":"Performance-Aware Trust Modeling Within a Human-Multi-Robot Collaboration Setting","authors":"Md Khurram Monir Rabby, M. Khan, Steven Xiaochun Jiang, A. Karimoddini","doi":"10.1145/3660648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660648","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel time-driven mathematical model for trust is developed considering human-multi-robot performance for a Human-robot Collaboration (HRC) framework. For this purpose, a model is developed to quantify human performance considering the effects of physical and cognitive constraints and factors such as muscle fatigue and recovery, muscle isometric force, human (cognitive and physical) workload and workloads due to the robots’ mistakes, and task complexity. The performance of multi-robot in the HRC setting is modeled based upon the rate of task assignment and completion as well as the mistake probabilities of the individual robots. The human trust in HRC setting with single and multiple robots are modeled over different operation regions, namely unpredictable region, predictable region, dependable region, and faithful region. The relative performance difference between the human operator and the robot is used to analyze the effect on the human operator’s trust in robots’ operation. The developed model is simulated for a manufacturing workspace scenario considering different task complexities and involving multiple robots to complete shared tasks. The simulation results indicate that for a constant multi-robot performance in operation, the human operator’s trust in robots’ operation improves whenever the comparative performance of the robots improves with respect to the human operator performance. The impact of robot hypothetical learning capabilities on human trust in the same HRC setting is also analyzed. The results confirm that a hypothetical learning capability allows robots to reduce human workloads, which improves human performance. The simulation result analysis confirms that the human operator’s trust in the multi-robot operation increases faster with the improvement of the multi-robot performance when the robots have a hypothetical learning capability. An empirical study was conducted involving a human operator and two collaborator robots with two different performance levels in a software-based HRC setting. The experimental results closely followed the pattern of the developed mathematical models when capturing human trust and performance in terms of human-multi-robot collaboration.","PeriodicalId":504644,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140673394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Controlling assistive robots can be challenging for some users, especially those lacking relevant experience. Augmented Reality (AR) User Interfaces (UIs) have the potential to facilitate this task. Although extensive research regarding legged manipulators exists, comparatively little is on their UIs. Most existing UIs leverage traditional control interfaces such as joysticks, Hand-held (HH) controllers, and 2D UIs. These interfaces not only risk being unintuitive, thus discouraging interaction with the robot partner, but also draw the operator’s focus away from the task and towards the UI. This shift in attention raises additional safety concerns, particularly in potentially hazardous environments where legged manipulators are frequently deployed. Moreover, traditional interfaces limit the operators’ availability to use their hands for other tasks. Towards overcoming these limitations, in this article, we provide a user study comparing an AR Head Mounted Display (HMD) UI we developed for controlling a legged manipulator against off-the-shelf control methods for such robots. This user study involved 27 participants and 135 trials, from which we gathered over 405 completed questionnaires. These trials involved multiple navigation and manipulation tasks with varying difficulty levels using a Boston Dynamics (BD) Spot ® , a 7 DoF Kinova ® robot arm, and a Robotiq ® 2F-85 gripper that we integrated into a legged manipulator. We made the comparison between UIs across multiple dimensions relevant to a successful human-robot interaction. These dimensions include cognitive workload, technology acceptance, fluency, system usability, immersion and trust. Our study employed a factorial experimental design with participants undergoing five different conditions, generating longitudinal data. Due to potential unknown distributions and outliers in such data, using parametric methods for its analysis is questionable, and while non-parametric alternatives exist, they may lead to reduced statistical power. Therefore, to analyse the data that resulted from our experiment, we chose Bayesian data analysis as an effective alternative to address these limitations. Our results show that AR UIs can outpace HH-based control methods and reduce the cognitive requirements when designers include hands-free interactions and cognitive offloading principles into the UI. Furthermore, the use of the AR UI together with our cognitive offloading feature resulted in higher usability scores and significantly higher fluency and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) scores. Regarding immersion, our results revealed that the response values for the Augmented Reality Immersion (ARI) questionnaire associated with the AR UI are significantly higher than those associated with the HH UI, regardless of the main interaction method with the former, i.e., hand gestures or cognitive offloading. Derived from the participants’ qualitative answers, we believe this is due to a combination of facto
对于某些用户，尤其是缺乏相关经验的用户来说，控制辅助机器人可能是一项挑战。增强现实（AR）用户界面（UI）有可能为这项任务提供便利。尽管目前已有大量关于腿部机械手的研究，但关于其用户界面的研究却相对较少。现有的用户界面大多采用传统的控制界面，如操纵杆、手持（HH）控制器和二维用户界面。这些界面不仅存在不直观的风险，从而阻碍了与机器人伙伴的互动，而且还会将操作员的注意力从任务转移到用户界面上。这种注意力的转移会引发更多的安全问题，尤其是在经常使用有脚机械手的潜在危险环境中。此外，传统的界面也限制了操作员使用双手完成其他任务。为了克服这些限制，我们在本文中提供了一项用户研究，比较了我们为控制有脚机械手而开发的 AR 头戴式显示器 (HMD) 用户界面与现成的此类机器人控制方法。这项用户研究涉及 27 名参与者和 135 次试验，我们从中收集了超过 405 份填写完毕的调查问卷。这些试验包括使用波士顿动力公司（BD）的 Spot ®、7 DoF Kinova ® 机械臂和 Robotiq ® 2F-85 抓手（我们将其集成到了腿部机械手中）完成难度不同的多项导航和操作任务。我们从与成功的人机交互相关的多个维度对用户界面进行了比较。这些维度包括认知工作量、技术接受度、流畅度、系统可用性、沉浸感和信任感。我们的研究采用了因子实验设计，让参与者接受五种不同的条件，从而产生纵向数据。由于此类数据可能存在未知分布和异常值，因此使用参数方法进行分析值得商榷，虽然存在非参数替代方法，但它们可能会导致统计能力下降。因此，在分析实验数据时，我们选择了贝叶斯数据分析作为解决这些局限性的有效替代方法。我们的研究结果表明，当设计者在用户界面中加入免提交互和认知卸载原则时，AR 用户界面可以超越基于 HH 的控制方法，并降低认知要求。此外，将 AR 用户界面与我们的认知卸载功能结合使用，可获得更高的可用性评分，流畅度和技术接受模型（TAM）评分也显著提高。在沉浸感方面，我们的研究结果表明，与增强现实用户界面相关的增强现实沉浸感（ARI）问卷的回答值明显高于与增强现实用户界面相关的沉浸感，而与前者的主要交互方式（即手势或认知卸载）无关。根据参与者的定性回答，我们认为这是由于多种因素共同作用的结果，其中最重要的是使用 HMD 时双手的自由使用，以及无需将注意力转移到用户界面就能看到真实环境的能力。在信任度方面，我们的研究结果显示，不同用户界面选项的信任度得分并无明显差异。不过，在用户研究的操作阶段，参与者可以选择自己喜欢的用户界面，与导航类别相比，他们始终报告了更高的信任度。此外，在加入认知卸载功能后，选择 AR 用户界面来完成这一操作阶段的参与者比例发生了巨大变化。因此，信任似乎在一个不同于我们研究中考虑的维度（即委托和依赖）上对用户界面的使用和不使用起到了中介作用。因此，我们发现用于控制腿部机械手的 AR HMD 用户界面在多个相关维度上改善了人与机器人之间的交互，从而强调了用户界面设计在有效和值得信赖地使用机器人系统中的关键作用。
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Ela Liberman-Pincu, Oliver Korn, Jonas Grund, Elmer D. Van Grondelle, T. Oron-Gilad
Socially assistive robots (SARs) are becoming more prevalent in everyday life, emphasizing the need to make them socially acceptable and aligned with users' expectations. Robots' appearance impacts users' behaviors and attitudes towards them. Therefore, product designers choose visual qualities to give the robot a character and to imply its functionality and personality. In this work, we sought to investigate the effect of cultural differences on Israeli and German designers' perceptions of SARs' roles and appearance in four different contexts: a service robot for an assisted living/retirement residence facility, a medical assistant robot for a hospital environment, a COVID-19 officer robot, and a personal assistant robot for domestic use. The key insight is that although Israeli and German designers share similar perceptions of visual qualities for most of the robotics roles, we found differences in the perception of the COVID-19 officer robot's role and, by that, its most suitable visual design. This work indicates that context and culture play a role in users' perceptions and expectations; therefore, they should be taken into account when designing new SARs for diverse contexts.
社交辅助机器人（SARs）在日常生活中越来越普遍，这强调了使其为社会所接受并符合用户期望的必要性。机器人的外观会影响用户对其的行为和态度。因此，产品设计师会选择视觉特质来赋予机器人特征，并暗示其功能和个性。在这项工作中，我们试图研究文化差异对以色列和德国设计师在四种不同情境下对 SAR 的角色和外观的看法的影响：辅助生活/退休住宅设施的服务机器人、医院环境的医疗助理机器人、COVID-19 军官机器人和家用个人助理机器人。我们的主要发现是，虽然以色列和德国的设计师对大多数机器人角色的视觉品质有着相似的认知，但我们发现，他们对 COVID-19 军官机器人角色的认知存在差异，因此，对其最合适的视觉设计的认知也存在差异。这项工作表明，环境和文化对用户的感知和期望起着一定的作用；因此，在为不同环境设计新的合成孔径雷达时，应将环境和文化因素考虑在内。
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