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Composting offine fraction after mechanical-biological treatment of municipal solid waste 城市生活垃圾经机械-生物处理后的脱碱馏分堆肥
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.37023/ee.8.1-2.9
Aleksandra Anić Vučinić, Valentina Tuk, Snježana Šimunić, Ivana Presečki
One of most common types of municipal solid waste treatment is mechanical-biological treatment (MBT), which in practice has many variations depending on the method of conducting the technological process and it is possible to get different output fractions. In this paper is analysed waste generated after the MBT with biodrying, where waste after mechanical treatment undergoes process of biodrying, and then is RDF (recovery derived fuel) separated. Fine fraction remains with a high content of organic matter that without additional processing cannot be disposed of on a landfill.The aim of this research was to determine the possibility of fine fraction composting in different conditions – in the open, in the open and covered area, and indoors. In each area are formed three compost piles: 100% fine fraction (KH1, KH4, and KH7), 70% fine fraction and 30% wood chips (KH2, KH5, and KH8), 50% fine fraction and 50% wood chips (KH3, KH6, and KH9). Moisture content, temperature and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored.Results show that after 13 weeks samples KH1, KH4, and KH7 (100% content of fine fractions) did not achieve DOC value less than 3 000 mg/l. The most effective composting in terms of reducing the DOC is achieved in samples KH3, KH6, KH9.Based on results obtained, it can be concluded that by adding wood chips in fine fraction in ratio 50:50, the most effective and fastest reduction of organic matter is achieved in the analysed samples.
最常见的一种城市生活垃圾处理方法是机械-生物处理(MBT),它在实践中有许多变化,这取决于进行工艺过程的方法,并有可能得到不同的输出分数。本文对MBT生物干燥后产生的垃圾进行了分析,其中机械处理后的垃圾进行生物干燥,然后分离出RDF(回收衍生燃料)。残留的有机物含量很高,如果没有额外的处理,就不能在垃圾填埋场处理。本研究的目的是确定在不同条件下进行细粒堆肥的可能性-在露天,露天和有盖区域,以及室内。每个区域形成3个堆肥堆:100%细粒堆(KH1、KH4和KH7)、70%细粒堆和30%木屑堆(KH2、KH5和KH8)、50%细粒堆和50%木屑堆(KH3、KH6和KH9)。水分含量、温度和溶解有机碳(DOC)进行了监测。结果表明,13周后,样品KH1、KH4和KH7(100%细馏分含量)的DOC值均未达到3 000 mg/l以下。在减少DOC方面,最有效的堆肥是在样品KH3, KH6, KH9中实现的。结果表明,以50:50的比例加入细粒木屑,对分析样品中有机物的还原效果最好,速度最快。
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引用次数: 0
Forest area changesthroughout the years in Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska County 比耶洛瓦尔斯科-比洛戈尔斯卡县的森林面积逐年变化
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.37023/ee.8.1-2.7
N. Kranjčić, Antonio Jaguljnjak, Jurica Ivanušec, Mihael Heček
The results of forest cover reduction were obtained using raster data and administrative borders for the Republic of Croatia. Examples are taken from other countries to compare the results and show the reduction of cover, both forest and agricultural. The first part of this paper describes the situation in the Republic of Croatia, where Ministry of Environmental Protection provided analysis. The condition of land cover in the Republic of Croatia is presented. The second part of this paper is a description of the task development process in the software package "QGIS". From adding CLC raster data to, the actions performed in the program that were performed until the results arrived. Finally, the interpretation of the obtained data and the conclusion follow.
森林覆盖减少的结果是利用栅格数据和克罗地亚共和国的行政边界获得的。从其他国家的例子来比较结果,显示森林和农业覆盖的减少。本文的第一部分描述了克罗地亚共和国的情况,其中环境保护部提供了分析。介绍了克罗地亚共和国的土地覆盖状况。本文的第二部分是对“QGIS”软件包中任务开发过程的描述。从添加CLC栅格数据到执行程序中执行的操作,直到结果到达。最后,对所得数据进行解释并得出结论。
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引用次数: 0
Influence ofleachates on geotehnical and geochemical properties of termite mound soils 渗滤液对白蚁丘土岩土力学和地球化学性质的影响
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.37023/ee.8.1-2.4
A. Adekunle, F. Nkeshita, Adetayo Akinsanya
Thisstudy investigated the influence of leachate prepared from Telfairiaoccidentalis on the geotechnical and geochemical properties of termite moundsoil obtained from the premises of the federal university of agriculture,Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria. The termite mound soil samples were collectedfrom three different locations and each sample collected was contaminated bymixing with leachates in percentage increments of 0% 10%, 15% and 20% of dryweight of the air-dried soil. The soil samples were subjected to Atterberglimits and hydraulic conductivity tests for geotechnical observation and X-rayfluorescence tests for geochemical tests. The range of values for thegeotechnical analyses were obtained as; plastic limit (9.1% – 14.2%), liquidlimit (28.6 % – 61%), plasticity index ((18.2% – 49.5%) and hydraulicconductivity (1.85 – 4.1 x 10-8) cm/sec) with a resultant reductionin the plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index values but an increasein the hydraulic conductivity of the samples as the leachate concentrationincreased. The results from X-ray fluorescence analyses after 20% leachatecontamination showed that the major elemental chemical composition for thethree samples were comprised of SiO2 (56.25 – 56.5%), Al2O3(28.42 – 28.50%), Fe2O3 (4.46 – 6.5%), TiO2(1.08 – 1.23%), CaO (1.45 – 1.60%), P2O5 (0 – 0.04%), K2O(0.9 – 6.1%) and MnO (0.02 – 4.7%). There was a marginal alteration of theindices with the values inferring the presence of a minimum composition offeldspar and a major composition of quartz-rich minerals and thus lending morecredence to the presence of silicates as shown from the X-ray fluorescenceresults. It also infers that the termite mounds are predominantly made fromsand materials. The termite soil samples obtained from the aforementionedlocations may not be suitable for engineering works unless stabilizationprocedure is adopted.
本研究研究了从尼日利亚西南部阿贝奥库塔的联邦农业大学提取的西方白蚁渗滤液对白蚁土壤土岩土力学和地球化学性质的影响。在三个不同地点采集白蚁丘土壤样本,每个样本分别以风干土壤干重的0%、10%、15%和20%的百分比添加渗滤液污染。对土壤样品进行了阿特伯格极限和水力导电性试验,用于岩土工程观察,对地球化学试验进行了x射线荧光试验。岩土分析的取值范围为:塑性极限(9.1% - 14.2%)、液体极限(28.6% - 61%)、塑性指数(18.2% - 49.5%)和水力导电性(1.85 - 4.1 × 10-8) cm/sec)随着渗滤液浓度的增加,塑性极限、液体极限和塑性指标值降低,但水力导电性增加。浸出液污染20%后的x射线荧光分析结果表明,3个样品的主要元素化学组成为SiO2(56.25 ~ 56.5%)、Al2O3(28.42 ~ 28.50%)、Fe2O3(4.46 ~ 6.5%)、TiO2(1.08 ~ 1.23%)、CaO(1.45 ~ 1.60%)、P2O5(0 ~ 0.04%)、K2O(0.9 ~ 6.1%)和MnO(0.02 ~ 4.7%)。这些指数有轻微的变化,其值推断出存在最小的长石成分和主要的富含石英的矿物成分,因此从x射线荧光结果中可以看出,更多的证据表明存在硅酸盐。这也可以推断白蚁丘主要是由沙子构成的。除非采取稳定措施,否则从上述地点获得的白蚁土样品可能不适合用于工程。
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引用次数: 1
Multi-objectiveoptimization of retaining wall using genetic algorithm 基于遗传算法的挡土墙多目标优化
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.37023/ee.8.1-2.8
Filip Dodigović, K. Ivandić, Jasmin Jug, Krešimir Agnezović
The paper investigates the possibility of applying the genetic algorithm NSGA-II to optimize a reinforced concrete retaining wall embedded in saturated silty sand. Multi-objective constrained optimization was performed to minimize the cost, while maximizing the overdesign factors (ODF) against sliding, overturning, and soil bearing resistance. For a given change in ground elevation of 5.0 m, the width of the foundation and the embedment depth were optimized. Comparing the algorithm's performance in the cases of two-objective and three objective optimizations showed that the number of objectives significantly affects its convergence rate. It was also found that the verification of the wall against the sliding yields a lower ODF value than verifications against overturning and soil bearing capacity. Because of that, it is possible to exclude them from the definition of optimization problem. The application of the NSGA-II algorithm has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for determining the set of optimal retaining wall designs.
本文研究了应用遗传算法NSGA-II优化饱和粉砂中钢筋混凝土挡土墙的可能性。通过多目标约束优化,使成本最小化,同时使抗滑动、抗倾覆和抗土阻力的超设计因子(ODF)最大化。在给定地面高程变化5.0 m的情况下,对基础宽度和埋深进行了优化。比较了算法在两目标和三目标优化情况下的性能,结果表明目标数量对算法的收敛速度有显著影响。研究还发现,墙体抗滑验证的ODF值低于抗倾覆验证和土体承载力验证。因此,有可能将它们排除在优化问题的定义之外。NSGA-II算法的应用已被证明是确定挡土墙最优设计集的有效工具。
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引用次数: 2
Indoor airquality in a high school classroom in Rijeka, Croatia (sick classrooms caused by rising CO2 levels) 克罗地亚里耶卡一所高中教室的室内空气质量(二氧化碳浓度上升导致教室生病)
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.37023/ee.8.1-2.1
Tatjana Ivošević, Patricija Nikolaus, Tatjana Pranjić-Petrović, I. Orlić
School’s indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important as it can affect student’s learning abilities and lead to health issues. Therefore, indoor air quality, and in particular the CO2 concentration, was monitored on a daily basis from mid-November till the end of December 2017, by using several low-cost instruments. The measuring was performed in the physics classroom of a grammar school in Rijeka, Croatia. Detailed CO2 generation rates, air exchange rates, and ventilation rates are calculated and reported in this work, from the experimentally obtained data. Very high concentrations of over 4.000 ppm were recorded, indicating that ventilation rates are far below 5 Ls-1 per person, which is the lowest recommended value of ventilation rate according to the European standard EN 13779. The experimentally obtained data are compared with the theoretical models and a strong correlation are achieved. This is one of the first comprehensive studies of this kind in Croatia; therefore, we hope that it will stimulate interest between health workers, scientists, and school management to implement indoor air quality monitoring practices and perhaps introduce automated ventilation systems in classrooms for the benefit of students’ health and their learning abilities.
学校的室内空气质量(IAQ)非常重要,因为它会影响学生的学习能力并导致健康问题。因此,从2017年11月中旬到12月底,通过使用几种低成本仪器,每天监测室内空气质量,特别是二氧化碳浓度。测量是在克罗地亚里耶卡一所文法学校的物理教室里进行的。在这项工作中,根据实验获得的数据,计算并报告了详细的二氧化碳生成率、空气交换率和通风率。记录了超过4.000 ppm的非常高的浓度,表明通风率远远低于每人5 l -1,这是根据欧洲标准EN 13779建议的最低通风率值。将实验数据与理论模型进行了比较,发现两者具有较强的相关性。这是克罗地亚首个此类综合研究之一;因此,我们希望它能激发卫生工作者、科学家和学校管理人员对实施室内空气质量监测实践的兴趣,并可能在教室中引入自动通风系统,以有利于学生的健康和学习能力。
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引用次数: 1
Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Flood Potential Indices for Watershed Flood Prediction in the Mississippi River Basin, USA 美国密西西比河流域洪水预测潜力指数的时空评价
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.2113/EEG-D-20-00056
Dorcas Idowu, Wendy Zhou
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引用次数: 3
An Integrated InSAR-Borehole Inclinometer-Numerical Modeling Approach to the Assessment of a Slow-Moving Landslide 基于insar -钻孔测斜仪-数值模拟的缓动滑坡综合评价方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-04 DOI: 10.2113/EEG-D-20-00109
M. Francioni, D. Stead, J. Sharma, J. Clague, M. Brideau
We use results of satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Global Positioning System, and borehole inclinometer data to constrain numerical models that improve understanding of slope deformation at the Alexandria landslide, British Columbia, Canada. Surface monitoring data and borehole slope inclinometer measurements provide important insight into the slope failure mechanism. We initially analyzed the data in a geographic information system (GIS) to create thematic maps of the landslide area (hillshade, slope, and aspect), to identify key geological features, and to produce an engineering geomorphology map of the landslide. The monitoring data and the geological/engineering geomorphological models provide important constraints for two-dimensional landslide limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses. The initial limit equilibrium analysis improved understanding of the sliding surfaces. The finite difference models were then used to simulate and investigate the potential slope deformation mechanism. The combined slope monitoring/modeling results show that the Alexandria landslide is a slow-moving, multiple-block, retrogressive slope failure. The close agreement between the limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses, together with the satellite and ground-based slope monitoring and GIS data, highlight the importance of using a multidisciplinary/integrated approach in landslide studies.
我们使用基于卫星的干涉合成孔径雷达、全球定位系统和钻孔倾角数据的结果来约束数值模型,以提高对加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省亚历山大滑坡边坡变形的理解。地表监测数据和钻孔边坡倾角仪测量结果为了解边坡破坏机制提供了重要依据。我们首先在地理信息系统(GIS)中分析数据,以创建滑坡区域的专题地图(山阴、坡度和坡向),确定关键的地质特征,并生成滑坡的工程地貌图。监测数据和地质/工程地貌模型为二维滑坡极限平衡和有限差分分析提供了重要的约束条件。初始极限平衡分析提高了对滑动表面的理解。利用有限差分模型对边坡的潜在变形机理进行了模拟研究。边坡监测与模拟相结合的结果表明,亚历山德里亚滑坡是一种缓慢移动的、多块体的、后退的边坡破坏。极限平衡和有限差分分析之间的密切一致,以及卫星和地面斜坡监测和地理信息系统数据,突出了在滑坡研究中使用多学科/综合方法的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Re-evaluation of the 1941 Rock Slide at Brilliant Cut, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 重新评估1941年在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的Brilliant Cut的岩石滑坡
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-04 DOI: 10.2113/EEG-D-20-00076
J. Hamel
On March 20, 1941, more than 110,000 yd3 (84,000 m3) of rock slumped from Brilliant Cut in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Failure was triggered by water pressure buildup due to ice blockage of drainage outlets on the slope face. I investigated this slide as part of my Ph.D. research at the University of Pittsburgh in 1968–1969 and have continued to study it. Historical photographs discovered in 1997 provided new insights on the construction and failure of Brilliant Cut and led to this re-evaluation. In this paper, my 1968–1969 work is summarized and then additional geological and historical information is presented along with key observations from the historical photographs. These photographs reveal that slope excavation at Brilliant Cut in 1930–1931 removed lateral support, in turn initiating stress release and progressive failure that loosened or broke bedrock adjacent to the cut. This fractured rock mass remained marginally stable for a decade but then collapsed in March 1941. The 1941 failure was triggered by water held back in rock fractures by a frozen crust over talus and fractured rock on the slope face. A progressive failure mechanism by Brooker and Peck explains the behavior of Brilliant Cut from 1931 to 1941. Sliding Block stability analyses demonstrate the mechanism of progressive failure and suggest that friction angles were reduced gradually to near-residual values along the failure surface, with low water levels in the slope. With drainage blocked in 1941, a water level developed about 30 ft (9 m) above the basal failure surface to initiate the catastrophic failure. This water level is below that previously inferred to have existed at the time of failure.
1941年3月20日,超过110,000 yd3 (84,000 m3)的岩石从宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的Brilliant Cut滑落。破坏是由于斜坡面排水口被冰堵塞而造成水压增加而引发的。1968-1969年,我在匹兹堡大学做博士研究的时候调查了这张幻灯片,并一直在研究它。1997年发现的历史照片为“辉煌切割”的建立和失败提供了新的见解,并导致了这次重新评估。在本文中,我总结了1968-1969年的工作,然后介绍了额外的地质和历史信息,以及从历史照片中获得的关键观察结果。这些照片显示,1930年至1931年,Brilliant Cut的边坡开挖移除了侧向支撑,进而引发应力释放和渐进破坏,使切口附近的基岩松动或断裂。这个破碎的岩体在十年里保持了些许稳定,但在1941年3月坍塌了。1941年的失败是由岩石裂缝中的水被冰冻的地壳和斜坡面上断裂的岩石所阻挡而引发的。Brooker和Peck提出的渐进式失效机制解释了1931年至1941年Brilliant Cut的行为。滑块稳定性分析揭示了渐进式破坏的机理,表明沿破坏面摩擦角逐渐减小至接近残余值,且坡面水位较低。由于排水系统在1941年被堵塞,水位在基底破坏面上方约30英尺(9米)处上升,引发了灾难性的破坏。这一水位低于先前推断的故障时存在的水位。
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引用次数: 0
Installation of Utility Trench Wells Using Vacuum Techniques for Urban Groundwater Investigation 利用真空技术安装公用沟井用于城市地下水调查
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-13 DOI: 10.2113/EEG-D-20-00131
N. Schmidt, M. Shepley
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引用次数: 1
Introduction to Special Issue on Debris Flows-Part 2 泥石流特刊简介-第二部分
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.2113/GSEEGEOSCI.27.2.151
P. Santi, L. Schaefer
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental & Engineering Geoscience
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