O. Nekrasova, M. Pupins, V. Tytar, Leonid Fedorenko, Oleksandr Potrokhov, A. Škute, A. Čeirāns, Kathrin Theissinger, Jean-Yves Georges
Aquaculture’s role in addressing food security has grown, with a spotlight on Asian carp species. Polyculture, i.e. cultivating multiple fish species in a single system, is being increasingly adopted for its resource efficiency and economic benefits. This practice for Asian fish for food and ornamental purposes is gaining traction in Europe despite their invasive potential. Rising temperatures due to climate change offer an opportunity for thermophilic Asian carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis). Using GIS modeling (Maxent), we identified the possible settlement of Asian carp in Northern Europe amidst climate change. We analyzed carp global distribution centers, assessed the potential carp spread in Europe, and evaluated their potential suitability for polyculture systems. By 2050, H. molitrix may extend its range to 58–62° N latitude, with a potential 1.7-fold habitat increase, while A. nobilis, which are more heat-tolerant, may move north to 52–58° N latitude, with a 1.3-fold potential increase. Despite the slight ecological differences in their native habitats, niche modeling indicates that these carp can occupy similar niches in Europe (proven statistically). The eventuality of using Asian species for polyculture in Europe presents both opportunities and challenges in the face of a changing climate as long as invasion risks are prevented. Envisaging such polyculture, yet very carefully for the protection of ecosystems, can help food security.
{"title":"Assessing Prospects of Integrating Asian Carp Polyculture in Europe: A Nature-Based Solution under Climate Change?","authors":"O. Nekrasova, M. Pupins, V. Tytar, Leonid Fedorenko, Oleksandr Potrokhov, A. Škute, A. Čeirāns, Kathrin Theissinger, Jean-Yves Georges","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040148","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture’s role in addressing food security has grown, with a spotlight on Asian carp species. Polyculture, i.e. cultivating multiple fish species in a single system, is being increasingly adopted for its resource efficiency and economic benefits. This practice for Asian fish for food and ornamental purposes is gaining traction in Europe despite their invasive potential. Rising temperatures due to climate change offer an opportunity for thermophilic Asian carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis). Using GIS modeling (Maxent), we identified the possible settlement of Asian carp in Northern Europe amidst climate change. We analyzed carp global distribution centers, assessed the potential carp spread in Europe, and evaluated their potential suitability for polyculture systems. By 2050, H. molitrix may extend its range to 58–62° N latitude, with a potential 1.7-fold habitat increase, while A. nobilis, which are more heat-tolerant, may move north to 52–58° N latitude, with a 1.3-fold potential increase. Despite the slight ecological differences in their native habitats, niche modeling indicates that these carp can occupy similar niches in Europe (proven statistically). The eventuality of using Asian species for polyculture in Europe presents both opportunities and challenges in the face of a changing climate as long as invasion risks are prevented. Envisaging such polyculture, yet very carefully for the protection of ecosystems, can help food security.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"73 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global marine fish harvests have reached a plateau over the last decade, and efforts to increase aquaculture tend to face limitations in terms of water resources and contamination problems. Of the current fish harvest, at least 50% is discarded as waste. The current situation requires efforts to process, preserve, and utilize the fish capture to minimize waste. Chemical and microbiological contamination limit the utilization of harvested fish. There is a need to improve fish preservation to minimize spoilage and to process them into more appealing products. Instead of resorting to individual food-processing methods, the efficiency of processing could best be increased by a combination of conventional and modern processing methods or by combinations of modern processing methods. Fish waste is a rich source of oils containing essential fatty acids, polypeptides, and amino polysaccharides that could be utilized through the upscaling of current scientifically proven methods to new processing technologies. The separation of collagens, gelatins, bioactive peptides, edible fish oils, and chitosan form the primary stages in the utilization of fish waste. The products need purification to meet food quality and safety standards and to have desirable industrial characteristics. The diversity of information and products generated through new methods require advanced data handling and prediction systems, such as artificial intelligence, to address food safety and to derive the best out of fish processing and utilization.
{"title":"Safety, Processing, and Utilization of Fishery Products","authors":"Upali Samarajeewa","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040146","url":null,"abstract":"Global marine fish harvests have reached a plateau over the last decade, and efforts to increase aquaculture tend to face limitations in terms of water resources and contamination problems. Of the current fish harvest, at least 50% is discarded as waste. The current situation requires efforts to process, preserve, and utilize the fish capture to minimize waste. Chemical and microbiological contamination limit the utilization of harvested fish. There is a need to improve fish preservation to minimize spoilage and to process them into more appealing products. Instead of resorting to individual food-processing methods, the efficiency of processing could best be increased by a combination of conventional and modern processing methods or by combinations of modern processing methods. Fish waste is a rich source of oils containing essential fatty acids, polypeptides, and amino polysaccharides that could be utilized through the upscaling of current scientifically proven methods to new processing technologies. The separation of collagens, gelatins, bioactive peptides, edible fish oils, and chitosan form the primary stages in the utilization of fish waste. The products need purification to meet food quality and safety standards and to have desirable industrial characteristics. The diversity of information and products generated through new methods require advanced data handling and prediction systems, such as artificial intelligence, to address food safety and to derive the best out of fish processing and utilization.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"124 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140679333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. A. Peña-Almaraz, M. Vargas-Ceballos, E. Cortés‐Jacinto, F. Vega-Villasante
One way to approach the nutritional requirements of native shrimp, necessary to consolidate their culture, is to know their biochemical composition. The effect of feeding two levels of lipids (4 and 12% L) and four levels of proteins (30, 35, 40 and 45% P) in M. tenellum females was evaluated with respect to the biochemical composition of their eggs (EG), larvae (LR), gonad (GO) and hepatopancreas (HP). Total protein (TP), total carbohydrate (TC) and total lipid (TL) were estimated. In EG, L and P levels influence TP and TL; TP increases in diets higher than P35. In LR, there are no differences (p > 0.05) in TP and in TL, only diets L4P40 and L12P30 were different (p < 0.05). In GO, there is no trend in TP differences; in TC there was variation in the range of the data and TL was higher in L4P30 and L4P35. In HP, the diets with L4 obtained the highest TP values (p < 0.05); the L12 diets were higher in TL (p < 0.05). In general, diets with an inclusion of L12 showed the highest TP, TC and TL means, within this lipid level the P30 diet stood out; therefore, it is recommended to use a diet with L12P30 in the formulation of balanced feed for the species.
{"title":"Biochemical Composition of Eggs, Larvae and Tissues of Macrobrachium tenellum Females Fed Diets with Different Lipid and Protein Levels","authors":"O. A. Peña-Almaraz, M. Vargas-Ceballos, E. Cortés‐Jacinto, F. Vega-Villasante","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040145","url":null,"abstract":"One way to approach the nutritional requirements of native shrimp, necessary to consolidate their culture, is to know their biochemical composition. The effect of feeding two levels of lipids (4 and 12% L) and four levels of proteins (30, 35, 40 and 45% P) in M. tenellum females was evaluated with respect to the biochemical composition of their eggs (EG), larvae (LR), gonad (GO) and hepatopancreas (HP). Total protein (TP), total carbohydrate (TC) and total lipid (TL) were estimated. In EG, L and P levels influence TP and TL; TP increases in diets higher than P35. In LR, there are no differences (p > 0.05) in TP and in TL, only diets L4P40 and L12P30 were different (p < 0.05). In GO, there is no trend in TP differences; in TC there was variation in the range of the data and TL was higher in L4P30 and L4P35. In HP, the diets with L4 obtained the highest TP values (p < 0.05); the L12 diets were higher in TL (p < 0.05). In general, diets with an inclusion of L12 showed the highest TP, TC and TL means, within this lipid level the P30 diet stood out; therefore, it is recommended to use a diet with L12P30 in the formulation of balanced feed for the species.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"115 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diverse freshwater fish fauna of the Japanese archipelago is distributed among four main island landmasses, which include Hokkaido in the north, with many diadromous species. One relatively well-preserved river drainage along the southern coast of Central Hokkaido is the Mukawa River. Fish fauna surveys in the Mukawa River were mostly in downstream areas and the fish diversity is not well-documented among the upper, lower river, and coastal environments. Fish communities in the river, estuary, and sea were sampled using eDNA analysis to evaluate upstream and downstream species detections, and tidal and spatial detection variation near the river mouth. The number of species was higher at the river mouth and nearshore sites compared to the river and offshore. Fish detections reflected life history categories (freshwater resident, diadromous, brackish, or marine) and the environments. Similarity analysis showed that fish species compositions were divided into (1) upstream and midstream, (2) downstream and river mouth, (3) adjacent shore, and (4) offshore. Salmonid, cyprinid, loach, and sculpin species were detected in the river, compared to a mixture of species downstream and along the coast. This rapid assessment type study demonstrated that eDNA survey methodology would be effective for multiple river comparative surveys, seasonality studies, or evaluating possible effects of cross-river weirs or dams.
{"title":"Environmental DNA Characterization of the Fish Species Composition in the Mukawa River and Adjacent Habitats","authors":"Hyojin Ahn, Michael J. Miller","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040147","url":null,"abstract":"The diverse freshwater fish fauna of the Japanese archipelago is distributed among four main island landmasses, which include Hokkaido in the north, with many diadromous species. One relatively well-preserved river drainage along the southern coast of Central Hokkaido is the Mukawa River. Fish fauna surveys in the Mukawa River were mostly in downstream areas and the fish diversity is not well-documented among the upper, lower river, and coastal environments. Fish communities in the river, estuary, and sea were sampled using eDNA analysis to evaluate upstream and downstream species detections, and tidal and spatial detection variation near the river mouth. The number of species was higher at the river mouth and nearshore sites compared to the river and offshore. Fish detections reflected life history categories (freshwater resident, diadromous, brackish, or marine) and the environments. Similarity analysis showed that fish species compositions were divided into (1) upstream and midstream, (2) downstream and river mouth, (3) adjacent shore, and (4) offshore. Salmonid, cyprinid, loach, and sculpin species were detected in the river, compared to a mixture of species downstream and along the coast. This rapid assessment type study demonstrated that eDNA survey methodology would be effective for multiple river comparative surveys, seasonality studies, or evaluating possible effects of cross-river weirs or dams.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140678752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyung-Eun An, Adeel Malik, J. Lee, Min-Ho Mun, Kang Hyun Lee, Hah Yong Yoo, Chang-Bae Kim
The Chinese mitten crab (CMC) also known as Eriocheir sinensis has great significance in the aquaculture industry. The bacterial communities inhabiting the CMC’s gut may differ depending on the host habitat and can aid in their normal biological functioning. These microbes are also known to have certain effects on their flavor. In this study, we utilized MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to explore the diversity of bacterial communities in the gut of CMCs from three different geographical locations in Korea: the Geum (GD), Han (HD), and Tamjin (TD) rivers. Although most of the environmental parameters were similar at the three sites, significant differences in conductivity (CDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity were observed. The results show that CMCs sampled from these locations exhibited distinct microbial composition and abundance. For example, the genus Candidatus Hepatoplasma displayed significantly higher abundance in CMCs from HD than those in the other locations, suggesting nutritional stress. Similarly, the crabs collected from TD showed a higher abundance of pathogenic Helicobacter than those from HD and GD sites. We also observed differences in the amino acid, nucleotide, and lactic acid concentrations between different tissues such as the muscle, hepatopancreas, and testis of CMCs. However, only small differences were observed when these characteristics were compared in CMCs from different locations. Our results offer important insights into the intestinal bacterial composition in CMCs which in turn may help in designing better culturing strategies for these important species of crabs.
{"title":"Comparison of Bacterial Community Composition in Gut of Chinese Mitten Crabs from Three Distinct Rivers in Korea","authors":"Hyung-Eun An, Adeel Malik, J. Lee, Min-Ho Mun, Kang Hyun Lee, Hah Yong Yoo, Chang-Bae Kim","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040144","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese mitten crab (CMC) also known as Eriocheir sinensis has great significance in the aquaculture industry. The bacterial communities inhabiting the CMC’s gut may differ depending on the host habitat and can aid in their normal biological functioning. These microbes are also known to have certain effects on their flavor. In this study, we utilized MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to explore the diversity of bacterial communities in the gut of CMCs from three different geographical locations in Korea: the Geum (GD), Han (HD), and Tamjin (TD) rivers. Although most of the environmental parameters were similar at the three sites, significant differences in conductivity (CDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity were observed. The results show that CMCs sampled from these locations exhibited distinct microbial composition and abundance. For example, the genus Candidatus Hepatoplasma displayed significantly higher abundance in CMCs from HD than those in the other locations, suggesting nutritional stress. Similarly, the crabs collected from TD showed a higher abundance of pathogenic Helicobacter than those from HD and GD sites. We also observed differences in the amino acid, nucleotide, and lactic acid concentrations between different tissues such as the muscle, hepatopancreas, and testis of CMCs. However, only small differences were observed when these characteristics were compared in CMCs from different locations. Our results offer important insights into the intestinal bacterial composition in CMCs which in turn may help in designing better culturing strategies for these important species of crabs.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"114 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Younes Ghahvei, Mohammad Mirzaei, Shahrzad Azizi, Shadi Hashemnia, S. Shamsi
Fish health is of significant ecological and economic importance. In response to public observations of parasite-like structures in a popular edible fish, this study aimed to characterize nematode larvae commonly found in the muscle and body cavity of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795), a commercially important fish species inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This fish, locally known as Hasoom, holds substantial culinary importance, being a staple in the diets of millions residing in countries around the Persian Gulf. A total of 458 Saurida tumbil specimens were obtained from fish markets between June 2022 and May 2023. Subsequent examination revealed the presence of a total of 6132 nematode larvae. Nematodes found in the body cavity were identified as belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium sp., family Raphidascarididae, while those in the muscle were identified as Anisakis sp. larval type, family Anisakidae. Histopathology results suggested that these parasites may have adverse health impacts on their fish host. Notably, both nematode genera were found in the third larval stage, which is known to be the infective stage for anisakidosis. Given the reported cases of anisakidosis among people living in the study region, it is strongly recommended that fish be properly cooked before consumption to mitigate health risks.
{"title":"Health Insights from Nematode Larval Characterization in Greater Lizardfish, Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) (Teleostei, Synodontidae)","authors":"Younes Ghahvei, Mohammad Mirzaei, Shahrzad Azizi, Shadi Hashemnia, S. Shamsi","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040143","url":null,"abstract":"Fish health is of significant ecological and economic importance. In response to public observations of parasite-like structures in a popular edible fish, this study aimed to characterize nematode larvae commonly found in the muscle and body cavity of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795), a commercially important fish species inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This fish, locally known as Hasoom, holds substantial culinary importance, being a staple in the diets of millions residing in countries around the Persian Gulf. A total of 458 Saurida tumbil specimens were obtained from fish markets between June 2022 and May 2023. Subsequent examination revealed the presence of a total of 6132 nematode larvae. Nematodes found in the body cavity were identified as belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium sp., family Raphidascarididae, while those in the muscle were identified as Anisakis sp. larval type, family Anisakidae. Histopathology results suggested that these parasites may have adverse health impacts on their fish host. Notably, both nematode genera were found in the third larval stage, which is known to be the infective stage for anisakidosis. Given the reported cases of anisakidosis among people living in the study region, it is strongly recommended that fish be properly cooked before consumption to mitigate health risks.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"119 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Erlandsson, Giedrė Ašmonaitė, Bror Jonsson, L. Greenberg
Changes in the number, structure, and function of mitochondria during the early life stages of animals can play an important role for an organism’s metabolic rate, growth, and health. Previous studies have shown that juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced metabolic rate. The aim of this study was to explore if embryonic temperature affects the mitochondria content of young brown trout and as such explains the previously found differences in metabolic rates. Here, we optimize a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and then use the method as a proxy for mitochondrial DNA content. We hypothesize that young trout subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced mitochondrial DNA content. To test this hypothesis, we subjected brown trout to either control ambient (4.4 ± 1.5 °C) or elevated temperatures (7.1 ± 0.6 °C) during embryogenesis. Subsequently, we extracted DNA from liver and white muscle tissue of juvenile brown trout from the two different incubation temperature treatments and successively optimized qPCR for mitochondrial DNA. We found that the amount of mitochondria DNA in liver tissue was 18 times higher than in white muscle tissue, but there was no significant difference in mitochondria content in liver or muscle tissue between brown trout exposed to elevated and ambient control temperatures during embryogenesis. We conclude that reduced metabolic rate is not likely associated with mitochondria DNA content. We also suggest that qPCR is a simple and cost-effective method to quantify mitochondria DNA in frozen and partly degraded tissue from different treatment groups and a useful proxy for identification of differences in mitochondria number.
动物早期生命阶段线粒体数量、结构和功能的变化对生物体的新陈代谢率、生长和健康起着重要作用。之前的研究表明，在胚胎阶段受到高温影响的幼年褐鳟（Salmo trutta）会出现新陈代谢率降低的表型反应。本研究旨在探讨胚胎温度是否会影响幼年褐鳟的线粒体含量，从而解释之前发现的代谢率差异。在此，我们优化了线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚基 I 基因的定量 PCR（qPCR）方法，然后使用该方法作为线粒体 DNA 含量的替代物。我们假设，在胚胎阶段受到高温影响的幼鳟鱼会出现线粒体 DNA 含量降低的表型反应。为了验证这一假设，我们在褐鳟鱼胚胎发育期间将其置于对照环境温度（4.4 ± 1.5 °C）或高温环境温度（7.1 ± 0.6 °C）下。随后，我们从两种不同培养温度处理的幼年褐鳟的肝脏和白色肌肉组织中提取 DNA，并先后优化了线粒体 DNA 的 qPCR。我们发现，肝脏组织中的线粒体 DNA 量是白肌组织中的 18 倍，但在胚胎发育过程中，暴露于高温和环境控制温度下的褐鳟鱼的肝脏或肌肉组织中的线粒体含量没有显著差异。我们的结论是，新陈代谢率降低可能与线粒体 DNA 含量无关。我们还认为，qPCR 是一种简单且经济有效的方法，可用于量化不同处理组的冷冻和部分降解组织中的线粒体 DNA，也是鉴定线粒体数量差异的有效替代方法。
{"title":"Using qPCR to Identify Potential Effects of Thermal Conditions during Embryogenesis on Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Juvenile Brown Trout Salmo trutta","authors":"A. Erlandsson, Giedrė Ašmonaitė, Bror Jonsson, L. Greenberg","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040142","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the number, structure, and function of mitochondria during the early life stages of animals can play an important role for an organism’s metabolic rate, growth, and health. Previous studies have shown that juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced metabolic rate. The aim of this study was to explore if embryonic temperature affects the mitochondria content of young brown trout and as such explains the previously found differences in metabolic rates. Here, we optimize a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and then use the method as a proxy for mitochondrial DNA content. We hypothesize that young trout subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced mitochondrial DNA content. To test this hypothesis, we subjected brown trout to either control ambient (4.4 ± 1.5 °C) or elevated temperatures (7.1 ± 0.6 °C) during embryogenesis. Subsequently, we extracted DNA from liver and white muscle tissue of juvenile brown trout from the two different incubation temperature treatments and successively optimized qPCR for mitochondrial DNA. We found that the amount of mitochondria DNA in liver tissue was 18 times higher than in white muscle tissue, but there was no significant difference in mitochondria content in liver or muscle tissue between brown trout exposed to elevated and ambient control temperatures during embryogenesis. We conclude that reduced metabolic rate is not likely associated with mitochondria DNA content. We also suggest that qPCR is a simple and cost-effective method to quantify mitochondria DNA in frozen and partly degraded tissue from different treatment groups and a useful proxy for identification of differences in mitochondria number.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140683432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value.
{"title":"Comparison of Morphometric Parameters, Nutritional Composition, and Textural Properties of Seven Crustaceans Species","authors":"Zhigang Yang, Qingqing Jiang, Wuxiao Zhang, Silei Xia, Hongyan Tian, Fei Liu, Wenping Yang, Yebing Yu, Yanmin Wu, Yongzhi Zhu, Zhiqiang Xu, Zemao Gu, Aimin Wang, Aqin Chen","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040141","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"99 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green terror cichlid (Aequidens rivulatus) is a popular tropical freshwater ornamental fish. In 2021, an unknown disease was observed in cultured A. rivulatus in Tianjin, China, with a cumulative mortality rate of 25% within 7 days of onset. The main clinical signs were scale loss, skin ulceration, and slight bleeding. Histopathological observation revealed obvious damage to the liver, spleen, and kidney of diseased fish. In addition, abundant granulomas were observed in the spleen and head kidney of the diseased fish. To define the potential pathogens from A. rivulatus, bacteria were isolated from the visceral tissue of diseased fish with conventional methods. An artificial infection experiment was carried out to prove the pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria. The strains HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 were isolated from diseased fish and identified as being responsible for the disease. They were identified as Streptococcus iniae based on physiological and biochemical tests, lctO gene detection, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. According to the result of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 belong to different genotypes of S. iniae. Furthermore, they were found to contain the virulence genes pgmA, scpI, cpsD, and pdi, and the median lethal dose (LD50) for A. rivulatus was 1.8 × 106 Colony-Forming Units (CFU)/mL and 6.6 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fish coinfected by two genotypes of S. iniae.
绿恐慈鲷（Aequidens rivulatus）是一种广受欢迎的热带淡水观赏鱼。2021 年，在中国天津养殖的 A. rivulatus 发现了一种未知疾病，发病 7 天内累计死亡率达 25%。主要临床症状为鱼鳞脱落、皮肤溃烂和轻微出血。组织病理学观察发现，病鱼的肝、脾和肾脏明显受损。此外，在病鱼的脾脏和头部肾脏还观察到大量肉芽肿。为确定里维拉鱼的潜在病原体，采用常规方法从病鱼的内脏组织中分离细菌。为证明分离细菌的致病性，进行了人工感染实验。从病鱼体内分离出菌株 HG-2021-1 和 HG-2021-3，并确定它们是致病菌。根据生理生化试验、lctO 基因检测和 16S rRNA 基因序列分析，确定它们为猪链球菌。根据多焦点序列分型（MLST）结果，HG-2021-1 和 HG-2021-3 属于 S. iniae 的不同基因型。此外，还发现它们含有毒力基因 pgmA、scpI、cpsD 和 pdi，对 A. rivulatus 的中位致死剂量（LD50）分别为 1.8 × 106 菌落总数形成单位（CFU）/毫升和 6.6 × 106 CFU/毫升。据我们所知，这是首次报道鱼类同时感染两种基因型的 S. iniae。
{"title":"Two Genotypes of Streptococcus iniae Are the Causative Agents of Diseased Ornamental Fish, Green Terror Cichlid (Aequidens rivulatus)","authors":"Zhang Luo, Xiaohui Bai, Shuang Hao, Mengyu Wang, Yongjiang Wu, Hanchang Sun","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040140","url":null,"abstract":"Green terror cichlid (Aequidens rivulatus) is a popular tropical freshwater ornamental fish. In 2021, an unknown disease was observed in cultured A. rivulatus in Tianjin, China, with a cumulative mortality rate of 25% within 7 days of onset. The main clinical signs were scale loss, skin ulceration, and slight bleeding. Histopathological observation revealed obvious damage to the liver, spleen, and kidney of diseased fish. In addition, abundant granulomas were observed in the spleen and head kidney of the diseased fish. To define the potential pathogens from A. rivulatus, bacteria were isolated from the visceral tissue of diseased fish with conventional methods. An artificial infection experiment was carried out to prove the pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria. The strains HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 were isolated from diseased fish and identified as being responsible for the disease. They were identified as Streptococcus iniae based on physiological and biochemical tests, lctO gene detection, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. According to the result of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 belong to different genotypes of S. iniae. Furthermore, they were found to contain the virulence genes pgmA, scpI, cpsD, and pdi, and the median lethal dose (LD50) for A. rivulatus was 1.8 × 106 Colony-Forming Units (CFU)/mL and 6.6 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fish coinfected by two genotypes of S. iniae.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":" 71","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140692142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An 8-week feeding experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented soybean residue in diets on the growth performance, serum antioxidant parameters, intestinal digestive capacity, and microbial composition of the hindgut of Furong crucian carp. The feeds were formulated to contain 0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24% fermented soybean residue (CON, FSR6, FSR12, FSR18, and FSR24, respectively), respectively, to form five diets (crude protein: 33%; crude lipid: 5%). The results showed that incorporating 6% fermented soybean residue into the diet significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) and decreased the feed coefficient rate (p < 0.05). Through regression analysis of WGR and SGR, the optimal levels of the dietary fermented soybean residue of Furong crucian carp were determined to be 6.78% and 7.06%. Incorporating fermented soybean residue into the diet decreased the lipid content of the whole body and the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum of Furong crucian carp. The inclusion of 6% and 12% fermented soybean residue in the diet markedly increased the antioxidant capacity, intestinal amylase activity, and intestinal villous height of Furong crucian carp (p < 0.05). At the 6% level, fermented soybean residue significantly increased the abundance of Romboutsia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 while significantly decreasing the abundance of Vibrio (p < 0.05), indicating that a 6% level of fermented soybean residue was beneficial for intestinal health. In conclusion, incorporating 6–7% fermented soybean residue into the diet of Furong crucian carp was recommended.
{"title":"The Effects of Dietary Fermented Soybean Residue on the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Digestive Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Compositions of the Intestine in Furong Crucian Carp (Furong Carp♀ × Red Crucian Carp♂)","authors":"Hongquan Wang, Zheming Zhang, Feilong Li, Liang Hu, Tiaoyi Xiao, Yurong Zhao, Mengxi Yang","doi":"10.3390/fishes9040138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040138","url":null,"abstract":"An 8-week feeding experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented soybean residue in diets on the growth performance, serum antioxidant parameters, intestinal digestive capacity, and microbial composition of the hindgut of Furong crucian carp. The feeds were formulated to contain 0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24% fermented soybean residue (CON, FSR6, FSR12, FSR18, and FSR24, respectively), respectively, to form five diets (crude protein: 33%; crude lipid: 5%). The results showed that incorporating 6% fermented soybean residue into the diet significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) and decreased the feed coefficient rate (p < 0.05). Through regression analysis of WGR and SGR, the optimal levels of the dietary fermented soybean residue of Furong crucian carp were determined to be 6.78% and 7.06%. Incorporating fermented soybean residue into the diet decreased the lipid content of the whole body and the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum of Furong crucian carp. The inclusion of 6% and 12% fermented soybean residue in the diet markedly increased the antioxidant capacity, intestinal amylase activity, and intestinal villous height of Furong crucian carp (p < 0.05). At the 6% level, fermented soybean residue significantly increased the abundance of Romboutsia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 while significantly decreasing the abundance of Vibrio (p < 0.05), indicating that a 6% level of fermented soybean residue was beneficial for intestinal health. In conclusion, incorporating 6–7% fermented soybean residue into the diet of Furong crucian carp was recommended.","PeriodicalId":505604,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":"357 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140698274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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