Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1163/17552559-00001029
D.J. Marlin, J.M. Williams
Anecdotally, horse-riding is a ‘dangerous sport’, often grouped with activities such as motorcycling, skiing, parachuting, bull-riding, and rugby. This opinion is increasingly supported by evidence from retrospective analysis of trauma centre admissions for equestrian related incidents (ERI’s), albeit from relatively low numbers. The most common approach to reducing severity of ERI’s has focussed on encouraging the wearing of riding helmets and to a lesser extent, air-jackets and or body-protectors. Horse riders in the UK were surveyed to ascertain their experience of falls while riding in the preceding 12 months. A total of 3,757 responses were received with a subset of 1,977 complete surveys analysed. The majority of respondents were female (97%, n = 1,914). Falling off once in the last 12 months was most common (53.4%; n = 1,055); 24.2% (n = 478) had fallen off twice, 11.4% (n = 225) three times and 6.5% (n = 129) more than 5 times. Respondents were asked to specify the activity they were undertaking when their last fall occurred; hacking/trail riding (25.9%; n = 513), schooling on the flat (25.8%; n = 511) and showjumping schooling (19.4%; n = 384) were the three most common activities where falls took place. Horses changing direction rapidly (40.9%; n = 808) or rearing/bucking (23.8%; n = 470) were the most common reasons for rider falls, with most (73%; n = 1,443) riders falling off the side of the horse. Riders were most likely to injure their back (51%; n = 1,008), shoulders (39%; n = 771) or pelvis (37%; n = 731) when they fell off, but most injuries were self-rated as minor. Severe injuries as a result of a fall were more common when the riders’ head, back, shoulder or ankle was injured. A variety of factors appear to be involved in rider falls from horses, and many of these may be modifiable and hence preventable.
{"title":"UK rider reported falls in a 12-month period: circumstances and consequences","authors":"D.J. Marlin, J.M. Williams","doi":"10.1163/17552559-00001029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-00001029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Anecdotally, horse-riding is a ‘dangerous sport’, often grouped with activities such as motorcycling, skiing, parachuting, bull-riding, and rugby. This opinion is increasingly supported by evidence from retrospective analysis of trauma centre admissions for equestrian related incidents (ERI’s), albeit from relatively low numbers. The most common approach to reducing severity of ERI’s has focussed on encouraging the wearing of riding helmets and to a lesser extent, air-jackets and or body-protectors. Horse riders in the UK were surveyed to ascertain their experience of falls while riding in the preceding 12 months. A total of 3,757 responses were received with a subset of 1,977 complete surveys analysed. The majority of respondents were female (97%, n = 1,914). Falling off once in the last 12 months was most common (53.4%; n = 1,055); 24.2% (n = 478) had fallen off twice, 11.4% (n = 225) three times and 6.5% (n = 129) more than 5 times. Respondents were asked to specify the activity they were undertaking when their last fall occurred; hacking/trail riding (25.9%; n = 513), schooling on the flat (25.8%; n = 511) and showjumping schooling (19.4%; n = 384) were the three most common activities where falls took place. Horses changing direction rapidly (40.9%; n = 808) or rearing/bucking (23.8%; n = 470) were the most common reasons for rider falls, with most (73%; n = 1,443) riders falling off the side of the horse. Riders were most likely to injure their back (51%; n = 1,008), shoulders (39%; n = 771) or pelvis (37%; n = 731) when they fell off, but most injuries were self-rated as minor. Severe injuries as a result of a fall were more common when the riders’ head, back, shoulder or ankle was injured. A variety of factors appear to be involved in rider falls from horses, and many of these may be modifiable and hence preventable.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141344817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1163/17552559-00001035
N. Rawat, S. Agarwal, U. Anwar
Judoka, the judo athlete, is involved in, high-intensity intermittent combat sport, to defeat the opponent by reversing body momentum with speed and skill. Hence the judokas are susceptible to injuries. Specific training and physical conditioning help the judoka perform efficiently with minimal risk of injuries. The judo9+ injury prevention protocol consisting of sport-specific exercises focuses on minimising lower limb risk factors. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of judo 9+ injury prevention protocol on strength, balance, and anaerobic fitness in elite judokas. A sample of 20 (male and female elite judokas) aged between 20-40 years, were recruited in the study based on selection criteria. After demographic and baseline evaluation, the judo9+ injury prevention protocol was administered to each participant for four weeks (2 sessions/week). Balance (SEBT), lower limb strength (VJHT), and anaerobic fitness (SJFT) scores were administered before the training began and after the completion of the training. Pre-post-training changes were compared using, using the paired t-test. All the outcome measures, SEBT, VJHT and SJFT demonstrated statistical significant changes () following four weeks of judo9+ injury prevention training. Larger effect sizes of 0.94 and 1.42 with >90% power were reported in VJHT and SJFT, respectively. There is sufficient evidence from this study to confirm that judo9+ injury prevention training significantly improves lower limb strength and anaerobic fitness among elite judokas following four weeks of judo9+ injury prevention training. However, balance improvement might require longer duration.
{"title":"Judo 9+ injury prevention protocol (J9+IPP) on balance, strength, and anaerobic fitness in elite judokas: a one-group pretest-post-test, quasi-experimental trial","authors":"N. Rawat, S. Agarwal, U. Anwar","doi":"10.1163/17552559-00001035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-00001035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Judoka, the judo athlete, is involved in, high-intensity intermittent combat sport, to defeat the opponent by reversing body momentum with speed and skill. Hence the judokas are susceptible to injuries. Specific training and physical conditioning help the judoka perform efficiently with minimal risk of injuries. The judo9+ injury prevention protocol consisting of sport-specific exercises focuses on minimising lower limb risk factors. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of judo 9+ injury prevention protocol on strength, balance, and anaerobic fitness in elite judokas. A sample of 20 (male and female elite judokas) aged between 20-40 years, were recruited in the study based on selection criteria. After demographic and baseline evaluation, the judo9+ injury prevention protocol was administered to each participant for four weeks (2 sessions/week). Balance (SEBT), lower limb strength (VJHT), and anaerobic fitness (SJFT) scores were administered before the training began and after the completion of the training. Pre-post-training changes were compared using, using the paired t-test. All the outcome measures, SEBT, VJHT and SJFT demonstrated statistical significant changes () following four weeks of judo9+ injury prevention training. Larger effect sizes of 0.94 and 1.42 with >90% power were reported in VJHT and SJFT, respectively. There is sufficient evidence from this study to confirm that judo9+ injury prevention training significantly improves lower limb strength and anaerobic fitness among elite judokas following four weeks of judo9+ injury prevention training. However, balance improvement might require longer duration.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"23 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141379298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1163/17552559-00001049
M. M. Khaleghi, F. Ahmadi
Sleep disorder is a common problem in elderly women, which can cause problems and acute complications on society and the healthcare system, including reducing the quality of life. Exercise is a simple, low-cost, and effective way to improve sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to critically review the available literature on different types of physical activity that affect the sleep quality of elderly women to determine which type of physical activity can improve their sleep quality. A systematic search adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and randomised controlled trial (RCT) studies that met the inclusion criteria was conducted in the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2020, to March 18, 2024. One hundred and thirty-nine articles were retrieved, of which 13 randomised controlled trial studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of these studies showed that performing various exercises, including water sports, resistance, aerobics, Tai Chi, Qigong, and Baduanjin exercises across varying intensities from low to high, can improve the quality of sleep of elderly women. Research indicates that diverse exercise programs tailored for elderly women can effectively enhance sleep quality and its associated aspects.
{"title":"Effect of different exercises on sleep quality in elderly women: a systematic review","authors":"M. M. Khaleghi, F. Ahmadi","doi":"10.1163/17552559-00001049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-00001049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Sleep disorder is a common problem in elderly women, which can cause problems and acute complications on society and the healthcare system, including reducing the quality of life. Exercise is a simple, low-cost, and effective way to improve sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to critically review the available literature on different types of physical activity that affect the sleep quality of elderly women to determine which type of physical activity can improve their sleep quality. A systematic search adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and randomised controlled trial (RCT) studies that met the inclusion criteria was conducted in the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2020, to March 18, 2024. One hundred and thirty-nine articles were retrieved, of which 13 randomised controlled trial studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of these studies showed that performing various exercises, including water sports, resistance, aerobics, Tai Chi, Qigong, and Baduanjin exercises across varying intensities from low to high, can improve the quality of sleep of elderly women. Research indicates that diverse exercise programs tailored for elderly women can effectively enhance sleep quality and its associated aspects.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"31 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141378699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20231014
A. Rai, P. Bhati, S. Pal, P. Anand
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and repeated bout effect (RBE) are widely researched across various populations and at various intensities. Despite the existence of vast literature, there is lack of comparison of low versus submaximal versus maximal intensity required for preconditioning. The aim of the study was to compare the muscle damage and RBE at various intensities of eccentric exercise in active young men. Thirty-six healthy, physically active men were recruited and randomly assigned to three different groups low-high (L-H, n = 12), submaximal-high (M-H, n = 12) and maximal-high (H-H, n = 12). All participants performed 2 exercise bouts separated by 14 days. L-H, M-H and H-H groups performed low (10% of 1RM), moderate (50% of 1RM) and high (90% of 1RM) intensity eccentric exercise for knee extensors, respectively, in the 1st bout followed by high (100% of 1RM) intensity in the second bout. Muscle soreness (SOR), thigh circumference (CIR), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM) and blood lactate (Bl Lac) were measured before, immediately, at 24 h, at 48 h and at 72 h after exercise. A significant effect of time appeared for MVIC (), CIR (), ROM () and Bl Lac (). The bout × time interaction, as well as bout × time × group interaction was also found significant indicating changes in muscle strength and ROM. Circumference changed significantly with a significant bout × group interaction effect . SOR () was significant between the bouts. Therefore, exhibiting attenuation of muscle damage markers after the second bout. Findings of the present study showed that muscle damage was evident at all three intensities. Moreover, it was greater after moderate and high intensity as compared to low intensity eccentric exercise. RBE was elicited after three intensities indicating their role in preconditioning the muscles of active men.
{"title":"Repeated bout effect and muscle damage at variable eccentric exercise intensities in active young men: a longitudinal repeated measures investigation","authors":"A. Rai, P. Bhati, S. Pal, P. Anand","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20231014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20231014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and repeated bout effect (RBE) are widely researched across various populations and at various intensities. Despite the existence of vast literature, there is lack of comparison of low versus submaximal versus maximal intensity required for preconditioning. The aim of the study was to compare the muscle damage and RBE at various intensities of eccentric exercise in active young men. Thirty-six healthy, physically active men were recruited and randomly assigned to three different groups low-high (L-H, n = 12), submaximal-high (M-H, n = 12) and maximal-high (H-H, n = 12). All participants performed 2 exercise bouts separated by 14 days. L-H, M-H and H-H groups performed low (10% of 1RM), moderate (50% of 1RM) and high (90% of 1RM) intensity eccentric exercise for knee extensors, respectively, in the 1st bout followed by high (100% of 1RM) intensity in the second bout. Muscle soreness (SOR), thigh circumference (CIR), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM) and blood lactate (Bl Lac) were measured before, immediately, at 24 h, at 48 h and at 72 h after exercise. A significant effect of time appeared for MVIC (), CIR (), ROM () and Bl Lac (). The bout × time interaction, as well as bout × time × group interaction was also found significant indicating changes in muscle strength and ROM. Circumference changed significantly with a significant bout × group interaction effect . SOR () was significant between the bouts. Therefore, exhibiting attenuation of muscle damage markers after the second bout. Findings of the present study showed that muscle damage was evident at all three intensities. Moreover, it was greater after moderate and high intensity as compared to low intensity eccentric exercise. RBE was elicited after three intensities indicating their role in preconditioning the muscles of active men.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141037452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230047
J. Sabharwal, S. Joshi
The current study explores the effect of neuromuscular exercises (NEMEX) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on pain, function, balance, range of motion (ROM), fall risk and dynamic mobility in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 92 subjects were randomly allocated into four groups: Group A – conventional treatment; Group B – NEMEX; Group C – NMES; and Group D – NEMEX in combination with NMES and conventional treatment. Visual analogue scale(VAS), knee injury osteoarthritis and outcome score (KOOS), timed up and go test (TUG), range of motion (ROM), community balance and mobility scale (CBM&S), and dynamic gait index (DGI) were the outcome measures in the study. Statistically significant improvement was found in VAS in Group D with 1.61 ± 0.50 (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) followed by Group C with 2.59 ± 0.50 (mean ± SD) and Group B with 4.18 ± 0.50 (mean ± SD) and at week 10 (follow-up) in Group D with1.74 ± 0.54 (mean ± SD) followed by Group C with 3.23 ± 0.87 (mean ± SD) and Group B with 4.91 ± 0.75 (mean ± SD) and in comparison to Group A at P = 0.0001 at week 6 and at week 10 in comparison to Group A. KOOS subvariables, TUG, ROM (R, L), CBM&S and DGI were also found significant at P = 0.0001 at week 6 and at week 10. This study found that combined application of NEMEX and NMES is helpful in improving pain, function, balance, ROM and reduces fall risks. Trial registration no. CTRI/2021/06/034213
{"title":"Effectiveness of neuromuscular exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain, function and balance in patients with knee osteoarthritis – a randomised controlled trial","authors":"J. Sabharwal, S. Joshi","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The current study explores the effect of neuromuscular exercises (NEMEX) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on pain, function, balance, range of motion (ROM), fall risk and dynamic mobility in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 92 subjects were randomly allocated into four groups: Group A – conventional treatment; Group B – NEMEX; Group C – NMES; and Group D – NEMEX in combination with NMES and conventional treatment. Visual analogue scale(VAS), knee injury osteoarthritis and outcome score (KOOS), timed up and go test (TUG), range of motion (ROM), community balance and mobility scale (CBM&S), and dynamic gait index (DGI) were the outcome measures in the study. Statistically significant improvement was found in VAS in Group D with 1.61 ± 0.50 (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) followed by Group C with 2.59 ± 0.50 (mean ± SD) and Group B with 4.18 ± 0.50 (mean ± SD) and at week 10 (follow-up) in Group D with1.74 ± 0.54 (mean ± SD) followed by Group C with 3.23 ± 0.87 (mean ± SD) and Group B with 4.91 ± 0.75 (mean ± SD) and in comparison to Group A at P = 0.0001 at week 6 and at week 10 in comparison to Group A. KOOS subvariables, TUG, ROM (R, L), CBM&S and DGI were also found significant at P = 0.0001 at week 6 and at week 10. This study found that combined application of NEMEX and NMES is helpful in improving pain, function, balance, ROM and reduces fall risks.\u0000Trial registration no. CTRI/2021/06/034213","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140253975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230049
N. Čebulj-Kadunc, A. Turk, P. Kruljc
Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly ( to ) in both riders AEx. BST values were highest in the cranial regions of the horses, followed by the caudal and distal body regions (). The differences in values were insignificant () between the two ExTs, except the higher heart rate between the male and the female rider (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that there are no influences of rider characteristics on the physiological responses of riding horses and point to the importance of further research in the field of equine exercise testing, sports medicine, and animal welfare, which will also provide necessary knowledge for the conservation and development of the Lipizzan breed.
{"title":"Effects of graded exercise load on variations of certain physiological parameters in Lipizzan horses during riding – a pilot study","authors":"N. Čebulj-Kadunc, A. Turk, P. Kruljc","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly ( to ) in both riders AEx. BST values were highest in the cranial regions of the horses, followed by the caudal and distal body regions (). The differences in values were insignificant () between the two ExTs, except the higher heart rate between the male and the female rider (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that there are no influences of rider characteristics on the physiological responses of riding horses and point to the importance of further research in the field of equine exercise testing, sports medicine, and animal welfare, which will also provide necessary knowledge for the conservation and development of the Lipizzan breed.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139788865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220059
A. Paris, L. Accorroni, M. Pepe, K. Cappelli, E. Chiaradia, S. Mecocci, A. Tognoloni, F. Passamonti, N. Pilati, M. Cercone, F. Beccati
This study investigated the effect of environment, horse and type of different field standardised exercise tests (fSET) on incremental lactate concentration and recovery time in endurance horses. Forty-eight endurance horses underwent one or multiple fSET on a 700-m all-weather racetrack. The fSET comprised phase 1 canter at 19.5-21.5 km/h for 19 km (group N), or 37 km split by 20 minutes of rest (group E1) or 37 km (group E2), followed by phase 2 canter at 26-32.6 km/h and phase 3 at 27.7-42.8 km/h, for 1,400 m each for all groups. Blood lactates were recorded after each phase. Linear mixed models were built with blood lactate value and recovery time as dependent variables and horse and environment data, and type of fSET as fixed effect variables, with horse and horse × fSET group as random effects. Data from a total of 130 fSETs were considered; lactate values were 0.78-7.73 mmol/l (median 1.79 mmol/l) for phase 1, 1.70-10.68 mmol/l (median 3.89 mmol/l) for phase 2, and 3.7-20.86 mmol/l (median 8.74 mmol/l) for phase 3. Blood lactate values after phase 1 and phase 2 were significantly lower in group E1 (median 1.49 mmol/l; median 3.12 mmol/l) compared with group N (median 2.77 mmol/l; median 5.28 mmol/l; ) and group E2 (median 2.06 mmol/l; median 4.39 mmol/l; ). Blood lactate after phase 3 did not differ between groups. There were two medical and 19 minor musculoskeletal issues within 2 hours after the fSETs. Weather temperature affected blood lactate values after phase 1 and 2 (R = 0.62-0.63). Blood lactate after phase 1 (R = 0.93) and 2 (R = 0.66) affected values after phase 2 and 3, respectively. There was a considerable variation among horses and horse × fSET group random effects. Moreover, blood lactate values are affected by both weather conditions and by horse individual characteristics.
{"title":"Retrospective study of standardised field exercise test on injury development, blood lactate and recovery time in endurance horses","authors":"A. Paris, L. Accorroni, M. Pepe, K. Cappelli, E. Chiaradia, S. Mecocci, A. Tognoloni, F. Passamonti, N. Pilati, M. Cercone, F. Beccati","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study investigated the effect of environment, horse and type of different field standardised exercise tests (fSET) on incremental lactate concentration and recovery time in endurance horses. Forty-eight endurance horses underwent one or multiple fSET on a 700-m all-weather racetrack. The fSET comprised phase 1 canter at 19.5-21.5 km/h for 19 km (group N), or 37 km split by 20 minutes of rest (group E1) or 37 km (group E2), followed by phase 2 canter at 26-32.6 km/h and phase 3 at 27.7-42.8 km/h, for 1,400 m each for all groups. Blood lactates were recorded after each phase. Linear mixed models were built with blood lactate value and recovery time as dependent variables and horse and environment data, and type of fSET as fixed effect variables, with horse and horse × fSET group as random effects. Data from a total of 130 fSETs were considered; lactate values were 0.78-7.73 mmol/l (median 1.79 mmol/l) for phase 1, 1.70-10.68 mmol/l (median 3.89 mmol/l) for phase 2, and 3.7-20.86 mmol/l (median 8.74 mmol/l) for phase 3. Blood lactate values after phase 1 and phase 2 were significantly lower in group E1 (median 1.49 mmol/l; median 3.12 mmol/l) compared with group N (median 2.77 mmol/l; median 5.28 mmol/l; ) and group E2 (median 2.06 mmol/l; median 4.39 mmol/l; ). Blood lactate after phase 3 did not differ between groups. There were two medical and 19 minor musculoskeletal issues within 2 hours after the fSETs. Weather temperature affected blood lactate values after phase 1 and 2 (R = 0.62-0.63). Blood lactate after phase 1 (R = 0.93) and 2 (R = 0.66) affected values after phase 2 and 3, respectively. There was a considerable variation among horses and horse × fSET group random effects. Moreover, blood lactate values are affected by both weather conditions and by horse individual characteristics.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139847584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230049
N. Čebulj-Kadunc, A. Turk, P. Kruljc
Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly ( to ) in both riders AEx. BST values were highest in the cranial regions of the horses, followed by the caudal and distal body regions (). The differences in values were insignificant () between the two ExTs, except the higher heart rate between the male and the female rider (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that there are no influences of rider characteristics on the physiological responses of riding horses and point to the importance of further research in the field of equine exercise testing, sports medicine, and animal welfare, which will also provide necessary knowledge for the conservation and development of the Lipizzan breed.
{"title":"Effects of graded exercise load on variations of certain physiological parameters in Lipizzan horses during riding – a pilot study","authors":"N. Čebulj-Kadunc, A. Turk, P. Kruljc","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly ( to ) in both riders AEx. BST values were highest in the cranial regions of the horses, followed by the caudal and distal body regions (). The differences in values were insignificant () between the two ExTs, except the higher heart rate between the male and the female rider (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that there are no influences of rider characteristics on the physiological responses of riding horses and point to the importance of further research in the field of equine exercise testing, sports medicine, and animal welfare, which will also provide necessary knowledge for the conservation and development of the Lipizzan breed.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"201 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-09DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20220059
A. Paris, L. Accorroni, M. Pepe, K. Cappelli, E. Chiaradia, S. Mecocci, A. Tognoloni, F. Passamonti, N. Pilati, M. Cercone, F. Beccati
This study investigated the effect of environment, horse and type of different field standardised exercise tests (fSET) on incremental lactate concentration and recovery time in endurance horses. Forty-eight endurance horses underwent one or multiple fSET on a 700-m all-weather racetrack. The fSET comprised phase 1 canter at 19.5-21.5 km/h for 19 km (group N), or 37 km split by 20 minutes of rest (group E1) or 37 km (group E2), followed by phase 2 canter at 26-32.6 km/h and phase 3 at 27.7-42.8 km/h, for 1,400 m each for all groups. Blood lactates were recorded after each phase. Linear mixed models were built with blood lactate value and recovery time as dependent variables and horse and environment data, and type of fSET as fixed effect variables, with horse and horse × fSET group as random effects. Data from a total of 130 fSETs were considered; lactate values were 0.78-7.73 mmol/l (median 1.79 mmol/l) for phase 1, 1.70-10.68 mmol/l (median 3.89 mmol/l) for phase 2, and 3.7-20.86 mmol/l (median 8.74 mmol/l) for phase 3. Blood lactate values after phase 1 and phase 2 were significantly lower in group E1 (median 1.49 mmol/l; median 3.12 mmol/l) compared with group N (median 2.77 mmol/l; median 5.28 mmol/l; ) and group E2 (median 2.06 mmol/l; median 4.39 mmol/l; ). Blood lactate after phase 3 did not differ between groups. There were two medical and 19 minor musculoskeletal issues within 2 hours after the fSETs. Weather temperature affected blood lactate values after phase 1 and 2 (R = 0.62-0.63). Blood lactate after phase 1 (R = 0.93) and 2 (R = 0.66) affected values after phase 2 and 3, respectively. There was a considerable variation among horses and horse × fSET group random effects. Moreover, blood lactate values are affected by both weather conditions and by horse individual characteristics.
{"title":"Retrospective study of standardised field exercise test on injury development, blood lactate and recovery time in endurance horses","authors":"A. Paris, L. Accorroni, M. Pepe, K. Cappelli, E. Chiaradia, S. Mecocci, A. Tognoloni, F. Passamonti, N. Pilati, M. Cercone, F. Beccati","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20220059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20220059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study investigated the effect of environment, horse and type of different field standardised exercise tests (fSET) on incremental lactate concentration and recovery time in endurance horses. Forty-eight endurance horses underwent one or multiple fSET on a 700-m all-weather racetrack. The fSET comprised phase 1 canter at 19.5-21.5 km/h for 19 km (group N), or 37 km split by 20 minutes of rest (group E1) or 37 km (group E2), followed by phase 2 canter at 26-32.6 km/h and phase 3 at 27.7-42.8 km/h, for 1,400 m each for all groups. Blood lactates were recorded after each phase. Linear mixed models were built with blood lactate value and recovery time as dependent variables and horse and environment data, and type of fSET as fixed effect variables, with horse and horse × fSET group as random effects. Data from a total of 130 fSETs were considered; lactate values were 0.78-7.73 mmol/l (median 1.79 mmol/l) for phase 1, 1.70-10.68 mmol/l (median 3.89 mmol/l) for phase 2, and 3.7-20.86 mmol/l (median 8.74 mmol/l) for phase 3. Blood lactate values after phase 1 and phase 2 were significantly lower in group E1 (median 1.49 mmol/l; median 3.12 mmol/l) compared with group N (median 2.77 mmol/l; median 5.28 mmol/l; ) and group E2 (median 2.06 mmol/l; median 4.39 mmol/l; ). Blood lactate after phase 3 did not differ between groups. There were two medical and 19 minor musculoskeletal issues within 2 hours after the fSETs. Weather temperature affected blood lactate values after phase 1 and 2 (R = 0.62-0.63). Blood lactate after phase 1 (R = 0.93) and 2 (R = 0.66) affected values after phase 2 and 3, respectively. There was a considerable variation among horses and horse × fSET group random effects. Moreover, blood lactate values are affected by both weather conditions and by horse individual characteristics.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":" 52","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139787723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1163/17552559-20230024
K. Murphy, C. Solomon, D. Stefanovski, O. Lorello, M. Robinson, J. Haughan, C. Navas de Solis
Methods to determine exercise intensity thresholds, such as the aerobic and anaerobic threshold, that separate different exercise intensities in exercising horses in the field setting or on the treadmill often require equipment, standardised conditions and/or blood sampling. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a heart rate variability variable proposed as a non-invasive tool for exercise intensity monitoring and with a potential association with exercise intensity thresholds and fatigue. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the first component of DFA (DFA-α1) during standardised field incremental exercise tests in sport horses in active Eventing competition and in sport horses ridden without the goal of participating in competitions, and (2) to determine if DFA-α1 is associated with blood lactate concentration. Null hypotheses of the study were that (1) DFA-α1 is not correlated with blood lactate concentration measurements and (2) the correlation between DFA-α1 and blood lactate concentration is not stronger than the one between blood lactate concentration and heart rate or blood lactate concentration and speed. An in vivo observational study was performed analysing exercising electrocardiograms obtained in 59 standardised exercise tests in the field. DFA-α1 was significantly and moderately correlated with blood lactate concentration (, ). A strong correlation was observed between blood lactate concentration and speed (, ), as well as between blood lactate concentration and heart rate (, ). DFA-α1 correlation with blood lactate concentration was moderate but weaker than the correlation of blood lactate concentration and heart rate or blood lactate concentration and speed. DFA-α1 was not a useful surrogate of blood lactate concentration in field incremental standardised tests used for sport horses in this setting.
{"title":"Correlation of detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 with blood lactate concentration in field standardised exercise tests in sport horses","authors":"K. Murphy, C. Solomon, D. Stefanovski, O. Lorello, M. Robinson, J. Haughan, C. Navas de Solis","doi":"10.1163/17552559-20230024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Methods to determine exercise intensity thresholds, such as the aerobic and anaerobic threshold, that separate different exercise intensities in exercising horses in the field setting or on the treadmill often require equipment, standardised conditions and/or blood sampling. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a heart rate variability variable proposed as a non-invasive tool for exercise intensity monitoring and with a potential association with exercise intensity thresholds and fatigue. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the first component of DFA (DFA-α1) during standardised field incremental exercise tests in sport horses in active Eventing competition and in sport horses ridden without the goal of participating in competitions, and (2) to determine if DFA-α1 is associated with blood lactate concentration. Null hypotheses of the study were that (1) DFA-α1 is not correlated with blood lactate concentration measurements and (2) the correlation between DFA-α1 and blood lactate concentration is not stronger than the one between blood lactate concentration and heart rate or blood lactate concentration and speed. An in vivo observational study was performed analysing exercising electrocardiograms obtained in 59 standardised exercise tests in the field. DFA-α1 was significantly and moderately correlated with blood lactate concentration (, ). A strong correlation was observed between blood lactate concentration and speed (, ), as well as between blood lactate concentration and heart rate (, ). DFA-α1 correlation with blood lactate concentration was moderate but weaker than the correlation of blood lactate concentration and heart rate or blood lactate concentration and speed. DFA-α1 was not a useful surrogate of blood lactate concentration in field incremental standardised tests used for sport horses in this setting.","PeriodicalId":505672,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Exercise Physiology","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139797256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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