Anita Ptiček Siročić, S. Kovač, D. Stanko, Iva Pejak
Radon (222Ra) is a colourless and odourless natural radioactive element in gaseous state. The concentration of radon in the air is usually low, but it can be very high inside of a living space, because of its possibility to penetrate from a foundation soil over a basement into a building itself. People are daily exposed to a certain concentration of radon that is found in soil, water, air and food. This paper shows a correlation analysis of environmental parameters by using the model of multiple regressions. It defines certain statistical relations between environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure with measured values of radon concentrations. Measurements were carried out at several locations in various residential buildings in north-western Croatia. The results indicated that individual environmental parameters and radon concentration at individual locations were connected. For example, at one location the concentration of radon was decreasing if atmospheric pressure was increasing. Measurements at another location indicated that the concentration of radon was increasing if air humidity was increasing. Due to large number of different parameters affecting the concentration of radon in residential buildings, a satisfactory statistical model to predict the concentration of radon with environmental parameters is not easy to achieve since it was observed variability of radon concentrations with environmental parameters within different local sites. It is necessary to consider a longer period to determine with certainty a mathematical model that would give the most accurate prediction of radon concentration dependence on environmental parameters which can affect human health and quality of life.
{"title":"Dependence\u0000of concentration of radon on environmental parameters","authors":"Anita Ptiček Siročić, S. Kovač, D. Stanko, Iva Pejak","doi":"10.37023/ee.8.1-2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Radon (222Ra) is a colourless and odourless natural radioactive element in gaseous state. The concentration of radon in the air is usually low, but it can be very high inside of a living space, because of its possibility to penetrate from a foundation soil over a basement into a building itself. People are daily exposed to a certain concentration of radon that is found in soil, water, air and food. This paper shows a correlation analysis of environmental parameters by using the model of multiple regressions. It defines certain statistical relations between environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure with measured values of radon concentrations. Measurements were carried out at several locations in various residential buildings in north-western Croatia. The results indicated that individual environmental parameters and radon concentration at individual locations were connected. For example, at one location the concentration of radon was decreasing if atmospheric pressure was increasing. Measurements at another location indicated that the concentration of radon was increasing if air humidity was increasing. Due to large number of different parameters affecting the concentration of radon in residential buildings, a satisfactory statistical model to predict the concentration of radon with environmental parameters is not easy to achieve since it was observed variability of radon concentrations with environmental parameters within different local sites. It is necessary to consider a longer period to determine with certainty a mathematical model that would give the most accurate prediction of radon concentration dependence on environmental parameters which can affect human health and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75742945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Anić Vučinić, Valentina Tuk, Snježana Šimunić, Ivana Presečki
One of most common types of municipal solid waste treatment is mechanical-biological treatment (MBT), which in practice has many variations depending on the method of conducting the technological process and it is possible to get different output fractions. In this paper is analysed waste generated after the MBT with biodrying, where waste after mechanical treatment undergoes process of biodrying, and then is RDF (recovery derived fuel) separated. Fine fraction remains with a high content of organic matter that without additional processing cannot be disposed of on a landfill. The aim of this research was to determine the possibility of fine fraction composting in different conditions – in the open, in the open and covered area, and indoors. In each area are formed three compost piles: 100% fine fraction (KH1, KH4, and KH7), 70% fine fraction and 30% wood chips (KH2, KH5, and KH8), 50% fine fraction and 50% wood chips (KH3, KH6, and KH9). Moisture content, temperature and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored. Results show that after 13 weeks samples KH1, KH4, and KH7 (100% content of fine fractions) did not achieve DOC value less than 3 000 mg/l. The most effective composting in terms of reducing the DOC is achieved in samples KH3, KH6, KH9. Based on results obtained, it can be concluded that by adding wood chips in fine fraction in ratio 50:50, the most effective and fastest reduction of organic matter is achieved in the analysed samples.
{"title":"Composting of\u0000fine fraction after mechanical-biological treatment of municipal solid waste","authors":"Aleksandra Anić Vučinić, Valentina Tuk, Snježana Šimunić, Ivana Presečki","doi":"10.37023/ee.8.1-2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.9","url":null,"abstract":"One of most common types of municipal solid waste treatment is mechanical-biological treatment (MBT), which in practice has many variations depending on the method of conducting the technological process and it is possible to get different output fractions. In this paper is analysed waste generated after the MBT with biodrying, where waste after mechanical treatment undergoes process of biodrying, and then is RDF (recovery derived fuel) separated. Fine fraction remains with a high content of organic matter that without additional processing cannot be disposed of on a landfill.\u0000The aim of this research was to determine the possibility of fine fraction composting in different conditions – in the open, in the open and covered area, and indoors. In each area are formed three compost piles: 100% fine fraction (KH1, KH4, and KH7), 70% fine fraction and 30% wood chips (KH2, KH5, and KH8), 50% fine fraction and 50% wood chips (KH3, KH6, and KH9). Moisture content, temperature and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored.\u0000Results show that after 13 weeks samples KH1, KH4, and KH7 (100% content of fine fractions) did not achieve DOC value less than 3 000 mg/l. The most effective composting in terms of reducing the DOC is achieved in samples KH3, KH6, KH9.\u0000Based on results obtained, it can be concluded that by adding wood chips in fine fraction in ratio 50:50, the most effective and fastest reduction of organic matter is achieved in the analysed samples.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84323366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the influence of leachate prepared from Telfairia occidentalis on the geotechnical and geochemical properties of termite mound soil obtained from the premises of the federal university of agriculture, Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria. The termite mound soil samples were collected from three different locations and each sample collected was contaminated by mixing with leachates in percentage increments of 0% 10%, 15% and 20% of dry weight of the air-dried soil. The soil samples were subjected to Atterberg limits and hydraulic conductivity tests for geotechnical observation and X-ray fluorescence tests for geochemical tests. The range of values for the geotechnical analyses were obtained as; plastic limit (9.1% – 14.2%), liquid limit (28.6 % – 61%), plasticity index ((18.2% – 49.5%) and hydraulic conductivity (1.85 – 4.1 x 10-8) cm/sec) with a resultant reduction in the plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index values but an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the samples as the leachate concentration increased. The results from X-ray fluorescence analyses after 20% leachate contamination showed that the major elemental chemical composition for the three samples were comprised of SiO2 (56.25 – 56.5%), Al2O3 (28.42 – 28.50%), Fe2O3 (4.46 – 6.5%), TiO2 (1.08 – 1.23%), CaO (1.45 – 1.60%), P2O5 (0 – 0.04%), K2O (0.9 – 6.1%) and MnO (0.02 – 4.7%). There was a marginal alteration of the indices with the values inferring the presence of a minimum composition of feldspar and a major composition of quartz-rich minerals and thus lending more credence to the presence of silicates as shown from the X-ray fluorescence results. It also infers that the termite mounds are predominantly made from sand materials. The termite soil samples obtained from the aforementioned locations may not be suitable for engineering works unless stabilization procedure is adopted.
{"title":"Influence of\u0000leachates on geotehnical and geochemical properties of termite mound soils","authors":"A. Adekunle, F. Nkeshita, Adetayo Akinsanya","doi":"10.37023/ee.8.1-2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This\u0000study investigated the influence of leachate prepared from Telfairia\u0000occidentalis on the geotechnical and geochemical properties of termite mound\u0000soil obtained from the premises of the federal university of agriculture,\u0000Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria. The termite mound soil samples were collected\u0000from three different locations and each sample collected was contaminated by\u0000mixing with leachates in percentage increments of 0% 10%, 15% and 20% of dry\u0000weight of the air-dried soil. The soil samples were subjected to Atterberg\u0000limits and hydraulic conductivity tests for geotechnical observation and X-ray\u0000fluorescence tests for geochemical tests. The range of values for the\u0000geotechnical analyses were obtained as; plastic limit (9.1% – 14.2%), liquid\u0000limit (28.6 % – 61%), plasticity index ((18.2% – 49.5%) and hydraulic\u0000conductivity (1.85 – 4.1 x 10-8) cm/sec) with a resultant reduction\u0000in the plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index values but an increase\u0000in the hydraulic conductivity of the samples as the leachate concentration\u0000increased. The results from X-ray fluorescence analyses after 20% leachate\u0000contamination showed that the major elemental chemical composition for the\u0000three samples were comprised of SiO2 (56.25 – 56.5%), Al2O3\u0000(28.42 – 28.50%), Fe2O3 (4.46 – 6.5%), TiO2\u0000(1.08 – 1.23%), CaO (1.45 – 1.60%), P2O5 (0 – 0.04%), K2O\u0000(0.9 – 6.1%) and MnO (0.02 – 4.7%). There was a marginal alteration of the\u0000indices with the values inferring the presence of a minimum composition of\u0000feldspar and a major composition of quartz-rich minerals and thus lending more\u0000credence to the presence of silicates as shown from the X-ray fluorescence\u0000results. It also infers that the termite mounds are predominantly made from\u0000sand materials. The termite soil samples obtained from the aforementioned\u0000locations may not be suitable for engineering works unless stabilization\u0000procedure is adopted.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79024533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filip Dodigović, K. Ivandić, Jasmin Jug, Krešimir Agnezović
The paper investigates the possibility of applying the genetic algorithm NSGA-II to optimize a reinforced concrete retaining wall embedded in saturated silty sand. Multi-objective constrained optimization was performed to minimize the cost, while maximizing the overdesign factors (ODF) against sliding, overturning, and soil bearing resistance. For a given change in ground elevation of 5.0 m, the width of the foundation and the embedment depth were optimized. Comparing the algorithm's performance in the cases of two-objective and three objective optimizations showed that the number of objectives significantly affects its convergence rate. It was also found that the verification of the wall against the sliding yields a lower ODF value than verifications against overturning and soil bearing capacity. Because of that, it is possible to exclude them from the definition of optimization problem. The application of the NSGA-II algorithm has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for determining the set of optimal retaining wall designs.
{"title":"Multi-objective\u0000optimization of retaining wall using genetic algorithm","authors":"Filip Dodigović, K. Ivandić, Jasmin Jug, Krešimir Agnezović","doi":"10.37023/ee.8.1-2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the possibility of applying the genetic algorithm NSGA-II to optimize a reinforced concrete retaining wall embedded in saturated silty sand. Multi-objective constrained optimization was performed to minimize the cost, while maximizing the overdesign factors (ODF) against sliding, overturning, and soil bearing resistance. For a given change in ground elevation of 5.0 m, the width of the foundation and the embedment depth were optimized. Comparing the algorithm's performance in the cases of two-objective and three objective optimizations showed that the number of objectives significantly affects its convergence rate. It was also found that the verification of the wall against the sliding yields a lower ODF value than verifications against overturning and soil bearing capacity. Because of that, it is possible to exclude them from the definition of optimization problem. The application of the NSGA-II algorithm has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for determining the set of optimal retaining wall designs.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74579339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tatjana Ivošević, Patricija Nikolaus, Tatjana Pranjić-Petrović, I. Orlić
School’s indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important as it can affect student’s learning abilities and lead to health issues. Therefore, indoor air quality, and in particular the CO2 concentration, was monitored on a daily basis from mid-November till the end of December 2017, by using several low-cost instruments. The measuring was performed in the physics classroom of a grammar school in Rijeka, Croatia. Detailed CO2 generation rates, air exchange rates, and ventilation rates are calculated and reported in this work, from the experimentally obtained data. Very high concentrations of over 4.000 ppm were recorded, indicating that ventilation rates are far below 5 Ls-1 per person, which is the lowest recommended value of ventilation rate according to the European standard EN 13779. The experimentally obtained data are compared with the theoretical models and a strong correlation are achieved. This is one of the first comprehensive studies of this kind in Croatia; therefore, we hope that it will stimulate interest between health workers, scientists, and school management to implement indoor air quality monitoring practices and perhaps introduce automated ventilation systems in classrooms for the benefit of students’ health and their learning abilities.
学校的室内空气质量(IAQ)非常重要，因为它会影响学生的学习能力并导致健康问题。因此，从2017年11月中旬到12月底，通过使用几种低成本仪器，每天监测室内空气质量，特别是二氧化碳浓度。测量是在克罗地亚里耶卡一所文法学校的物理教室里进行的。在这项工作中，根据实验获得的数据，计算并报告了详细的二氧化碳生成率、空气交换率和通风率。记录了超过4.000 ppm的非常高的浓度，表明通风率远远低于每人5 l -1，这是根据欧洲标准EN 13779建议的最低通风率值。将实验数据与理论模型进行了比较，发现两者具有较强的相关性。这是克罗地亚首个此类综合研究之一;因此，我们希望它能激发卫生工作者、科学家和学校管理人员对实施室内空气质量监测实践的兴趣，并可能在教室中引入自动通风系统，以有利于学生的健康和学习能力。
{"title":"Indoor air\u0000quality in a high school classroom in Rijeka, Croatia (sick classrooms caused by rising CO2 levels)","authors":"Tatjana Ivošević, Patricija Nikolaus, Tatjana Pranjić-Petrović, I. Orlić","doi":"10.37023/ee.8.1-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.8.1-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"School’s indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important as it can affect student’s learning abilities and lead to health issues. Therefore, indoor air quality, and in particular the CO2 concentration, was monitored on a daily basis from mid-November till the end of December 2017, by using several low-cost instruments. The measuring was performed in the physics classroom of a grammar school in Rijeka, Croatia. Detailed CO2 generation rates, air exchange rates, and ventilation rates are calculated and reported in this work, from the experimentally obtained data. Very high concentrations of over 4.000 ppm were recorded, indicating that ventilation rates are far below 5 Ls-1 per person, which is the lowest recommended value of ventilation rate according to the European standard EN 13779. The experimentally obtained data are compared with the theoretical models and a strong correlation are achieved. This is one of the first comprehensive studies of this kind in Croatia; therefore, we hope that it will stimulate interest between health workers, scientists, and school management to implement indoor air quality monitoring practices and perhaps introduce automated ventilation systems in classrooms for the benefit of students’ health and their learning abilities.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88116113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Flood Potential Indices for Watershed Flood Prediction in the Mississippi River Basin, USA","authors":"Dorcas Idowu, Wendy Zhou","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-20-00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-20-00056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"319-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87742570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Francioni, D. Stead, J. Sharma, J. Clague, M. Brideau
We use results of satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Global Positioning System, and borehole inclinometer data to constrain numerical models that improve understanding of slope deformation at the Alexandria landslide, British Columbia, Canada. Surface monitoring data and borehole slope inclinometer measurements provide important insight into the slope failure mechanism. We initially analyzed the data in a geographic information system (GIS) to create thematic maps of the landslide area (hillshade, slope, and aspect), to identify key geological features, and to produce an engineering geomorphology map of the landslide. The monitoring data and the geological/engineering geomorphological models provide important constraints for two-dimensional landslide limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses. The initial limit equilibrium analysis improved understanding of the sliding surfaces. The finite difference models were then used to simulate and investigate the potential slope deformation mechanism. The combined slope monitoring/modeling results show that the Alexandria landslide is a slow-moving, multiple-block, retrogressive slope failure. The close agreement between the limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses, together with the satellite and ground-based slope monitoring and GIS data, highlight the importance of using a multidisciplinary/integrated approach in landslide studies.
{"title":"An Integrated InSAR-Borehole Inclinometer-Numerical Modeling Approach to the Assessment of a Slow-Moving Landslide","authors":"M. Francioni, D. Stead, J. Sharma, J. Clague, M. Brideau","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-20-00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-20-00109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We use results of satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Global Positioning System, and borehole inclinometer data to constrain numerical models that improve understanding of slope deformation at the Alexandria landslide, British Columbia, Canada. Surface monitoring data and borehole slope inclinometer measurements provide important insight into the slope failure mechanism. We initially analyzed the data in a geographic information system (GIS) to create thematic maps of the landslide area (hillshade, slope, and aspect), to identify key geological features, and to produce an engineering geomorphology map of the landslide. The monitoring data and the geological/engineering geomorphological models provide important constraints for two-dimensional landslide limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses. The initial limit equilibrium analysis improved understanding of the sliding surfaces. The finite difference models were then used to simulate and investigate the potential slope deformation mechanism. The combined slope monitoring/modeling results show that the Alexandria landslide is a slow-moving, multiple-block, retrogressive slope failure. The close agreement between the limit equilibrium and finite difference analyses, together with the satellite and ground-based slope monitoring and GIS data, highlight the importance of using a multidisciplinary/integrated approach in landslide studies.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82311365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On March 20, 1941, more than 110,000 yd3 (84,000 m3) of rock slumped from Brilliant Cut in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Failure was triggered by water pressure buildup due to ice blockage of drainage outlets on the slope face. I investigated this slide as part of my Ph.D. research at the University of Pittsburgh in 1968–1969 and have continued to study it. Historical photographs discovered in 1997 provided new insights on the construction and failure of Brilliant Cut and led to this re-evaluation. In this paper, my 1968–1969 work is summarized and then additional geological and historical information is presented along with key observations from the historical photographs. These photographs reveal that slope excavation at Brilliant Cut in 1930–1931 removed lateral support, in turn initiating stress release and progressive failure that loosened or broke bedrock adjacent to the cut. This fractured rock mass remained marginally stable for a decade but then collapsed in March 1941. The 1941 failure was triggered by water held back in rock fractures by a frozen crust over talus and fractured rock on the slope face. A progressive failure mechanism by Brooker and Peck explains the behavior of Brilliant Cut from 1931 to 1941. Sliding Block stability analyses demonstrate the mechanism of progressive failure and suggest that friction angles were reduced gradually to near-residual values along the failure surface, with low water levels in the slope. With drainage blocked in 1941, a water level developed about 30 ft (9 m) above the basal failure surface to initiate the catastrophic failure. This water level is below that previously inferred to have existed at the time of failure.
{"title":"Re-evaluation of the 1941 Rock Slide at Brilliant Cut, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","authors":"J. Hamel","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-20-00076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-20-00076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On March 20, 1941, more than 110,000 yd3 (84,000 m3) of rock slumped from Brilliant Cut in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Failure was triggered by water pressure buildup due to ice blockage of drainage outlets on the slope face. I investigated this slide as part of my Ph.D. research at the University of Pittsburgh in 1968–1969 and have continued to study it. Historical photographs discovered in 1997 provided new insights on the construction and failure of Brilliant Cut and led to this re-evaluation. In this paper, my 1968–1969 work is summarized and then additional geological and historical information is presented along with key observations from the historical photographs. These photographs reveal that slope excavation at Brilliant Cut in 1930–1931 removed lateral support, in turn initiating stress release and progressive failure that loosened or broke bedrock adjacent to the cut. This fractured rock mass remained marginally stable for a decade but then collapsed in March 1941. The 1941 failure was triggered by water held back in rock fractures by a frozen crust over talus and fractured rock on the slope face. A progressive failure mechanism by Brooker and Peck explains the behavior of Brilliant Cut from 1931 to 1941. Sliding Block stability analyses demonstrate the mechanism of progressive failure and suggest that friction angles were reduced gradually to near-residual values along the failure surface, with low water levels in the slope. With drainage blocked in 1941, a water level developed about 30 ft (9 m) above the basal failure surface to initiate the catastrophic failure. This water level is below that previously inferred to have existed at the time of failure.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"48 15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80082178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Installation of Utility Trench Wells Using Vacuum Techniques for Urban Groundwater Investigation","authors":"N. Schmidt, M. Shepley","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-20-00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-20-00131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77734921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.2113/GSEEGEOSCI.27.2.151
P. Santi, L. Schaefer
{"title":"Introduction to Special Issue on Debris Flows-Part 2","authors":"P. Santi, L. Schaefer","doi":"10.2113/GSEEGEOSCI.27.2.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/GSEEGEOSCI.27.2.151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":"47 1","pages":"151-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82553217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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