European Transactions on Telecommunications最新文献

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Optimal, heuristic and Q-learning based DSA policies for cellular networks with coordinated access band 具有协调访问频带的蜂窝网络的最优启发式和基于q学习的DSA策略

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1456

H. Kamal, M. Coupechoux, P. Godlewski, J. Kélif

Due to the increasing demands for higher data rate applications, also due to the actual spectrum crowd situation, Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) turned into an active research topic. In this paper, we analyse DSA in cellular networks context, where a Coordinated Access Band (CAB) is shared between Radio Access Networks (RANs). We propose a Semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) approach to derive the optimal DSA policies in terms of operator reward. In order to overcome the limitations induced by optimal policy implementation, we also propose two simple, though sub-optimal, DSA algorithms: a Q-learning (QL) based algorithm and a heuristic algorithm. The achieved reward using the latter is shown to be very close to the optimal case and thus to significantly exceed the reward obtained with Fixed Spectrum Access (FSA). The rewards achieved by using the QL-based algorithm are shown to exceed those obtained by using FSA. Higher rewards and better spectrum utilisation with DSA optimal and heuristic methods are, however, obtained at the price of a reduced average user throughput. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

由于对更高数据速率应用的需求不断增加，以及频谱拥挤的实际情况，动态频谱接入(Dynamic spectrum Access, DSA)成为一个活跃的研究课题。在本文中，我们分析了在无线接入网(ran)之间共享协调接入频带(CAB)的蜂窝网络环境下的DSA。我们提出了一种半马尔可夫决策过程(SMDP)方法，从操作员奖励的角度推导出最优的DSA策略。为了克服最优策略实现所带来的限制，我们还提出了两种简单但次优的DSA算法:基于Q-learning (QL)的算法和启发式算法。使用后者获得的奖励显示非常接近最优情况，因此大大超过使用固定频谱接入(FSA)获得的奖励。结果表明，使用基于sql的算法获得的奖励超过使用FSA获得的奖励。然而，使用DSA最优和启发式方法获得更高的回报和更好的频谱利用率是以降低平均用户吞吐量为代价的。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 6

Persistent resource allocations for VoIP traffic in packet-switching mobile cellular networks 分组交换移动蜂窝网络中VoIP业务的持久资源分配

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1455

Klaus Sambale, K. Klagges, R. R. Rad

It is expected that future IMT-Advanced systems will operate packet-switched due to the dominance of data services. However, it is inherent to packet-switched systems to not cope well with voice services as periodic resource usage patterns are not signalled efficiently. In this paper, we present a simple technique to reduce the signalling overhead for resource allocations especially for voice-over-IP (VoIP) traffic thus increasing the VoIP capacity of the system, considerably. The proposed technique assigns persistent resource allocation (PRA) per VoIP connection that are valid for a fix number of frames. Resource allocations for succeeding frames have to be signalled by new PRAs. This supersedes any procedures for deallocation of PRAs and associated error handling. Within our work we introduce an analytical model to evaluate the possible VoIP capacity gains. Additionally, we show results of event-driven simulations to validate the analysis. The PRA technique is applicable to all packet-switched systems. We show exemplary results for the WiMAX system. In this paper, we present a simple technique called persistent resource allocation (PRA) to reduce the signalling overhead in packet-switching mobile radio networks, especially for VoIP traffic. The figure shows our idea: resource allocations for mobile station (MS) 42 are signalled in frame n (solid lines) and remain valid in frame up to frame (dashed lines). The parameter k matches the period length of packet arrival in number of frames and m limits the life time (time-to-live) of the PRA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

由于数据业务的主导地位，预计未来的IMT-Advanced系统将运行分组交换。然而，由于周期性资源使用模式不能有效地发出信号，分组交换系统固有的问题是不能很好地处理语音业务。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单的技术来减少资源分配的信令开销，特别是对于ip语音(VoIP)流量，从而大大增加了系统的VoIP容量。提出的技术为每个VoIP连接分配持久资源分配(PRA)，这些连接对固定数量的帧有效。后续帧的资源分配必须由新的pra发出信号。这取代了任何用于重新分配PRAs和相关错误处理的过程。在我们的工作中，我们引入了一个分析模型来评估可能的VoIP容量增益。此外，我们展示了事件驱动模拟的结果来验证分析。PRA技术适用于所有的分组交换系统。我们展示了WiMAX系统的示例结果。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单的技术，称为持久资源分配(PRA)，以减少分组交换移动无线网络中的信令开销，特别是对于VoIP流量。该图显示了我们的想法:移动站(MS) 42的资源分配在帧n(实线)中发出信号，并在帧之间保持有效(虚线)。k以帧数匹配报文到达的周期长度，m限制PRA的生存时间。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 1

Optimal soft frequency reuse and dynamic sub-carrier assignments in cellular OFDMA networks 蜂窝OFDMA网络中最优软频率复用和动态子载波分配

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1434

M. Bohge, J. Gross, A. Wolisz

Soft frequency reuse (SFR) is a common technique for co-channel interference (CCI) mitigation in cellular OFDMA networks. The performance of such networks significantly depends on the configuration of the power profiles that implement the soft frequency reuse patterns. In this paper, we investigate the performance of static soft frequency reuse by comparing it against the optimal case, in which a central entity optimally distributes power among the users of the network. It is shown that there is a significant performance gap between both approaches, which needs to be filled by adaptive SFR mechanisms. Moreover, we show that the achievable gain of static SFR is small in a system that is able to optimally decide on terminal/sub-carrier assignments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

软频率复用(SFR)是蜂窝OFDMA网络中缓解同信道干扰(CCI)的常用技术。这种网络的性能在很大程度上取决于实现软频率复用模式的功率配置文件的配置。在本文中，我们通过将静态软频率复用与最优情况进行比较来研究其性能，在最优情况下，中心实体在网络用户之间最优分配功率。研究表明，两种方法之间存在显著的性能差距，需要自适应SFR机制来填补。此外，我们表明静态SFR的可实现增益在能够最优地决定终端/子载波分配的系统中很小。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 10

openWNS - a simulation platform for IMT-advanced systems openWNS - imt先进系统的仿真平台

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1451

Daniel Bültmann, M. Mühleisen, Sebastian Max, K. Klagges, M. Schinnenburg, B. Walke

The open source wireless network simulator (openWNS) is presented. It has been released in January 2009 as open source software. openWNS is a dynamic event driven system level simulation platform useful for investigation of dynamic protocol behaviour in multi-cellular mobile radio network scenarios with detailed signal interference modelling. The platform follows a modular design down to atomic protocol building blocks, making possible to rapidly modify and extend a protocol stack implemented. openWNS includes models from physical to application layer and is supported by a large number of Unit Tests. The tool has been used for IMT-Advanced evaluation within the European WINNER+ evaluation group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

提出了开源无线网络模拟器(openWNS)。它已于2009年1月作为开源软件发布。openWNS是一个动态事件驱动的系统级仿真平台，用于研究多蜂窝移动无线网络场景下的动态协议行为，具有详细的信号干扰建模。该平台遵循模块化设计，直至原子协议构建块，使得快速修改和扩展已实现的协议堆栈成为可能。openWNS包括从物理层到应用层的模型，并得到大量单元测试的支持。该工具已用于欧洲WINNER+评估小组内的imt高级评估。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 3

Network coding and evolutionary theory for performance enhancement in wireless cooperative clusters 无线协作集群性能增强的网络编码和进化理论

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1435

L. Militano, F. Fitzek, A. Iera, A. Molinaro

SUMMARY Cooperation over short-range wireless links among user devices, which download remote contents through cellular links, is a paradigm quickly gaining ground, given that it can answer several technological and design issues that next-generation wireless applications will raise. Among others, energy consumption, data rate and data transfer time are parameters that will likely benefit from this novel communication concept. This paper presents a WLAN-based cooperative scenario, conceived to support file-sharing services, in which a sub-set of cluster nodes access, through their cellular radio interface, portions of a file to be successively exchanged among all cluster members over wireless local area network (WLAN) links. Besides showing the beneficial effects of cooperation, this paper also focuses on the performance enhancement that can be achieved when using the network coding paradigm, whose deployment revealed to be very effective in the depicted scenario. The selection of the nodes acting as sources for file injection into the cluster is a critical aspect for the effectiveness of the whole system. Therefore, the potentialities offered by the evolutionary theory applied to the specific problem are investigated and an ad hoc conceived Genetic Algorithm (GA) designed. Either the service time (the time needed for all nodes to receive the complete file) or the energy consumption for the nodes is used as objective function, showing in both cases the fast convergence for the algorithm that makes it preferable to either exhaustive searches or random choices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

用户设备之间通过蜂窝链路下载远程内容的短距离无线链路合作是一种快速发展的范例，因为它可以解决下一代无线应用将提出的几个技术和设计问题。其中，能源消耗、数据速率和数据传输时间是可能从这种新颖的通信概念中受益的参数。本文提出了一种基于WLAN的协作方案，该方案旨在支持文件共享服务，其中集群节点的子集通过其蜂窝无线接口访问文件的各个部分，以便在无线局域网(WLAN)链路上在所有集群成员之间依次交换。除了展示合作的有益效果外，本文还重点介绍了使用网络编码范式时可以实现的性能增强，其部署在所描述的场景中显示出非常有效。作为文件注入源的节点的选择对整个系统的有效性至关重要。因此，研究了应用于具体问题的进化理论的潜力，并设计了一种特别构思的遗传算法(GA)。服务时间(所有节点接收完整文件所需的时间)或节点的能量消耗用作目标函数，在这两种情况下都显示了算法的快速收敛性，使其优于穷举搜索或随机选择。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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引用次数: 22

Analytic performance evaluation of MIMO OFDM with pilot-aided channel estimation on doubly selective channels 双选择性信道上带导频辅助信道估计的MIMO OFDM分析性能评价

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1436

C. Carbonelli, S. Franz

In this work, the effects of channel estimation errors on the performance of a maximum likelihood detector (MLD) in a MIMO OFDM system are assessed. The analysis is conducted in the framework of a long-term evolution (LTE) air interface and is based on a robust pilot aided channel estimator. The correlation coefficient between the estimate and the real channel is computed and the impact of interpolation errors on the detector is evaluated as a function of key design parameters such as the pilot spacing and the number of transmit antennas. The effect of partial knowledge of the channel statistics at the receiver side is studied with special emphasis on the role of the delay and Doppler spread of the channel. Our analysis accounts for both time and frequency selectivity of the channel and thus also for the intercarrier interference arising in a typical time varying propagation scenario. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

在这项工作中，评估信道估计误差对MIMO OFDM系统中最大似然检测器(MLD)性能的影响。分析是在长期演进(LTE)空中接口框架下进行的，并基于鲁棒导频辅助信道估计器。计算了估计值与实际信道的相关系数，并以导频间距和发射天线数等关键设计参数为函数，评估了插值误差对探测器的影响。研究了接收端信道统计信息部分知识的影响，特别强调了信道延迟和多普勒扩频的作用。我们的分析考虑了信道的时间和频率选择性，因此也考虑了典型时变传播场景中产生的载波间干扰。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 5

Terminal node self-protection scheme by using unidirectional splitter-based ring 终端节点自保护方案采用基于单向分离器的环

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1437

Wu Jia, Song Yu, Yongjun Zhang, Hua Zhang, W. Gu

In special networks, such as military or finance networks, terminal nodes deserve more attentions because of higher demands on reliability and survivability than switching nodes. A three nodes non-break-self-protection unidirectional splitter-based ring is introduced and designed to protect the terminal nodes. The performances are compared with the traditional (existing) 1+2 protection scheme in terms of the cost, connection availability, recovery time and optical power budget. Calculation results show this proposed scheme can keep data integrity and has very high survivability and connection availability, while the cost, recovery time and power budget are acceptable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

在军事或金融等特殊网络中，终端节点比交换节点对可靠性和生存性的要求更高，值得更多的关注。介绍并设计了一种基于三节点不断路自保护单向分离器的环，用于保护终端节点。从成本、连接可用性、恢复时间和光功率预算等方面与传统的(现有的)1+2保护方案进行了比较。计算结果表明，该方案在保证数据完整性的同时，具有很高的生存性和连接可用性，且成本、恢复时间和功耗预算在可接受范围内。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 3

Performance analysis of best-path selection scheme for multi-hop amplify-and-forward relaying 多跳放大转发中继最佳路径选择方案的性能分析

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1411

S. Ikki, M. Ahmed

This letter derives closed-form expressions for the error probability, capacity outage and channel capacity for the best-path selection amplify-and-forward technique over non-identical Rayleigh fading channels. In particular, this letter derives closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the probability density function (PDF) of the output signal-to-noise (SNR) at the destination. We use these statistics to obtain the expressions of the error probability, capacity outage and channel capacity. Furthermore, closed-form expressions for some of the statistics of the output SNR such as the SNR moments and the amount of fading have been determined. Simulation results are used to verify the analytical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

本文导出了非相同瑞利衰落信道上最佳路径选择放大转发技术的误差概率、容量中断和信道容量的封闭表达式。特别是，这封信导出了目的地输出信噪比(SNR)的累积分布函数(CDF)和概率密度函数(PDF)的封闭表达式。利用这些统计量得到了误差概率、容量中断和信道容量的表达式。此外，还确定了输出信噪比的一些统计数据(如信噪比矩和衰落量)的封闭表达式。仿真结果验证了分析结果。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 19

Generalised approach for performance analysis of SIR-based multiple selection diversity over constant correlated alpha - µ fading channels 恒定相关alpha - μ衰落信道上基于sir的多选择分集性能分析的广义方法

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1417

J. Anastasov, M. Stefanovic, S. Panic, Aleksandar V. Mosic

Selection combining (SC) is commonly used space-diversity technique in wireless communication systems to alleviate effects of channel fading and interference influence. In this paper, we analyse the performance of multibranch signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR)-based SC diversity over correlated α – µ fading channels with arbitrary parameters. The novel formulae for the probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function (cdf) of output SIR are derived. Some numerical and simulation results are obtained pointing out the effects of fading severity, level of correlation, input SIR unbalance and diversity order to the outage probability. Also, the average error probability for several modulation schemes is numerically evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

选择组合(SC)是无线通信系统中常用的空间分集技术，用于缓解信道衰落和干扰的影响。在本文中，我们分析了基于多分支信干扰比(SIR)的SC分集在任意参数的相关α - μ衰落信道上的性能。导出了输出SIR的概率密度函数(pdf)和累积分布函数(cdf)的新公式。给出了一些数值和仿真结果，指出了衰落严重程度、相关水平、输入SIR不平衡和分集顺序对中断概率的影响。同时，对几种调制方案的平均误差概率进行了数值计算。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

引用次数: 5

A field study on the fusion of terrestrial and satellite location methods in urban cellular networks 城市蜂窝网络中地面与卫星定位方法融合的实地研究

European Transactions on Telecommunications

Pub Date : 2010-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/ett.1433

F. Barceló, I. Martín-Escalona, Cyrille Manente

This work studies the improvement in service coverage obtained by three different approaches to combining two triangulation (terrestrial and satellite) location methods for cellular networks in an urban environment. The paper assumes that the terrestrial cellular network uses enhanced observed time difference (E-OTD) in 2G or observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in 3G, while the satellite GNSS uses the assisted global positioning system (A-GPS), but the analysis can be easily generalised to other triangulation methods. A straightforward analytical model is presented to evaluate the service coverage resulting from each of the three approaches. The model is fed with actual coverage figures, gathered from test measurements carried out in Paris (France) for several urban scenarios. Numerical results show that the three approaches lead to improvements in all the tested scenarios, and that the improvement obtained by the increasing complexity of the fusion approach depends highly on the coverage of each individual method and on the joint probability function of individual performances. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

这项工作研究了在城市环境中蜂窝网络通过三种不同的方法结合两种三角测量(地面和卫星)定位方法获得的服务覆盖的改进。本文假设地面蜂窝网络在2G中使用增强观测时差(E-OTD)或在3G中使用观测到达时差(OTDOA)，而卫星GNSS使用辅助全球定位系统(A-GPS)，但分析可以很容易地推广到其他三角测量方法。提出了一个简单的分析模型来评估这三种方法所产生的服务覆盖率。该模型采用了实际的覆盖数据，这些数据是从在巴黎(法国)进行的几个城市场景的测试测量中收集的。数值结果表明，这三种方法在所有测试场景下都有改进，并且随着融合方法复杂度的增加，所获得的改进在很大程度上取决于每种方法的覆盖范围和个体性能的联合概率函数。版权所有©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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