This paper critically examines our framework of social resilience (Obrist et al. 2010) in the light of recent literature and has two objectives: First, it intends to refine our understanding of social resilience through a conceptualization of agency, and secondly, it aims at contributing to the growing body of literature on resilience, ageing and health. In the language of sustainable development, “agency” is commonly used as a synonym for “capacity” or “capability”. We will draw on approaches developed in the social and cultural theory to sharpen the analysis of the relationship between resilience and agency. To illustrate this refined perspective, we draw on empirical research on ageing, agency and health in Tanzania. We will take the threat of old age frailty and disability as a starting point, explore empirical situations of old age care as an engagement (or disengagement) by actors of the multiple social and cultural configurations that constrain or enable actions, and examine whether, through the interplay of habit, imagination, and judgment, these engagements reproduce or transform those structures and thus build social resilience to the threat of old age frailty and disability. This approach enabled us to identify several constellations which opened up interactive spaces for the public or private deliberations of available options (practical-evaluative agency), the active generation of possible future trajectories (projective agency) and sometimes even for structural modifications (transformative agency) with regard to old age care. Our findings further indicate that individual and collective actors positioned at the intersection of diverse fields of practice can develop more evaluative, projective and even transformative agency.
本文根据最近的文献，批判性地审视了我们的社会弹性框架(Obrist et al. 2010)，并有两个目标:首先，它打算通过代理的概念化来完善我们对社会弹性的理解，其次，它旨在为越来越多的关于弹性、老龄化和健康的文献做出贡献。在可持续发展的语言中，“机构”通常用作“能力”或“能力”的同义词。我们将借鉴社会和文化理论中发展的方法，以加强对弹性和代理之间关系的分析。为了说明这一精细化的观点，我们借鉴了坦桑尼亚关于老龄化、机构和健康的实证研究。我们将以老年虚弱和残疾的威胁为出发点，探索老年护理的经验情况，作为约束或使行动成为可能的多种社会和文化配置的参与者的参与(或脱离参与)，并检查是否通过习惯、想象力和判断的相互作用，这些参与复制或改变了这些结构，从而建立了对老年虚弱和残疾威胁的社会弹性。这种方法使我们能够确定几个星座，这些星座为公共或私人讨论可用选项(实际评估机构)，可能的未来轨迹的积极生成(投影机构)开辟了互动空间，有时甚至为老年人护理的结构修改(变革机构)提供了空间。我们的研究结果进一步表明，处于不同实践领域交叉点的个人和集体行动者可以发展出更具评估性、投射性甚至变革性的机构。
{"title":"Social resilience and agency : perspectives on ageing and health from Tanzania","authors":"B. Obrist","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-17","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically examines our framework of social resilience (Obrist et al. 2010) in the light of recent literature and has two objectives: First, it intends to refine our understanding of social resilience through a conceptualization of agency, and secondly, it aims at contributing to the growing body of literature on resilience, ageing and health. In the language of sustainable development, “agency” is commonly used as a synonym for “capacity” or “capability”. We will draw on approaches developed in the social and cultural theory to sharpen the analysis of the relationship between resilience and agency. To illustrate this refined perspective, we draw on empirical research on ageing, agency and health in Tanzania. We will take the threat of old age frailty and disability as a starting point, explore empirical situations of old age care as an engagement (or disengagement) by actors of the multiple social and cultural configurations that constrain or enable actions, and examine whether, through the interplay of habit, imagination, and judgment, these engagements reproduce or transform those structures and thus build social resilience to the threat of old age frailty and disability. This approach enabled us to identify several constellations which opened up interactive spaces for the public or private deliberations of available options (practical-evaluative agency), the active generation of possible future trajectories (projective agency) and sometimes even for structural modifications (transformative agency) with regard to old age care. Our findings further indicate that individual and collective actors positioned at the intersection of diverse fields of practice can develop more evaluative, projective and even transformative agency.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"13 1","pages":"266-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82409024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“The space of vulnerability” – the title of the influential paper by Michael Watts and Hans-Georg Bohle from 1993 highlights the importance of spatiality for vulnerability research. As geographers have fundamentally shaped the concept of vulnerability, the issue of spatiality has been crucial for vulnerability from the outset. However, what notion of space have scholars adopted in their vulnerability analysis? The aim of the paper is to assess the ways in which space has been conceptualised in vulnerability research. We conduct this assessment behind the background of the conceptual development of space in human geography. Of particular interest is the question of how the successive socio-spatial turns identified by Jessop et al. (2008), which evolved around the categories of place, scale, network and territory, are reflected in publications on vulnerability. The assessment is based on a review of literature. We found that all four key socio-spatial categories have been taken up by scholars for vulnerability analysis. Following Jessop et al. we argue that a critical geography of vulnerability should acknowledge the polymorphy of socio-spatialities and assess the interplay of place, network, scale, and territory in the (re)production of vulnerability. We exemplify the argument with case studies from Bangladesh and Thailand and conclude that the full repertoire of spatial and social theories are needed in order to fully understand the social and spatial (re)production of vulnerability.
{"title":"Socio-spatialities of vulnerability: towards a polymorphic perspective in vulnerability research","authors":"B. Etzold, P. Sakdapolrak","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-21","url":null,"abstract":"“The space of vulnerability” – the title of the influential paper by Michael Watts and Hans-Georg Bohle from 1993 highlights the importance of spatiality for vulnerability research. As geographers have fundamentally shaped the concept of vulnerability, the issue of spatiality has been crucial for vulnerability from the outset. However, what notion of space have scholars adopted in their vulnerability analysis? The aim of the paper is to assess the ways in which space has been conceptualised in vulnerability research. We conduct this assessment behind the background of the conceptual development of space in human geography. Of particular interest is the question of how the successive socio-spatial turns identified by Jessop et al. (2008), which evolved around the categories of place, scale, network and territory, are reflected in publications on vulnerability. The assessment is based on a review of literature. We found that all four key socio-spatial categories have been taken up by scholars for vulnerability analysis. Following Jessop et al. we argue that a critical geography of vulnerability should acknowledge the polymorphy of socio-spatialities and assess the interplay of place, network, scale, and territory in the (re)production of vulnerability. We exemplify the argument with case studies from Bangladesh and Thailand and conclude that the full repertoire of spatial and social theories are needed in order to fully understand the social and spatial (re)production of vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"24 1","pages":"234-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85002004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My emphasize on Bohle’s distinctive approach to vulnerability is related to the arc of my broad concern in this contribution, namely how vulnerability has since his writings on the topic in the early 1990s has become attached to three other keywords – or concepts – in novel ways that dominate both current analytical and prescriptive work across many domains from global poverty to conflict to urban governance to global pandemics and financial crashes: namely security, resilience and risk. Take for example, the new book by the President of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin, entitled The Resilience Dividend . She has, according to the blurb on the back cover, recalibrated the foundation to address the disruptions, shocks and stresses associated with our interconnected world. In this age of complexity says Rodin, the ability to quickly and effectively bounce back is an urgent social and economic issue. The five characteristics of resilience (2015:14) – awareness, diversity, integration, self-regulation and adaptiveness – provide the building blocks of the “adaptive cycle” - a four-phase model integrating the ideas of Brian Holling (“resilience”), Jay Forrester (“systems thinking”) and Joseph Schumpeter (“creative destruction”). Rodin is of course not alone. In our times, resiliency has become a keyword (Williams 1985) for understanding the challenges of inhabiting, and living with the consequences of the Anthropocene (Schoon 2006). In this sense one might say that resiliency (along with its siblings security, and risk) has become a powerful technology of contemporary governance and neoliberal rule. Building resilient persons, communities and institutions is the sine qua non of twenty-first century forms of liberalism. Resilience provides an indispensable road-map by which all of us are purportedly able to anticipate and tolerate the disturbances, dangers and radical contingencies of inhabiting a complex world in which, to again quote the President of the Rockefeller Foundation in its new resilience manifesto, “we cannot predict where the next major shock to our well-being will manifest” (Rockefeller Foundation 2013:1). The argument I want to make is that in incorporating vulnerability into what is now a rather major academic industry operating under the sign of socio-ecological complexity, resilience thinking and risk management, much of the critical edge – the dialectical quality – of Bohle’s work has been lost. My focus will be on issues of food, famine and climate – topics of great interest to Hans-Georg and indeed on which he published extensively – and what resilience theory may, or may not, have to offer in light of the vulnerability analyses of the sort developed by Bohle and others.
{"title":"From Vulnerability to Resilience: Hans-Georg Bohle's Scholarship and Contemporary Political Ecology","authors":"M. Watts","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-22","url":null,"abstract":"My emphasize on Bohle’s distinctive approach to vulnerability is related to the arc of my broad concern in this contribution, namely how vulnerability has since his writings on the topic in the early 1990s has become attached to three other keywords – or concepts – in novel ways that dominate both current analytical and prescriptive work across many domains from global poverty to conflict to urban governance to global pandemics and financial crashes: namely security, resilience and risk. Take for example, the new book by the President of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin, entitled The Resilience Dividend . She has, according to the blurb on the back cover, recalibrated the foundation to address the disruptions, shocks and stresses associated with our interconnected world. In this age of complexity says Rodin, the ability to quickly and effectively bounce back is an urgent social and economic issue. The five characteristics of resilience (2015:14) – awareness, diversity, integration, self-regulation and adaptiveness – provide the building blocks of the “adaptive cycle” - a four-phase model integrating the ideas of Brian Holling (“resilience”), Jay Forrester (“systems thinking”) and Joseph Schumpeter (“creative destruction”). Rodin is of course not alone. In our times, resiliency has become a keyword (Williams 1985) for understanding the challenges of inhabiting, and living with the consequences of the Anthropocene (Schoon 2006). In this sense one might say that resiliency (along with its siblings security, and risk) has become a powerful technology of contemporary governance and neoliberal rule. Building resilient persons, communities and institutions is the sine qua non of twenty-first century forms of liberalism. Resilience provides an indispensable road-map by which all of us are purportedly able to anticipate and tolerate the disturbances, dangers and radical contingencies of inhabiting a complex world in which, to again quote the President of the Rockefeller Foundation in its new resilience manifesto, “we cannot predict where the next major shock to our well-being will manifest” (Rockefeller Foundation 2013:1). The argument I want to make is that in incorporating vulnerability into what is now a rather major academic industry operating under the sign of socio-ecological complexity, resilience thinking and risk management, much of the critical edge – the dialectical quality – of Bohle’s work has been lost. My focus will be on issues of food, famine and climate – topics of great interest to Hans-Georg and indeed on which he published extensively – and what resilience theory may, or may not, have to offer in light of the vulnerability analyses of the sort developed by Bohle and others.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"34 1","pages":"252-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84318902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change affects the circulation of lakes and has already induced mixing regime shifts for 9 several sites. The pre-alpine Lake Ammersee, Germany, is usually dimictic, but exhibits rarely a 10 complete ice cover. Furthermore, it has potentially shown some monomictic years in the past. Based 11 on vertical profile data of water temperatures (WT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) the mixing behavior 12 of the lake is visualized and analyzed for the period of 1986 – 2014. The classification of mixing 13 depicts 22 dimictic years and eight monomictic years, which approves the assumption of of 14 occasional monomixis in the lake. No significance of a trend of shift in mixing pattern can be found. 15 By also deriving also the mixing depths from the vertical DO distribution, one year without complete 16 overturn (meromictic) is detected. The results show that no regime shift has set in for Lake 17 Ammersee until 2014. Considering the high percentage of monomictic years and the potential 18 occurrence of meromixis, it can be assumed that the lake’s mixing pattern will alter due to predicted 19 climate change in the future.
{"title":"The mixing regime of Lake Ammersee","authors":"Thomas Bueche","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-24","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change affects the circulation of lakes and has already induced mixing regime shifts for 9 several sites. The pre-alpine Lake Ammersee, Germany, is usually dimictic, but exhibits rarely a 10 complete ice cover. Furthermore, it has potentially shown some monomictic years in the past. Based 11 on vertical profile data of water temperatures (WT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) the mixing behavior 12 of the lake is visualized and analyzed for the period of 1986 – 2014. The classification of mixing 13 depicts 22 dimictic years and eight monomictic years, which approves the assumption of of 14 occasional monomixis in the lake. No significance of a trend of shift in mixing pattern can be found. 15 By also deriving also the mixing depths from the vertical DO distribution, one year without complete 16 overturn (meromictic) is detected. The results show that no regime shift has set in for Lake 17 Ammersee until 2014. Considering the high percentage of monomictic years and the potential 18 occurrence of meromixis, it can be assumed that the lake’s mixing pattern will alter due to predicted 19 climate change in the future.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"55 1","pages":"275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85752815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The internationalization of value chains and the broad proliferation of different public and private standards have led to a formalization and standardization of value chains, production systems and their constitutional actors and linkages in the Global South. Recent studies on the integration of Southern production systems in international value chains, however, show that this is only partly the case. These studies identify limits and insufficiencies of formal and standardized coordination and control systems as well as a neglect of regional peculiarities, individual aims and capabilities of the embedded stakeholders in the South by the coordinating lead firms from the North. As a result, informal actors and arrangements continue to be, and even continue to develop as, important parts of Southern production systems. With reference to the concept of informality, principal-agent theory and convention theory, this study aims to contribute to the recent conceptual debate on global value chains and global production networks in outlining the importance of informal arrangements and non-industrial conventions as well as the limits to upgrading in South-North relationships. The empirical base are case studies on export-oriented primary production systems in Kenya (horticulture), Bangladesh (shrimps) and India/Bangladesh (leather).
{"title":"The paradox of formalization and informalization in South-North value chains","authors":"Peter Dannenberg, B. Braun, Elmar Kulke","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-13","url":null,"abstract":"The internationalization of value chains and the broad proliferation of different public and private standards have led to a formalization and standardization of value chains, production systems and their constitutional actors and linkages in the Global South. Recent studies on the integration of Southern production systems in international value chains, however, show that this is only partly the case. These studies identify limits and insufficiencies of formal and standardized coordination and control systems as well as a neglect of regional peculiarities, individual aims and capabilities of the embedded stakeholders in the South by the coordinating lead firms from the North. As a result, informal actors and arrangements continue to be, and even continue to develop as, important parts of Southern production systems. With reference to the concept of informality, principal-agent theory and convention theory, this study aims to contribute to the recent conceptual debate on global value chains and global production networks in outlining the importance of informal arrangements and non-industrial conventions as well as the limits to upgrading in South-North relationships. The empirical base are case studies on export-oriented primary production systems in Kenya (horticulture), Bangladesh (shrimps) and India/Bangladesh (leather).","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"29 1","pages":"173-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76866194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last two decades various studies have analyzed the structures of and flows in international value chains (including two special issues in DIE ERDE in 2007 and 2014). Based on the concepts of Global Commodity Chains (Gereffi 1996; Kulke 2007), Global Value Chains (Gereffi et al. 2005; Nadvi 2008), Global Production Networks (Henderson et al. 2002; Hughes et al. 2008), its revised version GPN 2.0 (Yeung 2015; Yeung and Coe 2015) and further related approaches researchers have analyzed the different dynamics (e.g. upgrading), the coordination and the governance of these chains (e.g. through standards and conventions). From a geographical perspective research foci included their spatial patterns and regional implications, often with a focus on North-South relationships with powerful Northern lead firms and weaker Southern suppliers (Ponte and Gibbon 2005; Bolwig et al. 2010).
在过去的二十年中，各种研究分析了国际价值链的结构和流动(包括2007年和2014年DIE ERDE的两个特刊)。基于全球商品链的概念(Gereffi 1996;Kulke 2007)，全球价值链(Gereffi et al. 2005;Nadvi 2008)，全球生产网络(Henderson et al. 2002;Hughes et al. 2008)，其修订版GPN 2.0 (Yeung 2015;Yeung和Coe 2015)以及进一步相关的方法，研究人员分析了这些链的不同动态(例如升级)，协调和治理(例如通过标准和惯例)。从地理角度来看，研究重点包括其空间格局和区域影响，通常侧重于与强大的北方主导公司和较弱的南方供应商的南北关系(Ponte和Gibbon 2005;Bolwig et al. 2010)。
{"title":"Editorial: Socio-economic networks and value chains in the Global South – an institutional perspective","authors":"Peter Dannenberg, J. R. Diez","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-12","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades various studies have analyzed the structures of and flows in international value chains (including two special issues in DIE ERDE in 2007 and 2014). Based on the concepts of Global Commodity Chains (Gereffi 1996; Kulke 2007), Global Value Chains (Gereffi et al. 2005; Nadvi 2008), Global Production Networks (Henderson et al. 2002; Hughes et al. 2008), its revised version GPN 2.0 (Yeung 2015; Yeung and Coe 2015) and further related approaches researchers have analyzed the different dynamics (e.g. upgrading), the coordination and the governance of these chains (e.g. through standards and conventions). From a geographical perspective research foci included their spatial patterns and regional implications, often with a focus on North-South relationships with powerful Northern lead firms and weaker Southern suppliers (Ponte and Gibbon 2005; Bolwig et al. 2010).","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"1 1","pages":"169-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90057950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-04DOI: 10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.315
Yejoo Kim
Hisense, a Chinese home appliance manufacturer, entered South Africa’s TV market in 1996 and the company has since expanded its operations. Now Hisense is one of the major players in the TV market in South Africa. The company’s success can be measured through a mix of the four P’s of marketing: price, product, promotion and place (distribution). The successful combination of strategies helped Hisense penetrate South Africa’s TV market and acquire a growing market share. As a result, Hisense has contributed to export-led economic growth, technology transfer and job creation, among other development-related benefits to the host country. However, at the same time Hisense has faced challenges including problems with labour relations, e.g. poor working conditions and violations of minimum wage regulations. Most of these problems are recurring issues. This shows that overcoming these challenges is not an easy task for Chinese investors operating in South Africa or elsewhere in Africa, and questions remain regarding whether Chinese investment can contribute to fostering Africa’s industrialisation as well as China’s soft power.
{"title":"A Chinese company’s investment strategy in South Africa: the case of Hisense","authors":"Yejoo Kim","doi":"10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.315","url":null,"abstract":"Hisense, a Chinese home appliance manufacturer, entered South Africa’s TV market in 1996 and the company has since expanded its operations. Now Hisense is one of the major players in the TV market in South Africa. The company’s success can be measured through a mix of the four P’s of marketing: price, product, promotion and place (distribution). The successful combination of strategies helped Hisense penetrate South Africa’s TV market and acquire a growing market share. As a result, Hisense has contributed to export-led economic growth, technology transfer and job creation, among other development-related benefits to the host country. However, at the same time Hisense has faced challenges including problems with labour relations, e.g. poor working conditions and violations of minimum wage regulations. Most of these problems are recurring issues. This shows that overcoming these challenges is not an easy task for Chinese investors operating in South Africa or elsewhere in Africa, and questions remain regarding whether Chinese investment can contribute to fostering Africa’s industrialisation as well as China’s soft power.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"3 1","pages":"219-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84663349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-04DOI: 10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.311
Elmar Kulke, L. Suwala
Grocery retail internationalisation in developing economies is a dynamic process that began just a decade ago. It was initially dominated by a North-South expansion of large retail MNE from Western Europe and North America. Hereby, only a limited number of grocery retail chains expanded to these markets, typically with formats such as hyper-/supermarkets. Super-/hypermarketisation is, however, no longer only a peculiarity and a dominant pattern of a North-South expansion, increasingly retail grocers from the Global South are both setting up similar types of stores in their home markets and gaining a foothold in neighbouring countries at the same time, leading to a new pattern of South-South expansion. Elaborating upon the crucial conditions for grocery retail internationalisation in general, the article analyses rationales, formats and selected companies that piloted this process, followed by a closer look upon the characteristics of spatial patterns in the expansion process. The latter were heavily influenced by spatial and socio-cultural proximity in the early days, whereas currently regionally and culturally more distant markets are penetrated.
{"title":"Internationalisation of grocery retailing in the Global South: general conditions, formats and spatial expansion patterns of selected MNEs","authors":"Elmar Kulke, L. Suwala","doi":"10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.311","url":null,"abstract":"Grocery retail internationalisation in developing economies is a dynamic process that began just a decade ago. It was initially dominated by a North-South expansion of large retail MNE from Western Europe and North America. Hereby, only a limited number of grocery retail chains expanded to these markets, typically with formats such as hyper-/supermarkets. Super-/hypermarketisation is, however, no longer only a peculiarity and a dominant pattern of a North-South expansion, increasingly retail grocers from the Global South are both setting up similar types of stores in their home markets and gaining a foothold in neighbouring countries at the same time, leading to a new pattern of South-South expansion. Elaborating upon the crucial conditions for grocery retail internationalisation in general, the article analyses rationales, formats and selected companies that piloted this process, followed by a closer look upon the characteristics of spatial patterns in the expansion process. The latter were heavily influenced by spatial and socio-cultural proximity in the early days, whereas currently regionally and culturally more distant markets are penetrated.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"63 1","pages":"187-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84795727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-04DOI: 10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.313
Oliver Tappe
The analysis of global commodity chains calls for a close attention to the question of labour – in colonial times as well as in the present. Since the economy of the French domains in Indochina and New Caledonia relied on labour-intensive resource extraction (rubber, minerals), the colonial administration and French enterprises envisaged a system of coolie labour that implied the transfer of thousands of Vietnamese labourers from densely populated Tonkin to the newly established plantations and mines. The emergence of global commodity chains linked to European industrialization in the 19th and early 20th century thus entailed considerable social transformations in the colonies as a result of changing labour regimes.
{"title":"Coolie chains: global commodities, colonialism and the question of labour","authors":"Oliver Tappe","doi":"10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE.V147I3.313","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of global commodity chains calls for a close attention to the question of labour – in colonial times as well as in the present. Since the economy of the French domains in Indochina and New Caledonia relied on labour-intensive resource extraction (rubber, minerals), the colonial administration and French enterprises envisaged a system of coolie labour that implied the transfer of thousands of Vietnamese labourers from densely populated Tonkin to the newly established plantations and mines. The emergence of global commodity chains linked to European industrialization in the 19th and early 20th century thus entailed considerable social transformations in the colonies as a result of changing labour regimes.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"117 1","pages":"205-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80470224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The provenance of food has without any doubt become more important in recent years which is not least reflected in the commercial launch of relevant labels. Especially in the era of an increasingly globalizing agrifood sector, the emphasis on country-of-origin effects could appear as an additional selling point. This is also true for the pork industry which will be shown by using the example of pork ‘made in Germany’. Therefore, the current export success of German pork is obviously a result of positive quality features which are (subjectively) derived from the national provenance. The growing demand for ‘quality pork made in Germany’ in several East Asian markets, which are particularly important due to remarkable value-added potentials, has led pork producers to highlight the ‘benefits’ of German origin and to accordingly shape their upstream supply relations. As a result of this, pig fattening farmers who import their pigs from Denmark or the Netherlands are excluded from these production lines. The emphasis on country-of-origin effects is thus accompanied by modifications of the spatial organization of production networks.
{"title":"Country-of-origin labelling in the globalizing agrifood industry – the example of pork ‘made in Germany’","authors":"Oliver Klein","doi":"10.12854/ERDE-147-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12854/ERDE-147-15","url":null,"abstract":"The provenance of food has without any doubt become more important in recent years which is not least reflected in the commercial launch of relevant labels. Especially in the era of an increasingly globalizing agrifood sector, the emphasis on country-of-origin effects could appear as an additional selling point. This is also true for the pork industry which will be shown by using the example of pork ‘made in Germany’. Therefore, the current export success of German pork is obviously a result of positive quality features which are (subjectively) derived from the national provenance. The growing demand for ‘quality pork made in Germany’ in several East Asian markets, which are particularly important due to remarkable value-added potentials, has led pork producers to highlight the ‘benefits’ of German origin and to accordingly shape their upstream supply relations. As a result of this, pig fattening farmers who import their pigs from Denmark or the Netherlands are excluded from these production lines. The emphasis on country-of-origin effects is thus accompanied by modifications of the spatial organization of production networks.","PeriodicalId":50505,"journal":{"name":"Erde","volume":"23 1","pages":"201-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76673928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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