Jonas Hein, Carlos Del Cairo, D. Gallego, Tomás Gutiérrez, J. S. Vélez, J. C. R. D. Francisco
After decades of civil war, the Colombian government has recently declared the Amazon as a model region for green growth and low carbon development. The Amazon Vision programme, launched by the Colombian government in 2016, seeks to contribute to forest conservation, climate mitigation, poverty reduction and peace building. The Amazon Vision fundamentally reframes the Colombian Amazon from a ‘narco frontier’ that needs to be liberated from guerrilla influence, organized crime and peasants destroying forests for coca cultivation, to a net CO2 sink with enormous potential for green growth and poverty reduction. Drawing on historical and empirical qualitative research in Guaviare and complemented by a quantitative land cover classification, this article builds on the concept of ‘green territoriality’ to investigate the extent to which the shift towards conservation affects property rights and the ability of indigenous groups and peasants to access land and natural resources. We illustrate how the reframing of peasants from protagonists of development and frontier expansion to villains, and of indigenous communities from underdeveloped forest dwellers to environmental guardians, has created land conflicts and affected the legitimacy of their respective property rights. In both cases, the Amazon Vision strengthens conservation policies and challenges existing land rights but also creates new windows of opportunity for the land claims of indigenous communities while reinforcing conceptualizations of social differentiation among dwellers of the Amazon.
{"title":"A political ecology of green territorialization: frontier expansion and conservation in the Colombian Amazon","authors":"Jonas Hein, Carlos Del Cairo, D. Gallego, Tomás Gutiérrez, J. S. Vélez, J. C. R. D. Francisco","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-456","url":null,"abstract":"After decades of civil war, the Colombian government has recently declared the Amazon as a model region for green growth and low carbon development. The Amazon Vision programme, launched by the Colombian government in 2016, seeks to contribute to forest conservation, climate mitigation, poverty reduction and peace building. The Amazon Vision fundamentally reframes the Colombian Amazon from a ‘narco frontier’ that needs to be liberated from guerrilla influence, organized crime and peasants destroying forests for coca cultivation, to a net CO2 sink with enormous potential for green growth and poverty reduction. Drawing on historical and empirical qualitative research in Guaviare and complemented by a quantitative land cover classification, this article builds on the concept of ‘green territoriality’ to investigate the extent to which the shift towards conservation affects property rights and the ability of indigenous groups and peasants to access land and natural resources. We illustrate how the reframing of peasants from protagonists of development and frontier expansion to villains, and of indigenous communities from underdeveloped forest dwellers to environmental guardians, has created land conflicts and affected the legitimacy of their respective property rights. In both cases, the Amazon Vision strengthens conservation policies and challenges existing land rights but also creates new windows of opportunity for the land claims of indigenous communities while reinforcing conceptualizations of social differentiation among dwellers of the Amazon.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"73 1","pages":"37-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86798990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Díez-Pisonero, Cándida Gago-García, J. A. Ordóñez
The paper aims to look at the organisation of the world-urban system. It proposes an integrated explorative approach which, in addition to considering economic-production type indicators, includes others that can reflect a complex approach to functional and geographic specialisation. Methodologically, the comparative analysis of three synthetic indices through a cluster analysis allows for the multifunctional representation of the world-urban system, in which other centralities and cities excluded from other rankings are considered. The first index is taken from the proposal by the GaWC (Global and World Cities Research Network). The second relates to cultural services and some of the knowledgeintensive activities. The third includes variables related to mobility, more specifically air transport. The comparison of functions, as revealed by the indices, can provide information about how cities work in the world context. The analysis allows for the identification of a group of prominent multifunctional cities at the top, and a large group of less prominent and specialised cities underneath. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht die Organisation des Weltstadt-Systems. Vorgeschlagen wird ein integrierter explorativer Ansatz, der neben der Berücksichtigung von Indikatoren für die Art der wirtschaftlichen Produktion auch andere umfasst, die einen komplexen Ansatz der funktionalen und geographischen Spezialisierung widerspiegeln können. Methodisch ermöglicht die vergleichende Analyse von drei synthetischen Indizes durch eine Clusteranalyse die multifunktionale Darstellung des Weltstadt-Systems, in der zentrale Funktionen und Städte, die in anderen Ranglisten ausgeschlossen sind, berücksichtigt werden. Der erste Index ist dem Vorschlag des GaWC (Global and World Cities Research Network) entnommen. Der zweite bezieht sich auf kulturelle Dienstleistungen und einige wissensintensiven Aktivitäten. Der dritte enthält Variablen, die mit der Mobilität, insbesondere dem Luftverkehr, zusammenhängen. Der Funktionsvergleich, wie er sich aus den Indizes ergibt, kann Informationen darüber liefern, wie Städte im weltweiten Kontext funktionieren. Die Analyse ermöglicht die Identifizierung einer Gruppe prominenter multifunktionaler Städte an der Spitze und einer großen Gruppe weniger prominenter und spezialisierter Städte darunter. Vol. 151, No. 1 · Research article
本文旨在研究世界城市体系的组织。它提出了一种综合的探索性办法,除了考虑经济生产类型的指标外,还包括能够反映功能和地理专门化的复杂办法的其他指标。在方法上,通过聚类分析对三个综合指数进行比较分析,考虑了世界城市系统的多功能代表,其中考虑了其他中心和被排除在其他排名之外的城市。第一个指数来自GaWC(全球和世界城市研究网络)的建议。第二部分涉及文化服务和一些知识密集型活动。第三种包括与流动性有关的变量,更具体地说,是航空运输。指数所揭示的功能比较可以提供有关城市在世界范围内如何运作的信息。该分析允许在顶部识别一组突出的多功能城市,以及下面一大批不太突出和专业化的城市。世界经济系统的组织。Vorgeschlagen en integrierter exploratoranatz, der neben der berksicsictigung von Indikatoren f, der Art der wirtschaftlicen production of andere unfast, die einenkomplexen Ansatz der功能与地理专业分析与广泛分析können。方法:ermöglicht die vergleichende analyze von drei synthetischen indiczes durch eine clusteranalyze die multifunktionale Darstellung des Weltstadt-Systems, in der zentrale Funktionen und Städte, die in anderen Ranglisten ausgeschlossen sind, bercksichtigt werden。该指数列出了全球和世界城市研究网络(GaWC)的排名。这是一种文化的融合,是一种智慧的融合。Der dritte enthält可变的,die mit Der Mobilität, insbesonere dem Luftverkehr, zusammenhängen。Der Funktionsvergleich,就是我们所说的“信息”,就是我们所说的“信息”,就是我们所说的“信息”。模具分析ermöglicht Die Identifizierung einer Gruppe prominent multifunktionaler Städte和der Spitze und einer großen Gruppe weniger prominent und specialisierter Städte darunter。第151卷第1期·研究论文
{"title":"Beyond global nodes and economic indicators in the evaluation of the world-system of cities","authors":"Roberto Díez-Pisonero, Cándida Gago-García, J. A. Ordóñez","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2020-425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2020-425","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to look at the organisation of the world-urban system. It proposes an integrated explorative approach which, in addition to considering economic-production type indicators, includes others that can reflect a complex approach to functional and geographic specialisation. Methodologically, the comparative analysis of three synthetic indices through a cluster analysis allows for the multifunctional representation of the world-urban system, in which other centralities and cities excluded from other rankings are considered. The first index is taken from the proposal by the GaWC (Global and World Cities Research Network). The second relates to cultural services and some of the knowledgeintensive activities. The third includes variables related to mobility, more specifically air transport. The comparison of functions, as revealed by the indices, can provide information about how cities work in the world context. The analysis allows for the identification of a group of prominent multifunctional cities at the top, and a large group of less prominent and specialised cities underneath. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht die Organisation des Weltstadt-Systems. Vorgeschlagen wird ein integrierter explorativer Ansatz, der neben der Berücksichtigung von Indikatoren für die Art der wirtschaftlichen Produktion auch andere umfasst, die einen komplexen Ansatz der funktionalen und geographischen Spezialisierung widerspiegeln können. Methodisch ermöglicht die vergleichende Analyse von drei synthetischen Indizes durch eine Clusteranalyse die multifunktionale Darstellung des Weltstadt-Systems, in der zentrale Funktionen und Städte, die in anderen Ranglisten ausgeschlossen sind, berücksichtigt werden. Der erste Index ist dem Vorschlag des GaWC (Global and World Cities Research Network) entnommen. Der zweite bezieht sich auf kulturelle Dienstleistungen und einige wissensintensiven Aktivitäten. Der dritte enthält Variablen, die mit der Mobilität, insbesondere dem Luftverkehr, zusammenhängen. Der Funktionsvergleich, wie er sich aus den Indizes ergibt, kann Informationen darüber liefern, wie Städte im weltweiten Kontext funktionieren. Die Analyse ermöglicht die Identifizierung einer Gruppe prominenter multifunktionaler Städte an der Spitze und einer großen Gruppe weniger prominenter und spezialisierter Städte darunter. Vol. 151, No. 1 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"82 2 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77426032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Territorial governance is of growing interest in an endogenous development perspective, in which organizational and institutional arrangements are supplied by the actors themselves to ensure coordination. This study was carried out in the Campos de Cima da Serra in southern Brazil, where the Serrano cheese is produced. It is an informal production. In fact, new consumers’ preferences for young instead of matured cheese, and national hygiene standards that are incompatible with small-scale and artisanal production make the legalization of the sales impossible for the producers. The aim of the study is twofold. First, it brings forward the territorial and value chain governance approaches from Frenchand Germanspeaking literatures. Second, based on the analysis of institutional arrangements, it assesses the quality of territorial governance processes. For that end, the institutional arrangements implemented in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, in the Campos de Cima da Serra, were analyzed. Results show that two different strategies are adopted: In Santa Catarina, there is a strong coordination between all municipalities, whereas in Rio Grande do Sul, municipalities are acting independently, leading to less effective governance. However, institutional arrangements in both states are facing a lack of dynamism. They suffer especially from little mobilization of producers and little involvement of local authorities. The extension services are the central actors of the collective action, following a top-down model. Thus, the achievement of collective action would require more participatory governance through the integration of the different actors in the process, as well as support from the larger institutional environment. Zusammenfassung Regionale Governance ist im Hinblick auf eine regionale Entwicklungsperspektive von wachsendem Interesse. Um eine Koordinierung zu ermöglichen, werden organisatorische und institutionelle Arrangements von den Akteuren selbst geschaffen. Diese Studie wurde in der Campos de Cima da Serra Region in Südbrasilien durchgeführt, wo der Serrano-Käse hergestellt wird. Dabei handelt es sich um eine informelle Produktion. Aufgrund der Präferenzen der Konsumenten für jungen statt reifen Käse sowie aufgrund neuer nationaler Hygienestandards, die mit der Produktion kleiner und handwerklicher Betriebe unvereinbar sind, wurde der Käseverkauf für illegal erklärt. Diese Studie verfolgt zwei Ziele. Erstens werden die Ansätze zur territorialen Governance sowie zur Governance in Wertschöpfungsketten der französischen und deutschen Literatur vorgestellt. Zweitens bewertet sie die Qualität der territorialen Governance-Prozesse auf der Grundlage der Analyse der institutionellen Arrangements. Dazu wurden die umgesetzten Arrangements in den Bundesstaaten Santa Catarina und Rio Grande do Sul auf den Campos de Cima da Serra analysiert. Dabei zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass zwei verschiedene StrateVol. 151, No. 1 · Research article
从内生发展的角度来看,领土治理日益引起人们的兴趣,在这种情况下,组织和体制安排由行动者自己提供,以确保协调。这项研究是在巴西南部Serrano奶酪的产地Campos de Cima da Serra进行的。这是一种非正式的生产。事实上,新消费者对新鲜奶酪而不是成熟奶酪的偏好,以及与小规模和手工生产不相容的国家卫生标准,使得生产者不可能将销售合法化。这项研究的目的是双重的。首先,从法语和德语文献中提出了地域和价值链治理方法。其次,在制度安排分析的基础上,评估区域治理过程的质量。为此目的,分析了在圣卡塔琳娜州和南里奥格兰德州、西马达塞拉州执行的体制安排。结果表明,采取了两种不同的战略:在圣卡塔琳娜州,所有市政当局之间有强有力的协调,而在南里奥格兰德州,市政当局独立行动,导致治理效率较低。然而,两国的制度安排都面临着缺乏活力的问题。生产者很少动员,地方当局很少参与,这些问题尤其严重。扩展服务是集体行动的核心角色,遵循自上而下的模式。因此,要实现集体行动,就需要通过将不同的行动者纳入这一进程,以及得到更大的体制环境的支持,来进行更多的参与性管理。区域治理研究:区域治理在中国的应用前景。“组织与机构的合作安排”,“组织与机构的合作安排”,ermöglichen。在巴西ilien durchgefhrt, de Campos de Cima da Serra地区进行了疾病研究,并在Serrano-Käse hergestellt上进行了研究。大北处理的就是这样的信息生产。Aufgrund der Präferenzen der Konsumenten f r jungen statt reifen Käse sowie Aufgrund neer国家卫生标准,die mit der produce kleiner and handwerklicher Betriebe unvereinbar sind, wurde der Käseverkauf f r illegal erklärt。疾病研究:魏泽乐。Erstens werden die Ansätze zur territorialen Governance sowie zur Governance in Wertschöpfungsketten der französischen and deutschen literature vorgestellt。Zweitens bewertet sie die Qualität der territorialen governen - prozesse auder Grundlage der Analyse der institutional Arrangements。在圣卡塔琳娜联邦州和南里奥格兰德州的大宅里,大宅在圣卡塔琳娜联邦州和南里奥格兰德州,大宅在圣卡塔琳娜联邦州。大北zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass zwei verschedene strategy。·研究文章
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Pub Date : 2019-12-20DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000387504
S. Burri, Elena Haeler, W. Eugster, Matthias Haeni, S. Etzold, L. Walthert, Sabine Braun, R. Zweifel
Central Europe experienced an exceptionally hot summer in 2015. The area of investigation in the Central Alps in Switzerland faced the second warmest summer since the beginning of measurements in 1864. As a consequence, agriculture suffered from considerable production losses. But how were forests affected by the hot summer? We analyzed stem growth data, measured by automated point dendrometers, from 50 trees across nine sites covering the four main Swiss tree species spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus spp.) in the years 2014 (relatively wet and cool) and 2015 (hot and dry). Annual growth and environmental conditions were determined by, and related to, the growing period based on daily resolved growth data. Our multi-species approach revealed a wide range of responses. Radial growth of spruce was largely reduced during the hot summer 2015 for sites located below 1500 m a.s.l.. Growth of beech responded even positively at several sites on the Swiss Plateau. Fir and oak did not significantly deviate from their respective average growth rate. We conclude that one hot summer actually matters for stem growth, but its effect is not a priori negative. The timing of the heat wave is of highest importance. A relatively wet previous year, a wet spring and the relatively late occurrence of the heat wave in the wood growth period led to a less strong growth reduction than what could have been expected from agricultural plants. Endogenous effects like mast fruiting and legacy effects from past conditions are suggested to further play an important role for stem growth. Zusammenfassung Mitteleuropa erlebte einen außergewöhnlich heißen Sommer im Jahr 2015. Das Untersuchungsgebiet über verschiedene Höhenstufen in den Zentralalpen der Schweiz verzeichnete den zweitwärmsten Sommer seit Beginn der Messungen im Jahr 1864. In der Folge erlitt die Landwirtschaft erhebliche Produktionsverluste. Aber wie wirkte sich der heiße Sommer auf die Wälder aus? Wir analysierten Stammwachstumsdaten der Jahre 2014 (relativ nass und kühl) und 2015 (heiß und trocken), gemessen mit automatischen Punktdendrometern an 50 Bäumen der vier wichtigsten Schweizer Baumarten Fichte (Picea abies), Tanne (Abies alba), Buche (Fagus sylvatica) und Eiche (Quercus spp.) an neun Standorten. Das Stammwachstum wurde anhand der täglich aufgelösten Daten Vol. 150, No. 4 · Research article D I E E R D E Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin DOI:10.12854/erde-2019-420 Susanne Burri, Elena Haeler, Werner Eugster, Matthias Haeni, Sophia Etzold, Lorenz Walthert, Sabine Braun, Roman Zweifel 2019: How did Swiss forest trees respond to the hot summer 2015? – DIE ERDE 150 (4): 214-229
2015年,中欧经历了一个异常炎热的夏天。瑞士阿尔卑斯中部的调查地区面临着自1864年开始测量以来第二个最温暖的夏天。因此,农业遭受了相当大的生产损失。但是炎热的夏天对森林有什么影响呢?我们分析了2014年(相对潮湿和凉爽)和2015年(炎热和干燥)9个地点50棵树的茎生长数据,这些数据由自动点树木计测量,涵盖了瑞士四种主要树种云杉(Picea abies)、冷杉(abies alba)、山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica)和橡树(Quercus spp.)。年生长量和环境条件由生长期决定,并与生长期相关。我们的多物种方法揭示了广泛的反应。在2015年炎热的夏季,海拔1500米以下的云杉径向生长明显减少。在瑞士高原的几个地点,山毛榉的生长甚至有积极的反应。冷杉和栎树的生长速率与平均生长速率没有明显的差异。我们的结论是,一个炎热的夏天实际上对茎的生长有影响,但它的影响不是先验的负面影响。热浪的时间是最重要的。相对潮湿的前一年,潮湿的春季和在木材生长期相对较晚出现的热浪导致了较弱的生长减少,而不是对农业植物的预期。内源效应如杆实效应和过去条件的遗留效应进一步对茎的生长起重要作用。Zusammenfassung Mitteleuropa erlebte einen außergewöhnlich he ßen Sommer in Jahr 2015。Das Untersuchungsgebiet verschiedene Höhenstufen in den Zentralalpen der Schweiz verzeicnete den zweitwärmsten Sommer seit Beginn der Messungen in Jahr 1864。In der Folge erlitt die Landwirtschaft erheblichproductionsverluste。阿伯尔,我在这里工作过吗?与2014年(相对质量和质量)和2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年(相对质量和质量)、2015年)、2015年(相对质量和质量)。Das Stammwachstum wurde anhand der täglich aufgelösten Daten Vol. 150, No. 4·研究文章D I E E R D E柏林地理学会学报DOI:10.12854/erde-2019-420 Susanne Burri, Elena Haeler, Werner Eugster, Matthias Haeni, Sophia Etzold, Lorenz Walthert, Sabine Braun, Roman Zweifel 2019:瑞士森林树木如何应对2015年炎热的夏天?- die erde 150 (4): 214-229
{"title":"How did Swiss forest trees respond to the hot summer 2015","authors":"S. Burri, Elena Haeler, W. Eugster, Matthias Haeni, S. Etzold, L. Walthert, Sabine Braun, R. Zweifel","doi":"10.3929/ETHZ-B-000387504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000387504","url":null,"abstract":"Central Europe experienced an exceptionally hot summer in 2015. The area of investigation in the Central Alps in Switzerland faced the second warmest summer since the beginning of measurements in 1864. As a consequence, agriculture suffered from considerable production losses. But how were forests affected by the hot summer? We analyzed stem growth data, measured by automated point dendrometers, from 50 trees across nine sites covering the four main Swiss tree species spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus spp.) in the years 2014 (relatively wet and cool) and 2015 (hot and dry). Annual growth and environmental conditions were determined by, and related to, the growing period based on daily resolved growth data. Our multi-species approach revealed a wide range of responses. Radial growth of spruce was largely reduced during the hot summer 2015 for sites located below 1500 m a.s.l.. Growth of beech responded even positively at several sites on the Swiss Plateau. Fir and oak did not significantly deviate from their respective average growth rate. We conclude that one hot summer actually matters for stem growth, but its effect is not a priori negative. The timing of the heat wave is of highest importance. A relatively wet previous year, a wet spring and the relatively late occurrence of the heat wave in the wood growth period led to a less strong growth reduction than what could have been expected from agricultural plants. Endogenous effects like mast fruiting and legacy effects from past conditions are suggested to further play an important role for stem growth. Zusammenfassung Mitteleuropa erlebte einen außergewöhnlich heißen Sommer im Jahr 2015. Das Untersuchungsgebiet über verschiedene Höhenstufen in den Zentralalpen der Schweiz verzeichnete den zweitwärmsten Sommer seit Beginn der Messungen im Jahr 1864. In der Folge erlitt die Landwirtschaft erhebliche Produktionsverluste. Aber wie wirkte sich der heiße Sommer auf die Wälder aus? Wir analysierten Stammwachstumsdaten der Jahre 2014 (relativ nass und kühl) und 2015 (heiß und trocken), gemessen mit automatischen Punktdendrometern an 50 Bäumen der vier wichtigsten Schweizer Baumarten Fichte (Picea abies), Tanne (Abies alba), Buche (Fagus sylvatica) und Eiche (Quercus spp.) an neun Standorten. Das Stammwachstum wurde anhand der täglich aufgelösten Daten Vol. 150, No. 4 · Research article D I E E R D E Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin DOI:10.12854/erde-2019-420 Susanne Burri, Elena Haeler, Werner Eugster, Matthias Haeni, Sophia Etzold, Lorenz Walthert, Sabine Braun, Roman Zweifel 2019: How did Swiss forest trees respond to the hot summer 2015? – DIE ERDE 150 (4): 214-229","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"191 1","pages":"214-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77034301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyse the dynamics of Indonesian waters using the results of a set of 13 time-slice experiments simulated by the CCSM3-DGVM model. The experiments were carried out to study global climate variability between and within the Quaternary interglacials of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15. During boreal summer (June-July-August-September), in most of Indonesia, seasonal surface temperature anomalies can largely be explained by local insolation anomalies induced by the astronomical forcing. However, for some time slices, climate feedbacks may modify the surface temperature response in Indonesia, most pronounced in open water close to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The warmest boreal summer sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly compared to Pre-Industrial (PI) conditions of up to 1 K was found in the Banda Sea at 125 ka (MIS 5) and 579 ka (MIS 15). The coolest boreal summer SST anomaly down to –2 K at 495 ka (MIS 13) is equally distributed in Indonesian waters. During boreal winter, most of the moderate cooling over large portions of the land and the waters of Indonesia is also associated with local insolation. The most interesting finding in this study, a dipole and tripole precipitation pattern with up to 3.6 mm/day of rainfall anomaly during boreal summer is identified in the western part of the Indonesian waters, Indian Ocean to Banda Sea, and the eastern part of Indonesian waters. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic information to predict the climate in Indonesia for the present and future. This may add to the assessment provided by the IPCC for a better understanding of future climate change in the region, which is a prerequisite for alleviating its impacts.
我们使用CCSM3-DGVM模型模拟的一组13个时间片实验的结果来分析印度尼西亚水域的动态。研究了海洋同位素阶段(MIS) 1、5、11、13和15的第四纪间冰期之间和内部的全球气候变率。在印尼大部分地区的北方夏季(6 - 7 - 8 - 9月),季节性地表温度异常在很大程度上可以用天文强迫引起的局地日照异常来解释。然而,在某些时间段内,气候反馈可能会改变印度尼西亚的地表温度响应,在靠近印度洋和太平洋的开阔水域最为明显。与工业化前(PI)条件相比,最温暖的夏季海表温度(SST)异常出现在班达海125 ka (MIS 5)和579 ka (MIS 15)。495 ka (MIS 13)至-2 K的最冷夏季海温异常均匀分布在印度尼西亚海域。在寒带冬季,印度尼西亚大部分土地和水域的大部分温和降温也与局部日照有关。本研究最有趣的发现是,在印度尼西亚海域西部、印度洋到班达海以及印度尼西亚海域东部,发现了一种偶极子和三极子降水模式,在北方夏季降雨量异常高达3.6 mm/d。这项研究的结果有望作为预测印度尼西亚现在和未来气候的基本信息。这可能有助于IPCC提供的评估,以便更好地了解该地区未来的气候变化,这是减轻其影响的先决条件。
{"title":"Climate Variability in Indonesia from 615 ka to present: First Insights from Low-Resolution Coupled Model Simulations","authors":"R. Rachmayani, M. Prange, M. Schulz, N. Ningsih","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-428","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse the dynamics of Indonesian waters using the results of a set of 13 time-slice experiments simulated by the CCSM3-DGVM model. The experiments were carried out to study global climate variability between and within the Quaternary interglacials of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15. During boreal summer (June-July-August-September), in most of Indonesia, seasonal surface temperature anomalies can largely be explained by local insolation anomalies induced by the astronomical forcing. However, for some time slices, climate feedbacks may modify the surface temperature response in Indonesia, most pronounced in open water close to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The warmest boreal summer sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly compared to Pre-Industrial (PI) conditions of up to 1 K was found in the Banda Sea at 125 ka (MIS 5) and 579 ka (MIS 15). The coolest boreal summer SST anomaly down to –2 K at 495 ka (MIS 13) is equally distributed in Indonesian waters. During boreal winter, most of the moderate cooling over large portions of the land and the waters of Indonesia is also associated with local insolation. The most interesting finding in this study, a dipole and tripole precipitation pattern with up to 3.6 mm/day of rainfall anomaly during boreal summer is identified in the western part of the Indonesian waters, Indian Ocean to Banda Sea, and the eastern part of Indonesian waters. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic information to predict the climate in Indonesia for the present and future. This may add to the assessment provided by the IPCC for a better understanding of future climate change in the region, which is a prerequisite for alleviating its impacts.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"16 1","pages":"230-240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84425854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In both the global north and south the claim for food sovereignty (FS) has become a powerful antithesis to the globalized economy of food. Drawing on scientific debates around the spatial and political dimensions of FS, we will focus in this contribution on how this emerging claim materializes in practice and space. Therefore, we will analyze in an exemplary manner political practices of the Brazilian and Bolivian Landless Movements, which adopted the idea of FS as a guideline for their political action. Our results reveal that these groups do not only fight for FS in the form of ‘typical’ representational and overt political actions such as land occupations, the blocking of roads and manifestations. Rather, we will show that the Landless Movements also express their claims quite subtly, in surprising but yet very powerful ways through multifarious, spatially effective and meaningfully interconnected social practices, which reveal their political character only upon second glance. In order to conceptualize our observations and to recognize the political momentum of these practices, we draw on insights from social theory and political theory and identify three constitutive principles that enable us to make political practices in their ‘worldliness’ distinguishable and recognizable. Building on this conceptualization, we will further propose the approach of the ‘multi-territorial site of the political’ as an analytical tool to investigate the complex geographies of social movements, in particular but not exclusively, in the context of FS in Latin America.
{"title":"Engaging in the ‘multi-territorial site of the political’: Political practices of Latin American landless movements in the struggle for food sovereignty","authors":"Benno Fladvad, J. Glöckler","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-448","url":null,"abstract":"In both the global north and south the claim for food sovereignty (FS) has become a powerful antithesis to the globalized economy of food. Drawing on scientific debates around the spatial and political dimensions of FS, we will focus in this contribution on how this emerging claim materializes in practice and space. Therefore, we will analyze in an exemplary manner political practices of the Brazilian and Bolivian Landless Movements, which adopted the idea of FS as a guideline for their political action. Our results reveal that these groups do not only fight for FS in the form of ‘typical’ representational and overt political actions such as land occupations, the blocking of roads and manifestations. Rather, we will show that the Landless Movements also express their claims quite subtly, in surprising but yet very powerful ways through multifarious, spatially effective and meaningfully interconnected social practices, which reveal their political character only upon second glance. In order to conceptualize our observations and to recognize the political momentum of these practices, we draw on insights from social theory and political theory and identify three constitutive principles that enable us to make political practices in their ‘worldliness’ distinguishable and recognizable. Building on this conceptualization, we will further propose the approach of the ‘multi-territorial site of the political’ as an analytical tool to investigate the complex geographies of social movements, in particular but not exclusively, in the context of FS in Latin America.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"2014 1","pages":"197-213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88133928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is widespread understanding that climate change has dramatic impacts especially for small islands. In the Maldives, a key challenge is to confront erosion processes along its coasts – past approaches have shown to not always be sustainable. Alternative approaches to coastal protection are therefore urgently needed. In this paper we use the concept of transformative governance to identify factors in society and politics that act as barriers and enablers to the introduction of alternative approaches to coastal protection in the Maldives. We investigate how inhabitants perceive coastal erosion risks and analyse people’s receptiveness to alternative coastal protection measures and their willingness to get involved in coastal protection. Governance structures are assessed against the context of conflicting central political, national and island peripherical interests. We identify hierarchical political structures in coastal protection governance as a dominant obstacle to alternative approaches. Based on empirical data collected in the research project DICES (Dealing with change in SIDS – societal action and political reaction in sea level change adaptation), we stress the importance of cultural aspects and sense of place when dealing with coastal protection. Further, we challenge the widespread assumption that people of the Maldives prefer hard coastal protection structures for their islands – a notion which is utilised by national politicians in their decision-making process to support the continuing application of hard protection measures. We discuss challenges to transformative governance related to shared responsibility, political power and openness to innovation. Zusammenfassung Es besteht weitgehende Einigkeit darüber, dass der Klimawandel besonders für kleine Inseln dramatische Auswirkungen hat. Für die Malediven bedeutet das, dass die vielfältigen Erosionsprozesse entlang der Küsten vor allem in der Zukunft auf nachhaltige und gleichzeitig Natur verträgliche Art zu bewältigen sind. Da landläufige Küstenschutzansätze inzwischen gezeigt haben, dass sie nicht immer nachhaltig sind, werden alternative Maßnahmen dringend erforderlich. Dies ist jedoch nicht nur eine technische, sondern auch eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung. Um die gesellschaftlichen und politischen Hindernisse und Potentiale für die Einführung alternativer Küstenschutzmaßnahmen zu analysieren, untersuchen wir u. a. die Wahrnehmung von Küstenerosionsrisiken und hinterfragen die Aufnahmebereitschaft der Menschen für alternative Küstenschutzmaßnahmen. Darüber hinaus werden die bestehenden Küstenschutz-Governance-Strukturen im Kontext widersprüchlicher Vol. 150, No. 3 · Research article
人们普遍认识到,气候变化具有巨大的影响,特别是对小岛屿。在马尔代夫,一个关键的挑战是应对沿海地区的侵蚀过程——过去的方法已经证明并不总是可持续的。因此,迫切需要其他办法来保护海岸。在本文中,我们使用变革性治理的概念来确定社会和政治中的因素,这些因素是马尔代夫引入替代海岸保护方法的障碍和推动因素。我们调查了居民如何感知海岸侵蚀风险,并分析了人们对替代海岸保护措施的接受程度以及他们参与海岸保护的意愿。治理结构是在中心政治、国家和岛屿周边利益相互冲突的背景下评估的。我们认为沿海保护治理中的等级政治结构是替代方法的主要障碍。根据研究项目DICES(应对小岛屿发展中国家的变化——海平面变化适应中的社会行动和政治反应)收集的经验数据,我们强调了在处理海岸保护时文化方面和地方感的重要性。此外,我们质疑一种普遍的假设,即马尔代夫人民更喜欢为其岛屿建立坚固的海岸保护结构- -国家政治家在其决策过程中利用这一概念来支持继续实施坚固的保护措施。我们讨论了与共同责任、政治权力和创新开放相关的变革型治理面临的挑战。Zusammenfassung e bestweitgehende Einigkeit darber, dass der Klimawandel berders r kleine inselsche Auswirkungen。[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [2]Da landläufige Küstenschutzansätze inzwischen gezeight haben, dass sie night immer nachhaltig sind, werden alternative Maßnahmen dringend erforderlich。“我们的技术是完美的,我们的技术是完美的。”1 .在德国,政治学家和政治家的研究与潜力分析对 stenschutzmaß进行了分析,并对 stenschutzmaß进行了分析,分析了德国 stenschutzmaß的分析。《中国经济与社会发展》,《中国经济与社会发展》,第15卷,第3期
{"title":"Challenges for shared responsibility – Political and social framing of coastal protection transformation in the Maldives","authors":"Beate M. W. Ratter, Arne Hennig, Zahid","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-426","url":null,"abstract":"There is widespread understanding that climate change has dramatic impacts especially for small islands. In the Maldives, a key challenge is to confront erosion processes along its coasts – past approaches have shown to not always be sustainable. Alternative approaches to coastal protection are therefore urgently needed. In this paper we use the concept of transformative governance to identify factors in society and politics that act as barriers and enablers to the introduction of alternative approaches to coastal protection in the Maldives. We investigate how inhabitants perceive coastal erosion risks and analyse people’s receptiveness to alternative coastal protection measures and their willingness to get involved in coastal protection. Governance structures are assessed against the context of conflicting central political, national and island peripherical interests. We identify hierarchical political structures in coastal protection governance as a dominant obstacle to alternative approaches. Based on empirical data collected in the research project DICES (Dealing with change in SIDS – societal action and political reaction in sea level change adaptation), we stress the importance of cultural aspects and sense of place when dealing with coastal protection. Further, we challenge the widespread assumption that people of the Maldives prefer hard coastal protection structures for their islands – a notion which is utilised by national politicians in their decision-making process to support the continuing application of hard protection measures. We discuss challenges to transformative governance related to shared responsibility, political power and openness to innovation. Zusammenfassung Es besteht weitgehende Einigkeit darüber, dass der Klimawandel besonders für kleine Inseln dramatische Auswirkungen hat. Für die Malediven bedeutet das, dass die vielfältigen Erosionsprozesse entlang der Küsten vor allem in der Zukunft auf nachhaltige und gleichzeitig Natur verträgliche Art zu bewältigen sind. Da landläufige Küstenschutzansätze inzwischen gezeigt haben, dass sie nicht immer nachhaltig sind, werden alternative Maßnahmen dringend erforderlich. Dies ist jedoch nicht nur eine technische, sondern auch eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung. Um die gesellschaftlichen und politischen Hindernisse und Potentiale für die Einführung alternativer Küstenschutzmaßnahmen zu analysieren, untersuchen wir u. a. die Wahrnehmung von Küstenerosionsrisiken und hinterfragen die Aufnahmebereitschaft der Menschen für alternative Küstenschutzmaßnahmen. Darüber hinaus werden die bestehenden Küstenschutz-Governance-Strukturen im Kontext widersprüchlicher Vol. 150, No. 3 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"16 1","pages":"169-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76077892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is surprisingly little information and concern within academic literature in the field of coastal or marine planning and management related to the issue of artificial islands. This is particularly noteworthy considering the climate change phenomenon, vis á vis sea-level rise, the urgent need for adaptation, efforts aiming for sustainable use of coastal areas, and the recent focus in academic circles on marine spatial planning. Most literature (including grey literature) on artificial islands appears in the engineering and geology disciplines and is focused on energy extraction, i.e., oil and gas. Yet some coastal nations are intent on solving problems of lack of space and other resource shortages through construction of near-shore artificial islands for myriad uses, including commercial, residential and transportation infrastructure. This paper presents a limited review of the policy literature about planning and construction of artificial islands. It reflects what repercussions artificial islands portend for marine conservation, sustainability and, most importantly, how climate change adaptation is highlighted or neglected in spatial solutions addressed by the building of nearshore artificial islands. The Israeli situation, where tenders have been recently published calling for planning and building of islands in the Mediterranean Sea, serves as an example. Zusammenfassung In der Literatur zur Küstenoder Meeresplanung gibt es überraschend wenig Informationen über künstlich aufgeschüttete Inseln. Dies ist insbesondere bemerkenswert im Kontext eines sich wandelnden Klimas, dem einhergehenden Meeresspiegelanstieg und der dringenden Notwendigkeit der Anpassung, sowie der Bemühungen um eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Küstengebiete und der jüngsten Konzentration in akademischen Kreisen auf maritime Raumordnung. Der überwiegende Teil der Literatur (einschließlich grauer Literatur) über künstlich aufgeschüttete Inseln erscheint in den Gebieten Ingenieurswesen und Geologie und konzentriert sich auf die Energiegewinnung von beispielsweise Öl und Gas. Weiterhin gibt es einige Küstenstaaten, die entschlossen sind, Probleme wie Platzmangel und Ressourcenknappheit durch den Bau und die Nutzung (Handel-, Wohnund Verkehrsinfrastruktur) von küstennahen, künstlich aufgeschütteten Inseln zu lösen. Diese Studie gibt einen Überblick über die einschlägige Fachliteratur zur Planung und Realisierung von künstlichen Inseln. Es werden die Auswirkungen von künstlichen Inseln auf die Nachhaltigkeit von marinen Ökosystemen diskutiert und analysiert, ob Klimaanpassungen in räumlichen Lösungen beim Bau der Inseln integriert werden. Ein aktuelles Fallbeispiel ist Israel, wo kürzlich die Planung und der Bau von Inseln im Mittelmeer ausgeschrieben wurde. Vol. 150, No. 3 · Research article
令人惊讶的是,在沿海或海洋规划和管理领域的学术文献中,关于人工岛屿问题的资料和关注少之又少。考虑到气候变化现象、海平面上升、适应气候变化的迫切需要、沿海地区可持续利用的努力以及学术界最近对海洋空间规划的关注,这一点尤其值得注意。大多数关于人工岛屿的文献(包括灰色文献)出现在工程和地质学科,并集中在能源开采,即石油和天然气。然而,一些沿海国家打算通过建造近岸人工岛屿来解决空间不足和其他资源短缺的问题,这些岛屿的用途多种多样,包括商业、住宅和交通基础设施。本文对有关人工岛屿规划与建设的政策文献进行了综述。它反映了人工岛屿对海洋保护和可持续性的影响,以及最重要的是,在通过建造近岸人工岛屿解决的空间解决方案中,如何强调或忽视气候变化适应。以色列的情况就是一个例子,该国最近公布了招标书,要求在地中海规划和建造岛屿。在文学研究中,文学信息系统研究中,文学信息系统研究中。死亡是insbesondere bemerkenswert im Kontext进行西奇wandelnden klima,民主党einhergehenden Meeresspiegelanstieg和der dringenden Notwendigkeit der Anpassung,和der Bemuhungen嗯一张nachhaltige Nutzung der Kustengebiete和der恐怖袭击在akademischen Konzentration海上Raumordnung Kreisen再见。Der uberwiegende菩提树Der文学(einschließ巫妖劳尔文学)超级kunstlich aufgeschuttete Inseln erscheint在窝Gebieten Ingenieurswesen和学界konzentriert西奇死汪汪汪Energiegewinnung冯那些Ol和气体。2 . Weiterhin gibt es einige kstenstaen, die entschlossen sind, Probleme wie Platzmangel and Ressourcenknappheit durch den Bau and die Nutzung (Handel-, Wohnund verkehrsinfrastrucktur) von k stennahen, kstlich aufgeschtteten Inseln zu lösen。疾病研究[j] . Überblick [ber] . einschlägige[技术文献与规划与实现]. von kstlichen inselen。Es werden die Auswirkungen von k nstlichen inselen auf die Nachhaltigkeit von marinen Ökosystemen diskutitigkeit von marinen räumlichen Lösungen bem Bau der Inseln integrieert werden。在以色列,我们的计划和计划都是由以色列人制定的。第150卷第3期·研究论文
{"title":"Detached Islands: Artificial Islands as adaptation challenges in the making","authors":"M. Portman","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-430","url":null,"abstract":"There is surprisingly little information and concern within academic literature in the field of coastal or marine planning and management related to the issue of artificial islands. This is particularly noteworthy considering the climate change phenomenon, vis á vis sea-level rise, the urgent need for adaptation, efforts aiming for sustainable use of coastal areas, and the recent focus in academic circles on marine spatial planning. Most literature (including grey literature) on artificial islands appears in the engineering and geology disciplines and is focused on energy extraction, i.e., oil and gas. Yet some coastal nations are intent on solving problems of lack of space and other resource shortages through construction of near-shore artificial islands for myriad uses, including commercial, residential and transportation infrastructure. This paper presents a limited review of the policy literature about planning and construction of artificial islands. It reflects what repercussions artificial islands portend for marine conservation, sustainability and, most importantly, how climate change adaptation is highlighted or neglected in spatial solutions addressed by the building of nearshore artificial islands. The Israeli situation, where tenders have been recently published calling for planning and building of islands in the Mediterranean Sea, serves as an example. Zusammenfassung In der Literatur zur Küstenoder Meeresplanung gibt es überraschend wenig Informationen über künstlich aufgeschüttete Inseln. Dies ist insbesondere bemerkenswert im Kontext eines sich wandelnden Klimas, dem einhergehenden Meeresspiegelanstieg und der dringenden Notwendigkeit der Anpassung, sowie der Bemühungen um eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Küstengebiete und der jüngsten Konzentration in akademischen Kreisen auf maritime Raumordnung. Der überwiegende Teil der Literatur (einschließlich grauer Literatur) über künstlich aufgeschüttete Inseln erscheint in den Gebieten Ingenieurswesen und Geologie und konzentriert sich auf die Energiegewinnung von beispielsweise Öl und Gas. Weiterhin gibt es einige Küstenstaaten, die entschlossen sind, Probleme wie Platzmangel und Ressourcenknappheit durch den Bau und die Nutzung (Handel-, Wohnund Verkehrsinfrastruktur) von küstennahen, künstlich aufgeschütteten Inseln zu lösen. Diese Studie gibt einen Überblick über die einschlägige Fachliteratur zur Planung und Realisierung von künstlichen Inseln. Es werden die Auswirkungen von künstlichen Inseln auf die Nachhaltigkeit von marinen Ökosystemen diskutiert und analysiert, ob Klimaanpassungen in räumlichen Lösungen beim Bau der Inseln integriert werden. Ein aktuelles Fallbeispiel ist Israel, wo kürzlich die Planung und der Bau von Inseln im Mittelmeer ausgeschrieben wurde. Vol. 150, No. 3 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"6 1","pages":"158-168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87953914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide, an emerging trend can be observed towards coastal management that works “with nature” – and not against it. A growing “community of practice” (Wenger 1998) is getting involved into projects of so-called “soft” coastal protection. The paper localises the emergence of this “sociotechnical imaginary” (Jasanoff 2015) at the Aotearoa New Zealand coast. It provides an ethnographic analysis of soft coastal protection as a socio-material practice, focusing on coastal dune reshaping. This technique promises a sustainable approach to coastal management that overcomes dualist meanings of coastal protection, understood either as erosion control and property protection, or as nature conservation (Cooper and McKenna 2008). Two examples from the North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand are analysed: a successful project in Whangapoua Beach (Coromandel Peninsula), where dune reshaping has been used by local houseowners as a temporary alternative to a seawall, and the “dune enhancement” part of a contested, Council-commissioned seawall construction project in Waihi Beach (Western Bay of Plenty), which has been perceived as utter failure. The cases show that when soft coastal protection projects are put into practice, the recognition and inclusion of local stakeholders can have manifest material consequences. The paper therefore argues that sustainable coastal protection is not only a technical question, but has a sociomaterial dimension. In order for artificial dunes to “work” as socio-natural objects, local understandings of the rights and responsibilities to care for the coast need to be considered. Zusammenfassung Das „Arbeiten mit der Natur“ (Gesing 2016) – nicht gegen sie – hat sich weltweit zu einem neuen „sociotechnical imaginary“ ( Jasanoff 2015) für nachhaltigen Küstenschutz entwickelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der Artikel sogenannte „weiche“ Küstenschutzpraktiken in Neuseeland. Im Mittelpunkt der ethnographischen Analyse stehen zwei Projekte zur (Re-)Konstruktion künstlicher Dünen auf der neuseeländischen Nordinsel. In Anlehnung an Methoden der Dünenrenaturierung, die in Neuseeland vornehmlich durch ehrenamtliche „Care Groups“ umgesetzt werden, sollen diese Maßnahmen eine Alternative zu „harten“ Strukturen bieten. Die künstliche Düne als Küstenschutzobjekt verspricht dabei zugleich einen Ausgleich zwischen den gegensätzlichen Bedeutungen von Küstenschutz als Infrastrukturmaßnahme und Küstenschutz als Naturschutz. Im ersten Fall (Whangapoua Beach, Coromandel Pensinsula) wurde ein bekannter Vertreter der „community of practice“ (Wenger 1998) weichen Küstenschutzes von örtlichen Hausbesitzer*innen mit der Rekonstruktion einer durch Sturmerosion beschädigten Frontaldüne beauftragt. Im zweiten Fall (Waihi Beach, Western Bay of Plenty) sollte die Maßnahme den umstrittenen, von der Gemeinde in Auftrag gegebenen Neubau eines Steindeiches flankieVol. 150, No. 3 · Research article
在世界范围内,可以观察到一种新兴趋势,即沿海管理“与自然”合作,而不是与自然对抗。越来越多的“实践共同体”(Wenger 1998)正在参与所谓的“软”海岸保护项目。本文将这种“社会技术想象”(Jasanoff 2015)的出现定位在新西兰奥特罗阿海岸。它提供了软海岸保护作为一种社会物质实践的民族志分析,重点是海岸沙丘重塑。这项技术有望为海岸管理提供一种可持续的方法,克服了海岸保护的二元论意义,既可以理解为侵蚀控制和财产保护,也可以理解为自然保护(Cooper and McKenna 2008)。本文分析了新西兰奥蒂亚罗北岛的两个例子:Whangapoua海滩(科罗曼德尔半岛)的一个成功项目,在那里,沙丘重塑被当地房主用作临时海堤的替代方案,以及在怀希海滩(西充足湾)的一个有争议的委员会委托的海堤建设项目的“沙丘增强”部分,该项目被认为是彻底失败的。这些案例表明,当软海岸保护项目付诸实施时,当地利益相关者的认可和包容可以产生明显的实质性后果。因此,本文认为可持续海岸保护不仅是一个技术问题,而且具有社会物质维度。为了使人工沙丘作为社会自然对象“发挥作用”,需要考虑当地对保护海岸的权利和责任的理解。Zusammenfassung Das“Arbeiten mit der nature”(Gesing 2016) - nicht gegen sie - hat sich weltweit zu einem neuen“社会技术想象”(Jasanoff 2015) fr nachhaltigen kstenschutz entwickelt。在纽西兰的研究与实践。[2] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [2]在Anlehnung和Methoden der enenrenturerung中,die In neuseland vornehmlich durch ehrenamtliche " Care Groups " umgesetzt werden, sollen diese Maßnahmen eine Alternative zu " harten " Strukturen bieten。Die k nstliche dne als kk stenschutzobjekt verspricht dabei zugleich einen Ausgleich zwischen den gegensätzlichen Bedeutungen von k stenschutz alinfrastruckturma ßnahme und kstschutz alnaturschutz。imersten Fall (Whangapoua Beach, Coromandel半岛)wurde ein bekannter Vertreter der“实践社区”(Wenger 1998) weichen k stenschutzes von örtlichen Hausbesitzer*innen mit der Rekonstruktion einer durch Sturmerosion beschädigten frontald ne beauftragt。in zweiten Fall(西丰盛湾怀希海滩)sollte die Maßnahme den umstrittenen, von der Gemeinde in Auftrag gegebenen Neubau eines Steindeiches flankieVol。150, No. 3·研究文章
{"title":"The politics of artificial dunes: Sustainable coastal protection measures and contested socio-natural objects","authors":"Friederike Gesing","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-423","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, an emerging trend can be observed towards coastal management that works “with nature” – and not against it. A growing “community of practice” (Wenger 1998) is getting involved into projects of so-called “soft” coastal protection. The paper localises the emergence of this “sociotechnical imaginary” (Jasanoff 2015) at the Aotearoa New Zealand coast. It provides an ethnographic analysis of soft coastal protection as a socio-material practice, focusing on coastal dune reshaping. This technique promises a sustainable approach to coastal management that overcomes dualist meanings of coastal protection, understood either as erosion control and property protection, or as nature conservation (Cooper and McKenna 2008). Two examples from the North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand are analysed: a successful project in Whangapoua Beach (Coromandel Peninsula), where dune reshaping has been used by local houseowners as a temporary alternative to a seawall, and the “dune enhancement” part of a contested, Council-commissioned seawall construction project in Waihi Beach (Western Bay of Plenty), which has been perceived as utter failure. The cases show that when soft coastal protection projects are put into practice, the recognition and inclusion of local stakeholders can have manifest material consequences. The paper therefore argues that sustainable coastal protection is not only a technical question, but has a sociomaterial dimension. In order for artificial dunes to “work” as socio-natural objects, local understandings of the rights and responsibilities to care for the coast need to be considered. Zusammenfassung Das „Arbeiten mit der Natur“ (Gesing 2016) – nicht gegen sie – hat sich weltweit zu einem neuen „sociotechnical imaginary“ ( Jasanoff 2015) für nachhaltigen Küstenschutz entwickelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der Artikel sogenannte „weiche“ Küstenschutzpraktiken in Neuseeland. Im Mittelpunkt der ethnographischen Analyse stehen zwei Projekte zur (Re-)Konstruktion künstlicher Dünen auf der neuseeländischen Nordinsel. In Anlehnung an Methoden der Dünenrenaturierung, die in Neuseeland vornehmlich durch ehrenamtliche „Care Groups“ umgesetzt werden, sollen diese Maßnahmen eine Alternative zu „harten“ Strukturen bieten. Die künstliche Düne als Küstenschutzobjekt verspricht dabei zugleich einen Ausgleich zwischen den gegensätzlichen Bedeutungen von Küstenschutz als Infrastrukturmaßnahme und Küstenschutz als Naturschutz. Im ersten Fall (Whangapoua Beach, Coromandel Pensinsula) wurde ein bekannter Vertreter der „community of practice“ (Wenger 1998) weichen Küstenschutzes von örtlichen Hausbesitzer*innen mit der Rekonstruktion einer durch Sturmerosion beschädigten Frontaldüne beauftragt. Im zweiten Fall (Waihi Beach, Western Bay of Plenty) sollte die Maßnahme den umstrittenen, von der Gemeinde in Auftrag gegebenen Neubau eines Steindeiches flankieVol. 150, No. 3 · Research article","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"41 1","pages":"145-157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91171279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The search for suitable adaptation pathways to accommodate for rising sea levels resulting from global climate change is an ongoing concern for many megacities in Southeast Asia and beyond. Addressing already existing challenges resulting from land subsidence and increased occurrence of inland flooding, adaptation can take varied forms and cover widely differing concerns, spaces and time spans. Based on research carried out in the cities of Singapore, Jakarta (Indonesia), and Manila (Philippines), this paper looks at some key trajectories of current adaptation planning. We argue that the processes of infrastructuring coastal futures in these cities are characterized by different aims and measures that overlap and converge in their material effects but also compete in articulating diverging new claims to the coast. In this perspective, we describe and analyze three main trends of infrastructuring coastal futures: the securitization of coastal futures by way of transforming disaster risk reduction practices and integrating new policy concerns, the greening of coastal spaces in material and operational terms, and finally, the valorization of coastal areas through reclamation, waterfront development and the creation of high-end real estate. Along these three trajectories, coastal adaptation planning becomes a key force that can influence virtually every sector of urban development and governance, and has strong implications for the futures of coastal cities in social and political terms.
{"title":"Infrastructuring coastal futures: Key trajectories in Southeast Asian megacities","authors":"Johannes Herbeck, M. Flitner","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-2019-451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-2019-451","url":null,"abstract":"The search for suitable adaptation pathways to accommodate for rising sea levels resulting from global climate change is an ongoing concern for many megacities in Southeast Asia and beyond. Addressing already existing challenges resulting from land subsidence and increased occurrence of inland flooding, adaptation can take varied forms and cover widely differing concerns, spaces and time spans. Based on research carried out in the cities of Singapore, Jakarta (Indonesia), and Manila (Philippines), this paper looks at some key trajectories of current adaptation planning. We argue that the processes of infrastructuring coastal futures in these cities are characterized by different aims and measures that overlap and converge in their material effects but also compete in articulating diverging new claims to the coast. In this perspective, we describe and analyze three main trends of infrastructuring coastal futures: the securitization of coastal futures by way of transforming disaster risk reduction practices and integrating new policy concerns, the greening of coastal spaces in material and operational terms, and finally, the valorization of coastal areas through reclamation, waterfront development and the creation of high-end real estate. Along these three trajectories, coastal adaptation planning becomes a key force that can influence virtually every sector of urban development and governance, and has strong implications for the futures of coastal cities in social and political terms.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"7 1","pages":"118-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82501067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}