Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad57a2
M. Carpineti, Irene Spongano, F. Croccolo, A. Vailati
We propose a variation of the well-known Cartesian diver experiment where, instead of moving in a uniform fluid, the diver floats in a fluid stratified in density. In contrast to the original experiment, for a given external pressure the diver can stop in a stable equilibrium position within the fluid, at the depth where the surrounding density matches its own. By varying the applied pressure, the density of the diver changes and it moves until it reaches a new stable equilibrium condition at a different depth. When a sudden pressure pulse is applied, the diver, pushed off its equilibrium position, starts oscillating due to a restoring force that depends on the density gradient. The oscillations produce internal gravity waves that are typical of stratified fluids, when a portion of them is displaced and transmits its motion to the surrounding fluid. Although they are extremely difficult to observe, gravity waves are particularly interesting, as they typically occur in the atmosphere and in the stars. We propose a simple experiment and suggest a way to make the internal gravity waves visible. The experiment can be realized by students with easy-to-find household objects and used to improve their understanding of many concepts and laws of hydrodynamics, but also to introduce them to complex phenomena of general interest.
{"title":"A Cartesian diver to study oscillations and internal gravity waves in a stratified fluid","authors":"M. Carpineti, Irene Spongano, F. Croccolo, A. Vailati","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad57a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad57a2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We propose a variation of the well-known Cartesian diver experiment where, instead of moving in a uniform fluid, the diver floats in a fluid stratified in density. In contrast to the original experiment, for a given external pressure the diver can stop in a stable equilibrium position within the fluid, at the depth where the surrounding density matches its own. By varying the applied pressure, the density of the diver changes and it moves until it reaches a new stable equilibrium condition at a different depth. When a sudden pressure pulse is applied, the diver, pushed off its equilibrium position, starts oscillating due to a restoring force that depends on the density gradient. The oscillations produce internal gravity waves that are typical of stratified fluids, when a portion of them is displaced and transmits its motion to the surrounding fluid. Although they are extremely difficult to observe, gravity waves are particularly interesting, as they typically occur in the atmosphere and in the stars. We propose a simple experiment and suggest a way to make the internal gravity waves visible. The experiment can be realized by students with easy-to-find household objects and used to improve their understanding of many concepts and laws of hydrodynamics, but also to introduce them to complex phenomena of general interest.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141350255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f8
Vladimir Ivchenko
We consider the features of pellet motion under the elastic force acting from a decompressing spring of a finite mass. The muzzle speed of the pellet decreases as the ratio between spring and pellet mass increases. In the general case, the pellet loses contact with the spring as it is stretched. This effect occurs due to the fact that the peak of elastic displacement wave, propagating from the fixed end, reaches the opposite end of the spring. With a large relative mass of the pellet, it accelerates along a quarter of the sinusoid. At the limit of a very small pellet mass, it moves nearly all the time along with the end of the spring at an almost constant speed, approximately equal to the speed of sound propagation in the spring. In this case, after the initial compression, the pellet passes the equilibrium position, and comes off after moving a similar distance beyond the equilibrium.
{"title":"The internal ballistics of a spring gun","authors":"Vladimir Ivchenko","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f8","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the features of pellet motion under the elastic force acting from a decompressing spring of a finite mass. The muzzle speed of the pellet decreases as the ratio between spring and pellet mass increases. In the general case, the pellet loses contact with the spring as it is stretched. This effect occurs due to the fact that the peak of elastic displacement wave, propagating from the fixed end, reaches the opposite end of the spring. With a large relative mass of the pellet, it accelerates along a quarter of the sinusoid. At the limit of a very small pellet mass, it moves nearly all the time along with the end of the spring at an almost constant speed, approximately equal to the speed of sound propagation in the spring. In this case, after the initial compression, the pellet passes the equilibrium position, and comes off after moving a similar distance beyond the equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad5392
J. Riba
High voltage is essential in power grids, but it inevitably leads to high electrical stress and the associated risk of electrical discharges. Due to the complexity of the phenomena involved in electrical discharges, there are no analytical formulas for predicting the electric field strength at which they initiate, so experimental data and numerical methods are required for this purpose. According to many sources, electrical discharges can occur in air at normal pressure and temperature when the electric field strength is approximately 3 kV/mm or greater. This paper analyzes and discusses this threshold in detail by examining relevant electrode geometries used in high voltage applications from experimental data found in the scientific literature and using 2D finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. Uniform, quasi-uniform, and non-uniform field gaps are analyzed to help students draw conclusions and gain insight into the nature of gas breakdown and the applicability of the 3 kV/mm threshold. The approach proposed in this paper is well suited for a practical session or group project for undergraduate or even graduate courses. Despite the important effects and design implications of electrical discharges on high voltage devices, apparatus and systems, this topic is rarely covered in regular courses.
{"title":"Studying the Breakdown Electric Field in Uniform and Non-uniform Air Gaps","authors":"J. Riba","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad5392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad5392","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 High voltage is essential in power grids, but it inevitably leads to high electrical stress and the associated risk of electrical discharges. Due to the complexity of the phenomena involved in electrical discharges, there are no analytical formulas for predicting the electric field strength at which they initiate, so experimental data and numerical methods are required for this purpose. According to many sources, electrical discharges can occur in air at normal pressure and temperature when the electric field strength is approximately 3 kV/mm or greater. This paper analyzes and discusses this threshold in detail by examining relevant electrode geometries used in high voltage applications from experimental data found in the scientific literature and using 2D finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. Uniform, quasi-uniform, and non-uniform field gaps are analyzed to help students draw conclusions and gain insight into the nature of gas breakdown and the applicability of the 3 kV/mm threshold. The approach proposed in this paper is well suited for a practical session or group project for undergraduate or even graduate courses. Despite the important effects and design implications of electrical discharges on high voltage devices, apparatus and systems, this topic is rarely covered in regular courses.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad5393
Mateo Dutra, M. Monteiro, Arturo C. Marti
We present an experiment on forced convection where a previously heated object is cooled under the effect of a controlled stream of air. We consider a square copper plate in which temperature variations can be considered negligible and we measure the cooling rate as a function of the average velocity of the air stream. We use a thermal camera to measure the temperature field and the cooling curves as a function of time for different conditions. An empirical relation between the characteristic cooling time and the mean velocity of the air stream is reported. The results obtained are discussed in the framework of simple dimensional models and their limits of validity.
{"title":"Cooling of an object by forced convection","authors":"Mateo Dutra, M. Monteiro, Arturo C. Marti","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad5393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad5393","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present an experiment on forced convection where a previously heated object is cooled under the effect of a controlled stream of air. We consider a square copper plate in which temperature variations can be considered negligible and we measure the cooling rate as a function of the average velocity of the air stream. We use a thermal camera to measure the temperature field and the cooling curves as a function of time for different conditions. An empirical relation between the characteristic cooling time and the mean velocity of the air stream is reported. The results obtained are discussed in the framework of simple dimensional models and their limits of validity.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f6
Timothy H Boyer
Electromagnetic quantities at a spacetime point have tensor Lorentz transformations between relatively-moving inertial frames. However, since the Lorentz transformation of time between inertial frames depends upon both the time and space coordinates, averages of electrodynamic quantities at a single time will in general depend upon the inertial frame, and will differ between inertial frames. Here we illustrate how the use of continuous charge and current distributions rather than point-charge distributions can lead to physically mystifying and even inaccurate results for electromagnetic quantities and physical phenomena. The discrepancy noted between the average electric field values in different inertial frames is particularly striking because it is first order in the relatative velocity between the frames.
{"title":"Point-charge models and averages for electromagnetic quantities considered in two relativistic inertial frames","authors":"Timothy H Boyer","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f6","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic quantities at a spacetime point have tensor Lorentz transformations between relatively-moving inertial frames. However, since the Lorentz transformation of time between inertial frames depends upon both the time and space coordinates, averages of electrodynamic quantities at a single time will in general depend upon the inertial frame, and will differ between inertial frames. Here we illustrate how the use of continuous charge and current distributions rather than point-charge distributions can lead to physically mystifying and even inaccurate results for electromagnetic quantities and physical phenomena. The discrepancy noted between the average electric field values in different inertial frames is particularly striking because it is first order in the relatative velocity between the frames.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141167915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad3ca4
Ana Susac, Stefan Küchemann, Maja Planinic and Jochen Kuhn
The recognition and distinction of typical interference and diffraction patterns are among the expected learning outcomes of studying wave optics. Previous studies have reported high school students’ difficulties with this task. In this study, we investigated university students’ ability to distinguish typical wave optics patterns obtained by the double slit, single slit, and diffraction grating. We also used eye tracking to obtain an insight into the distribution of students’ visual attention during the task. The results showed that university students had similar difficulties in recognizing wave optics patterns as high school students. They mostly struggled with identification of the double-slit interference patterns and diffraction grating patterns of monochromatic light while they were more successful in recognition of the diffraction pattern of white light on an optical grating and single-slit diffraction patterns. The eye-tracking data also revealed that students spent more time attending colourful than grey patterns in questions regarding diffraction of white light on an optical grating, thus suggesting that they were aware that the diffraction grating separates white light into colours. In questions regarding monochromatic light patterns, students overall mostly attended the single-slit diffraction pattern probably because of its distinct central maximum. Furthermore, the longer fixation duration for patterns compared to the text implies that students found it easier to extract information from the text than from the patterns. No prior research has compared the number of transitions during problem solving with the accuracy of the answers. In this study, we observed that students who incorrectly solved a task demonstrated a significantly higher number of gaze transitions between the question and the options, as well as among different options. The results of this study indicate that the recognition of typical wave optics patterns is also difficult for university students, thus suggesting that more attention should be paid to systematic observation and identification of key features of basic wave optics phenomena in lecture demonstrations and student laboratories.
{"title":"University students’ recognition of typical wave optics patterns","authors":"Ana Susac, Stefan Küchemann, Maja Planinic and Jochen Kuhn","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad3ca4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad3ca4","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition and distinction of typical interference and diffraction patterns are among the expected learning outcomes of studying wave optics. Previous studies have reported high school students’ difficulties with this task. In this study, we investigated university students’ ability to distinguish typical wave optics patterns obtained by the double slit, single slit, and diffraction grating. We also used eye tracking to obtain an insight into the distribution of students’ visual attention during the task. The results showed that university students had similar difficulties in recognizing wave optics patterns as high school students. They mostly struggled with identification of the double-slit interference patterns and diffraction grating patterns of monochromatic light while they were more successful in recognition of the diffraction pattern of white light on an optical grating and single-slit diffraction patterns. The eye-tracking data also revealed that students spent more time attending colourful than grey patterns in questions regarding diffraction of white light on an optical grating, thus suggesting that they were aware that the diffraction grating separates white light into colours. In questions regarding monochromatic light patterns, students overall mostly attended the single-slit diffraction pattern probably because of its distinct central maximum. Furthermore, the longer fixation duration for patterns compared to the text implies that students found it easier to extract information from the text than from the patterns. No prior research has compared the number of transitions during problem solving with the accuracy of the answers. In this study, we observed that students who incorrectly solved a task demonstrated a significantly higher number of gaze transitions between the question and the options, as well as among different options. The results of this study indicate that the recognition of typical wave optics patterns is also difficult for university students, thus suggesting that more attention should be paid to systematic observation and identification of key features of basic wave optics phenomena in lecture demonstrations and student laboratories.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141168048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f7
Justo Pastor Lambare
The Sagnac effect is an interferometric phenomenon produced by rotation. It has a rich history and presently has numerous technological applications. Despite some persistent claims to the contrary, we explain why the Sagnac effect does not prove relativity either incorrect or inconsistent. Analyzing such misunderstandings has didactic value because it allows us to review some subtle relativity concepts. It also reveals the importance of basing scientific reasoning on rigorous logical thinking to avoid confusion derived from prejudices based on our limited everyday human experience.
{"title":"On the Sagnac effect and the consistency of relativity theory","authors":"Justo Pastor Lambare","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad44f7","url":null,"abstract":"The Sagnac effect is an interferometric phenomenon produced by rotation. It has a rich history and presently has numerous technological applications. Despite some persistent claims to the contrary, we explain why the Sagnac effect does not prove relativity either incorrect or inconsistent. Analyzing such misunderstandings has didactic value because it allows us to review some subtle relativity concepts. It also reveals the importance of basing scientific reasoning on rigorous logical thinking to avoid confusion derived from prejudices based on our limited everyday human experience.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141060676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad4c2a
Markus Sebastian Feser, Thorid Rabe, Inka Haak
The present study investigates on an exploratory level the extent to which the sense of belonging that university physics students experienced in their physics classes in secondary school impacts their intention to drop out or alter their course of study in higher education. Analysing data collected between April and June 2022 among first-year physics students at 20 German universities (N = 263), we find a significant and negative effect on the part of participants’ (remembered) sense of belonging in school physics classes on their intention to drop out or change their studies. Parallel mediation analysis further reveals that this effect is fully mediated by students’ current sense of belonging to physics and their university. Notably, the indirect effect via participants’ current sense of belonging to physics is approximately four times as high as the indirect effect via university belonging. These results emphasise the importance of social embeddedness in early physics experiences on students’ academic development in higher education. Limitations of these results as well as implications regarding a potential improvement of persistence and satisfaction within physics-related higher-education programs are outlined at the end of this paper.
{"title":"Echoes of social experience: Tracing the link between a sense of belonging in school physics classes and physics students’ persistence in higher education","authors":"Markus Sebastian Feser, Thorid Rabe, Inka Haak","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad4c2a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad4c2a","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study investigates on an exploratory level the extent to which the sense of belonging that university physics students experienced in their physics classes in secondary school impacts their intention to drop out or alter their course of study in higher education. Analysing data collected between April and June 2022 among first-year physics students at 20 German universities (N = 263), we find a significant and negative effect on the part of participants’ (remembered) sense of belonging in school physics classes on their intention to drop out or change their studies. Parallel mediation analysis further reveals that this effect is fully mediated by students’ current sense of belonging to physics and their university. Notably, the indirect effect via participants’ current sense of belonging to physics is approximately four times as high as the indirect effect via university belonging. These results emphasise the importance of social embeddedness in early physics experiences on students’ academic development in higher education. Limitations of these results as well as implications regarding a potential improvement of persistence and satisfaction within physics-related higher-education programs are outlined at the end of this paper.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b75
J. J. Teixeira, Marta Gonçalves, A A Soares
This work presents and analyzes the acceleration data inside an aircraft during a parabolic flight. The data used was obtained during flight from the aircraft's automatic recordings and from a portable data-logger with a built-in 3-axis accelerometer connected to a graphic calculator. The comparison of the accelerations obtained by the two methods shows a good agreement; however, during the higher accelerations about -18 m/s2, the discrepancies reach values of 10%. From the fit curves to the altitude data during each parabolic manoeuver performed by the aircraft, it was possible to estimate martian and lunar gravity, as well as the values of the acceleration of gravity during the microgravity moments. The analysis presented can also help improve understanding of the concepts of inertial forces and the equivalence between gravity and acceleration.
{"title":"Acceleration inside an aircraft in parabolic flight","authors":"J. J. Teixeira, Marta Gonçalves, A A Soares","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b75","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work presents and analyzes the acceleration data inside an aircraft during a parabolic flight. The data used was obtained during flight from the aircraft's automatic recordings and from a portable data-logger with a built-in 3-axis accelerometer connected to a graphic calculator. The comparison of the accelerations obtained by the two methods shows a good agreement; however, during the higher accelerations about -18 m/s2, the discrepancies reach values of 10%. From the fit curves to the altitude data during each parabolic manoeuver performed by the aircraft, it was possible to estimate martian and lunar gravity, as well as the values of the acceleration of gravity during the microgravity moments. The analysis presented can also help improve understanding of the concepts of inertial forces and the equivalence between gravity and acceleration.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b77
J. Gómez-Tejedor, Eduard Blasco-Pérez, Jaime Riera
As propulsive systems are challenging for undergraduates to understand, it is essential to design experiments that can help their visualization and testing. The development of digital technology (high-speed cameras, digital tracking software, or 3D printers) facilitates the implementation of such designs. We proposed to study the thrust produced by a propeller, whose operating principles are based on the conservation of linear momentum. The study was carried out on an air track to avoid frictional forces. Several system characteristics were established, such as the propellor’s rotation speed and angle of attack and different magnitudes were determined, including the dynamic thrust and static force values. 3D CAD software was used to design the propellers for the experiments, and 3D printers to produce them.
由于推进系统对于本科生来说是一个难以理解的问题，因此设计有助于可视化和测试的实验至关重要。数字技术（高速相机、数字跟踪软件或 3D 打印机）的发展为实现此类设计提供了便利。我们提议研究螺旋桨产生的推力，其工作原理是基于线性动量守恒。研究在空气轨道上进行，以避免摩擦力。我们确定了几个系统特征，如螺旋桨的旋转速度和攻角，并确定了不同的推力大小，包括动态推力和静态力值。实验使用 3D CAD 软件设计螺旋桨，并使用 3D 打印机制作螺旋桨。
{"title":"Experimental analysis of propeller thrust in an undergraduate physics laboratory","authors":"J. Gómez-Tejedor, Eduard Blasco-Pérez, Jaime Riera","doi":"10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad4b77","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As propulsive systems are challenging for undergraduates to understand, it is essential to design experiments that can help their visualization and testing. The development of digital technology (high-speed cameras, digital tracking software, or 3D printers) facilitates the implementation of such designs. We proposed to study the thrust produced by a propeller, whose operating principles are based on the conservation of linear momentum. The study was carried out on an air track to avoid frictional forces. Several system characteristics were established, such as the propellor’s rotation speed and angle of attack and different magnitudes were determined, including the dynamic thrust and static force values. 3D CAD software was used to design the propellers for the experiments, and 3D printers to produce them.","PeriodicalId":50480,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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