Camellia drupifera is an important woody oil plant in South China, renowned for its seed oil that is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and possesses significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-enhancing properties. The low fruit-setting rate of C. drupifera is influenced by multiple factors, including flowering stage climate, flowering habits, pollination biology, soil conditions, and self-incompatibility. Among these, large-scale pure forest plantations are the primary cause of the low fruit-setting rate. Although previous studies have explored the impact of self-incompatibility on fruit-setting in C. drupifera, research on the dynamic changes of endogenous substances during the flowering stage in pure forest environments remains limited. Research findings indicate that tannase activity is relatively high in the pistils of C. drupifera, creating a favorable environment for pollen tube growth. Plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA), and ethylene (ETH) regulate the development and aging of floral organs through complex interactions. Specifically, high levels of IAA in the pistil promote pollen tube growth, while changes in ETH and ABA are closely related to the aging of floral organs. Under oxidative stress conditions, high levels of H2O2 in the pistil may contribute to self-incompatibility. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the floral organs during the flowering stage is significantly higher compared to peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), highlighting the critical role of SOD in regulating oxidative stress during this stage. This study provides new insights into the changes in endogenous substances in the floral organs of C. drupifera during the flowering stage. It offers theoretical references for understanding its sexual reproduction process and for the application of plant growth regulators to improve fruit setting.
核果山茶是华南地区重要的木本油料植物，其种子油富含不饱和脂肪酸，具有显著的抗氧化、抗癌和增强免疫力的功效。竹荪坐果率低受多种因素影响，包括花期气候、开花习性、授粉生物学特性、土壤条件和自交不亲和等。其中，大规模纯林种植是造成坐果率低的主要原因。虽然之前的研究已经探讨了自交不亲和对 C. drupifera 座果率的影响，但对纯林环境中开花期内源物质动态变化的研究仍然有限。研究结果表明，C. drupifera 的雌蕊中单宁酶活性相对较高，为花粉管的生长创造了有利环境。吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、细胞分裂素（CTK）、赤霉素（GA）和乙烯（ETH）等植物激素通过复杂的相互作用调节花器官的发育和衰老。具体来说，雌蕊中高水平的 IAA 能促进花粉管的生长，而 ETH 和 ABA 的变化则与花器官的衰老密切相关。在氧化胁迫条件下，雌蕊中高水平的 H2O2 可能会导致自交不亲和。与过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）相比，花期花器官中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性明显较高，这凸显了 SOD 在调节花期氧化应激中的关键作用。本研究为了解花期 C. drupifera 花器官中内源物质的变化提供了新的视角。它为了解其有性生殖过程以及应用植物生长调节剂改善坐果提供了理论参考。
{"title":"Dynamic Changes in Endogenous Substances in Flowering Organs of Camellia drupifera during the Flowering Stage","authors":"Zhen Liu, Jialu Tao, Chunhua Ma, Mengling Wen, Ruchun Xi, Xiaomei Deng","doi":"10.3390/f15081391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081391","url":null,"abstract":"Camellia drupifera is an important woody oil plant in South China, renowned for its seed oil that is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and possesses significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-enhancing properties. The low fruit-setting rate of C. drupifera is influenced by multiple factors, including flowering stage climate, flowering habits, pollination biology, soil conditions, and self-incompatibility. Among these, large-scale pure forest plantations are the primary cause of the low fruit-setting rate. Although previous studies have explored the impact of self-incompatibility on fruit-setting in C. drupifera, research on the dynamic changes of endogenous substances during the flowering stage in pure forest environments remains limited. Research findings indicate that tannase activity is relatively high in the pistils of C. drupifera, creating a favorable environment for pollen tube growth. Plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA), and ethylene (ETH) regulate the development and aging of floral organs through complex interactions. Specifically, high levels of IAA in the pistil promote pollen tube growth, while changes in ETH and ABA are closely related to the aging of floral organs. Under oxidative stress conditions, high levels of H2O2 in the pistil may contribute to self-incompatibility. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the floral organs during the flowering stage is significantly higher compared to peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), highlighting the critical role of SOD in regulating oxidative stress during this stage. This study provides new insights into the changes in endogenous substances in the floral organs of C. drupifera during the flowering stage. It offers theoretical references for understanding its sexual reproduction process and for the application of plant growth regulators to improve fruit setting.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"61 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanjun Huang, Ying Lin, Jiaying Dong, Yuxin Lin, Ziang Su, Junyi Li, Yanqin Zhang, Jiali Jin, Weicong Fu
Butterflies serve as valuable indicators of urban ecosystem quality. Due to their accessibility, they also provide urban residents with essential opportunities to connect with nature, fulfilling social functions such as education and recreation, which significantly contribute to city dwellers’ physical and mental well-being. Urban mountain parks are critical habitats for butterflies; analyzing their spatial and temporal distribution and the impact of plant elements is crucial for enhancing plant landscape quality and butterfly diversity. The main results were as follows: (1) A monthly butterfly survey was carried out over the course of a year in the seven urban mountain parks of Fuzhou City. This survey recorded 46 species of butterflies from 36 genera across 7 families, totaling 2506 butterflies. (2) Among the seven habitat types analyzed, TS-, T-, and SG-habitats exhibited elevated levels of butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. There were variations in butterfly evenness, diversity, richness, and abundance observed between these habitats. With the exception of N-habitat, there was a consistent seasonal pattern in butterfly diversity across different habitat types. (3) Butterfly diversity and abundance were significantly correlated with vegetation habitat factors across the tree, shrub, and herb layers. Multiple regression modeling using the Akaike information criterion revealed that arbor layer vegetation factors were present in the top four models for butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. (4) The quality assessment of different habitat types ranked habitats as follows: TS-habitat > SG-habitat > TSG-habitat > T-habitat > TG-habitat > G-habitat = N-habitat.
{"title":"Relationship between Plant Habitat Types and Butterfly Diversity in Urban Mountain Parks","authors":"Shanjun Huang, Ying Lin, Jiaying Dong, Yuxin Lin, Ziang Su, Junyi Li, Yanqin Zhang, Jiali Jin, Weicong Fu","doi":"10.3390/f15081390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081390","url":null,"abstract":"Butterflies serve as valuable indicators of urban ecosystem quality. Due to their accessibility, they also provide urban residents with essential opportunities to connect with nature, fulfilling social functions such as education and recreation, which significantly contribute to city dwellers’ physical and mental well-being. Urban mountain parks are critical habitats for butterflies; analyzing their spatial and temporal distribution and the impact of plant elements is crucial for enhancing plant landscape quality and butterfly diversity. The main results were as follows: (1) A monthly butterfly survey was carried out over the course of a year in the seven urban mountain parks of Fuzhou City. This survey recorded 46 species of butterflies from 36 genera across 7 families, totaling 2506 butterflies. (2) Among the seven habitat types analyzed, TS-, T-, and SG-habitats exhibited elevated levels of butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. There were variations in butterfly evenness, diversity, richness, and abundance observed between these habitats. With the exception of N-habitat, there was a consistent seasonal pattern in butterfly diversity across different habitat types. (3) Butterfly diversity and abundance were significantly correlated with vegetation habitat factors across the tree, shrub, and herb layers. Multiple regression modeling using the Akaike information criterion revealed that arbor layer vegetation factors were present in the top four models for butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. (4) The quality assessment of different habitat types ranked habitats as follows: TS-habitat > SG-habitat > TSG-habitat > T-habitat > TG-habitat > G-habitat = N-habitat.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"59 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Wu, Liudong Zhang, Yikang Fu, Guilong Fu, Degang Fu, Hui Li, Shuai Su, Huicheng Xie, Hui Tian, Ruijiang Wang, Kun Li
2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is a new kind of pollutant that is highly toxic and difficult to be biodegraded. In this study, the feasibility of using exogenous growth regulator salicylic acid (SA) to improve the purification ability of Salix matsudana (S. matsudana) seedlings to 2,4-DNP stress was investigated by a hydroponic simulation experiment. The main research results are as follows: (1) After adding exogenous SA, a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) inhibited the photosynthetic process and the normal physiological process of the chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings to a certain extent. When adding a low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) to treat S. matsudana seedlings, all exogenous treatment groups could alleviate the stress of 2,4-DNP on the photosynthetic system and chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings, and 10 mg·L−1 SA (DNP + S1) was the best. (2) The addition of exogenous SA could alleviate the damage of 2,4-DNP to S. matsudana seedlings by enhancing the activity of its antioxidant enzymes to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body and reducing the level of membrane lipid peroxidation and the size of membrane damage. The treatment with 10 mg·L−1 SA had the best effect. (3) Exogenous low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) could alleviate the decline of biomass index of S. matsudana seedlings under 2,4-DNP stress, but a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) could not alleviate the 2,4-DNP toxicity of S. matsudana seedlings leaves. Exogenous SA could effectively alleviate the growth damage caused by 2,4-DNP stress on S. matsudana seedlings and increase the tolerance threshold range of S. matsudana seedlings to 2,4-DNP (8.81–33.78 mg·L−1). (4) Exogenous addition of SA could increase the removal percentage of 2,4-DNP in Salix matsudana seedlings. Among them, the removal percentage of Salix matsudana was the highest at 10 mg·L−1 SA, which was 1.46 times (5 days) and 1.19 times (10 days) higher than that of the DNP treatment group, respectively. Overall, when SA reached 10 mg·L−1, the photosynthetic productivity of S. matsudana was the highest, and S. matsudana had the best purification effect on 2,4-DNP in wastewater.
2,4-二硝基苯酚（2,4-DNP）是一种剧毒且难以生物降解的新型污染物。本研究通过水培模拟实验，探讨了利用外源生长调节剂水杨酸（SA）提高松花丹（Salix matsudana）幼苗对 2,4-DNP 胁迫净化能力的可行性。主要研究结果如下(1）添加外源 SA 后，高浓度 SA（1000 mg-L-1）在一定程度上抑制了马尾松幼苗的光合过程和叶绿素荧光系统的正常生理过程。当添加低浓度 SA（10 mg-L-1）处理 S. matsudana 幼苗时，所有外源处理组均能缓解 2,4-DNP 对 S. matsudana 幼苗光合系统和叶绿素荧光系统的胁迫，其中以 10 mg-L-1 SA（DNP + S1）效果最好。(2）添加外源 SA 可通过增强其抗氧化酶的活性来清除体内过量的活性氧（ROS），降低膜脂过氧化水平和膜损伤程度，从而减轻 2,4-DNP 对松花菜幼苗的伤害。用 10 mg-L-1 SA 处理的效果最好。(3）外源低浓度SA（10 mg-L-1）可缓解2,4-DNP胁迫下松花菜幼苗生物量指数的下降，但高浓度SA（1000 mg-L-1）不能缓解2,4-DNP对松花菜幼苗叶片的毒性。外源 SA 能有效缓解 2,4-DNP 胁迫对松花菜幼苗的生长伤害，提高松花菜幼苗对 2,4-DNP 的耐受阈值范围（8.81-33.78 mg-L-1）。(4) 外源添加 SA 可提高沙柳幼苗对 2,4-DNP 的去除率。其中，SA 为 10 mg-L-1 时，Salix matsudana 的去除率最高，分别是 DNP 处理组的 1.46 倍（5 天）和 1.19 倍（10 天）。总的来说，当 SA 达到 10 mg-L-1 时，沙柳的光合生产力最高，沙柳对废水中 2,4-DNP 的净化效果最好。
{"title":"Exogenous Salicylic Acid Alleviates Physiological Stress in Salix matsudana Seedlings and Increases 2,4-Dinitrophenol Removal","authors":"Chen Wu, Liudong Zhang, Yikang Fu, Guilong Fu, Degang Fu, Hui Li, Shuai Su, Huicheng Xie, Hui Tian, Ruijiang Wang, Kun Li","doi":"10.3390/f15081392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081392","url":null,"abstract":"2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is a new kind of pollutant that is highly toxic and difficult to be biodegraded. In this study, the feasibility of using exogenous growth regulator salicylic acid (SA) to improve the purification ability of Salix matsudana (S. matsudana) seedlings to 2,4-DNP stress was investigated by a hydroponic simulation experiment. The main research results are as follows: (1) After adding exogenous SA, a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) inhibited the photosynthetic process and the normal physiological process of the chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings to a certain extent. When adding a low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) to treat S. matsudana seedlings, all exogenous treatment groups could alleviate the stress of 2,4-DNP on the photosynthetic system and chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings, and 10 mg·L−1 SA (DNP + S1) was the best. (2) The addition of exogenous SA could alleviate the damage of 2,4-DNP to S. matsudana seedlings by enhancing the activity of its antioxidant enzymes to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body and reducing the level of membrane lipid peroxidation and the size of membrane damage. The treatment with 10 mg·L−1 SA had the best effect. (3) Exogenous low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) could alleviate the decline of biomass index of S. matsudana seedlings under 2,4-DNP stress, but a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) could not alleviate the 2,4-DNP toxicity of S. matsudana seedlings leaves. Exogenous SA could effectively alleviate the growth damage caused by 2,4-DNP stress on S. matsudana seedlings and increase the tolerance threshold range of S. matsudana seedlings to 2,4-DNP (8.81–33.78 mg·L−1). (4) Exogenous addition of SA could increase the removal percentage of 2,4-DNP in Salix matsudana seedlings. Among them, the removal percentage of Salix matsudana was the highest at 10 mg·L−1 SA, which was 1.46 times (5 days) and 1.19 times (10 days) higher than that of the DNP treatment group, respectively. Overall, when SA reached 10 mg·L−1, the photosynthetic productivity of S. matsudana was the highest, and S. matsudana had the best purification effect on 2,4-DNP in wastewater.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zeidler, V. Borůvka, Karol Tomczak, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Cukor, S. Vacek, Arkadiusz Tomczak
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) represents one of the most important commercial coniferous tree species, providing valuable timber. Due to climate change, it is experiencing serious problems in some areas, therefore, finding a suitable substitute for its wood is currently a challenge. In this study, we compared the wood quality of three different non-native pine species and Scots pine growing at the same site to ensure identical growing conditions. Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), a pine species native to Southern Europe, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) native to North America were compared to Scots pine for selected quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (physical and mechanical) properties. Significant differences between pine species were found in all quantitative dendrometric parameters, except average diameter at breast height. The stand volume ranged from 157 m3 ha−1 for lodgepole pine to 356 m3 ha−1 for Scots pine. For qualitative characteristics, wood density, shrinkage, and compressive strength were used to find differences among species in choosing the best alternative. The highest wood density was obtained for Scots pine (458 kg m−3), followed by black pine with 441 kg m−3. The density of the remaining pine species was significantly lower. Scots pine also exceeded the tested species in compressive strength (44.2 MPa). Lodgepole pine achieved the second highest value (39.3 MPa) but was statistically similar to black pine (36.5 MPa). The tested pine species exhibited similar values in shrinkage, which were statistically insignificant, ranging from 14.3% for lodgepole pine to 15.1% for Scots pine. Based on applications and preferred characteristics, black pine or lodgepole pine could serve as the Scots pine substitute in some areas. And vice versa, ponderosa pine did not attain the Scots pine wood quality.
苏格兰松（Pinus sylvestris L.）是最重要的商业针叶树种之一，可提供珍贵的木材。由于气候变化，它在一些地区遇到了严重的问题，因此寻找合适的木材替代品是目前面临的一项挑战。在这项研究中，我们比较了在同一地点生长的三种不同的非本地松树品种和苏格兰松树的木材质量，以确保生长条件相同。我们将原产于南欧的黑松（Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold）、原产于北美的道格拉斯落羽松（Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon）和道格拉斯松（Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson）与苏格兰松木进行了比较，以确定其选定的定量（生产力）和定性（物理和机械）特性。除平均胸径外，松树物种之间的所有定量树高参数都存在显著差异。林分体积从落羽松的 157 立方米/公顷到苏格兰松的 356 立方米/公顷不等。在质量特性方面，利用木材密度、收缩率和抗压强度来发现不同树种在选择最佳替代品方面的差异。苏格兰松的木材密度最高（458 千克/立方米），其次是黑松，为 441 千克/立方米。其余松树品种的密度都明显较低。苏格兰松木的抗压强度（44.2 兆帕）也超过了其他测试树种。落羽松达到了第二高值（39.3 兆帕），但在统计上与黑松（36.5 兆帕）相近。接受测试的松树品种在收缩率方面表现出相似的值，但在统计上并不显著，从落羽松的 14.3% 到苏格兰松的 15.1%。根据应用和首选特性，黑松或落羽松在某些地区可以作为苏格兰松的替代品。反之亦然，松柏并不能达到苏格兰松的木材质量。
{"title":"The Potential of Non-Native Pines for Timber Production—A Case Study from Afforested Post-Mining Sites","authors":"A. Zeidler, V. Borůvka, Karol Tomczak, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Cukor, S. Vacek, Arkadiusz Tomczak","doi":"10.3390/f15081388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081388","url":null,"abstract":"Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) represents one of the most important commercial coniferous tree species, providing valuable timber. Due to climate change, it is experiencing serious problems in some areas, therefore, finding a suitable substitute for its wood is currently a challenge. In this study, we compared the wood quality of three different non-native pine species and Scots pine growing at the same site to ensure identical growing conditions. Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), a pine species native to Southern Europe, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) native to North America were compared to Scots pine for selected quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (physical and mechanical) properties. Significant differences between pine species were found in all quantitative dendrometric parameters, except average diameter at breast height. The stand volume ranged from 157 m3 ha−1 for lodgepole pine to 356 m3 ha−1 for Scots pine. For qualitative characteristics, wood density, shrinkage, and compressive strength were used to find differences among species in choosing the best alternative. The highest wood density was obtained for Scots pine (458 kg m−3), followed by black pine with 441 kg m−3. The density of the remaining pine species was significantly lower. Scots pine also exceeded the tested species in compressive strength (44.2 MPa). Lodgepole pine achieved the second highest value (39.3 MPa) but was statistically similar to black pine (36.5 MPa). The tested pine species exhibited similar values in shrinkage, which were statistically insignificant, ranging from 14.3% for lodgepole pine to 15.1% for Scots pine. Based on applications and preferred characteristics, black pine or lodgepole pine could serve as the Scots pine substitute in some areas. And vice versa, ponderosa pine did not attain the Scots pine wood quality.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jia Lei, Jingkang Lin, Zhiyuan Chen, Shuke Jia, Youying Zi, Z. Que
To rigorously analyze the effects of high-salt environments on dimension lumber and provide scientific and reliable data to facilitate the advancement of light-frame construction in such environments, this study subjected dimension lumber to salt solution treatment. The study investigated the trend of nail-holding power variations across the radial, tangential, and cross-sections of spruce–pine–fir (SPF) dimension lumber under varying salt concentrations and treatment durations. The experimental results exhibited a significant influence of salt on the nail-holding power across all sections of the SPF dimension lumber. As the concentration of salt solution increased, the holding power gradually decreased across all directions, exhibiting considerable differences across salinity gradients. Specifically, the radial and tangential sections exhibited a 15%–20% higher nail-holding power compared to the cross-section. An increase in the salt solution concentration above 3% corresponded to an approximate 1% decrement in nail-holding power per section for every 0.5% rise in concentration. Additionally, prolonged salt treatment initially resulted in an increase, followed by a subsequent decrease in nail-holding power, demonstrating a consistent pattern across all variations. Post hoc analyses confirmed that the differences between individual salt concentrations, including between 3.5%, 4%, and 4.5%, were statistically significant. These findings provide valuable data for understanding the degradation of timber connectors in high-salt environments, contributing to the development of more durable and resilient wood-frame buildings in such conditions.
{"title":"Influence of Salt Concentration and Treatment Cycles on Nail-Holding Power in Dimension Lumber","authors":"Jia Lei, Jingkang Lin, Zhiyuan Chen, Shuke Jia, Youying Zi, Z. Que","doi":"10.3390/f15081387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081387","url":null,"abstract":"To rigorously analyze the effects of high-salt environments on dimension lumber and provide scientific and reliable data to facilitate the advancement of light-frame construction in such environments, this study subjected dimension lumber to salt solution treatment. The study investigated the trend of nail-holding power variations across the radial, tangential, and cross-sections of spruce–pine–fir (SPF) dimension lumber under varying salt concentrations and treatment durations. The experimental results exhibited a significant influence of salt on the nail-holding power across all sections of the SPF dimension lumber. As the concentration of salt solution increased, the holding power gradually decreased across all directions, exhibiting considerable differences across salinity gradients. Specifically, the radial and tangential sections exhibited a 15%–20% higher nail-holding power compared to the cross-section. An increase in the salt solution concentration above 3% corresponded to an approximate 1% decrement in nail-holding power per section for every 0.5% rise in concentration. Additionally, prolonged salt treatment initially resulted in an increase, followed by a subsequent decrease in nail-holding power, demonstrating a consistent pattern across all variations. Post hoc analyses confirmed that the differences between individual salt concentrations, including between 3.5%, 4%, and 4.5%, were statistically significant. These findings provide valuable data for understanding the degradation of timber connectors in high-salt environments, contributing to the development of more durable and resilient wood-frame buildings in such conditions.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"53 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iqra Liyaqat, A. Balzano, F. Niccoli, J. P. Kabala, M. Merela, G. Battipaglia
Quercus ilex L., an evergreen oak species typical of the western and central Mediterranean basin, is facing decline and dieback episodes due to the increase in the severity and frequency of heat waves and drought events. Studying xylogenesis (the wood formation process) is crucial for understanding how trees respond with their secondary growth to environmental conditions and stress events. This study aimed to characterize the wood formation dynamics of Quercus ilex and their relationship with the meteorological conditions in an area experiencing prolonged drought periods. Cambial activity and xylem cell production were monitored during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons in a Q. ilex forest located at the Vesuvius National Park (southern Italy). The results highlighted the significant roles of temperature and solar radiation in stimulating xylogenesis. Indeed, the correlation tests revealed that temperature and solar radiation positively influenced growth and cell development, while precipitation had an inhibitory effect on secondary wall formation. The earlier cell maturation in 2020 compared to 2019 underscored the impact of global warming trends. Overall, the trees studied demonstrated good health, growth and adaptability to local environmental fluctuations. This research provides novel insights into the intra-annual growth dynamics of this key Mediterranean species and its adaptation strategies to climatic variability, which will be crucial for forest management in the context of climate change.
{"title":"Xylogenesis Responses to a Mediterranean Climate in Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.)","authors":"Iqra Liyaqat, A. Balzano, F. Niccoli, J. P. Kabala, M. Merela, G. Battipaglia","doi":"10.3390/f15081386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081386","url":null,"abstract":"Quercus ilex L., an evergreen oak species typical of the western and central Mediterranean basin, is facing decline and dieback episodes due to the increase in the severity and frequency of heat waves and drought events. Studying xylogenesis (the wood formation process) is crucial for understanding how trees respond with their secondary growth to environmental conditions and stress events. This study aimed to characterize the wood formation dynamics of Quercus ilex and their relationship with the meteorological conditions in an area experiencing prolonged drought periods. Cambial activity and xylem cell production were monitored during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons in a Q. ilex forest located at the Vesuvius National Park (southern Italy). The results highlighted the significant roles of temperature and solar radiation in stimulating xylogenesis. Indeed, the correlation tests revealed that temperature and solar radiation positively influenced growth and cell development, while precipitation had an inhibitory effect on secondary wall formation. The earlier cell maturation in 2020 compared to 2019 underscored the impact of global warming trends. Overall, the trees studied demonstrated good health, growth and adaptability to local environmental fluctuations. This research provides novel insights into the intra-annual growth dynamics of this key Mediterranean species and its adaptation strategies to climatic variability, which will be crucial for forest management in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Earthworm communities influence soil carbon and nitrogen circulation by altering the diversity and composition of microbial communities, which improves soil fertility. Studying the soil nutrient composition and bacterial communities change in response to earthworm community natural invasion may be key to exploring earthworm ecological functions and accurately assessing C and N mineralization in artificial forests and croplands. In this study, we examined the communities of five earthworm species in ecosystems characterized by six different land-use types, such as buttonwood forest, walnut forest, apple orchard, kiwi orchard, ryegrass land, and corn field. The Metaphire baojiensis (d) and Amynthas carnosus planus were dominant earthworm species. Among different land-use types, earthworm densities ranged from 2 to 27 ind·m−2 in summer and 15 to 40 ind·m−2 in spring. However, surface vermicompost weight in summer (296.7 to 766.0 g·m−2) was greater than in spring. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the vermicompost and earthworm numbers in the same season. Soil carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) of vermicompost ranged from 5.12 to 20.93 g·kg−1 and from 0.52 to 1.35 g·kg−1, respectively. Compared with soil, the contents of vermicompost C and N increased 2.0 to 4.3 times and 1.6 to 7.7 times, respectively. The average C/N of vermicompost (9.5~23.5) was higher than in the soil (7.3~19.8). Due to the higher abundances of C and N in the soil of corn fields and kiwi orchards, which cultivate higher abundances of earthworms and more vermicompost, the C and N and C/N of vermicompost is higher than in the soil. C and N were accumulated by earthworms’ excreting and feeding activity instead of vegetation in vermicompost. Earthworm community structure plays key roles in decreasing bacterial diversity and adding Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflex in vermicompost, resulting in enriching soil C and N content and increasing C/N in vermicompost. Therefore, the evaluation of different vegetation ecosystems in soil C and N pool accumulation and mineralization should be given more attention regarding the function of earthworm communities in the future.
蚯蚓群落通过改变微生物群落的多样性和组成来影响土壤碳和氮的循环，从而提高土壤肥力。研究土壤养分组成和细菌群落随蚯蚓群落自然入侵而发生的变化，可能是探索蚯蚓生态功能和准确评估人工林和耕地中碳和氮矿化的关键。本研究考察了扣木林、核桃林、苹果园、猕猴桃园、黑麦草地和玉米田等六种不同土地利用类型生态系统中五种蚯蚓的群落。其中，宝鸡蚯蚓（d）和黑麦草蚯蚓（Amynthas carnosus planus）是主要的蚯蚓物种。在不同的土地利用类型中，夏季蚯蚓密度为 2 至 27 ind-m-2，春季为 15 至 40 ind-m-2。然而，夏季的地表蚯蚓堆肥重量（296.7 至 766.0 g-m-2）大于春季。同一季节的蛭肥重量与蚯蚓数量呈正相关。蛭石堆肥的土壤碳（C）和全氮（N）含量分别为 5.12 至 20.93 g-kg-1 和 0.52 至 1.35 g-kg-1。与土壤相比，蛭石堆肥的碳和氮含量分别增加了 2.0 至 4.3 倍和 1.6 至 7.7 倍。蛭石堆肥的平均 C/N 值（9.5~23.5）高于土壤（7.3~19.8）。由于玉米田和猕猴桃园的土壤中 C 和 N 丰度较高，蚯蚓数量较多，蚯蚓堆肥也较多，因此蚯蚓堆肥的 C 和 N 以及 C/N 均高于土壤。蚯蚓堆肥中的 C 和 N 是通过蚯蚓的排泄和取食活动而不是植被积累的。蚯蚓群落结构在减少细菌多样性、增加蛭堆肥中的蛋白细菌、放线菌、酸性细菌、类杆菌和绿僵菌方面发挥了关键作用，从而丰富了土壤中的 C 和 N 含量，提高了蛭堆肥中的 C/N 含量。因此，今后应更多地关注不同植被生态系统在土壤碳、氮库积累和矿化过程中对蚯蚓群落功能的评价。
{"title":"The Characteristics and Influential Factors of Earthworm and Vermicompost under Different Land Use in a Temperate Area, China","authors":"Li Ma, Ming’an Shao, Yunqiang Wang, Tongchuan Li, Xuanxuan Jing, Kunyu Jia, Yangyang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/f15081389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081389","url":null,"abstract":"Earthworm communities influence soil carbon and nitrogen circulation by altering the diversity and composition of microbial communities, which improves soil fertility. Studying the soil nutrient composition and bacterial communities change in response to earthworm community natural invasion may be key to exploring earthworm ecological functions and accurately assessing C and N mineralization in artificial forests and croplands. In this study, we examined the communities of five earthworm species in ecosystems characterized by six different land-use types, such as buttonwood forest, walnut forest, apple orchard, kiwi orchard, ryegrass land, and corn field. The Metaphire baojiensis (d) and Amynthas carnosus planus were dominant earthworm species. Among different land-use types, earthworm densities ranged from 2 to 27 ind·m−2 in summer and 15 to 40 ind·m−2 in spring. However, surface vermicompost weight in summer (296.7 to 766.0 g·m−2) was greater than in spring. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the vermicompost and earthworm numbers in the same season. Soil carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) of vermicompost ranged from 5.12 to 20.93 g·kg−1 and from 0.52 to 1.35 g·kg−1, respectively. Compared with soil, the contents of vermicompost C and N increased 2.0 to 4.3 times and 1.6 to 7.7 times, respectively. The average C/N of vermicompost (9.5~23.5) was higher than in the soil (7.3~19.8). Due to the higher abundances of C and N in the soil of corn fields and kiwi orchards, which cultivate higher abundances of earthworms and more vermicompost, the C and N and C/N of vermicompost is higher than in the soil. C and N were accumulated by earthworms’ excreting and feeding activity instead of vegetation in vermicompost. Earthworm community structure plays key roles in decreasing bacterial diversity and adding Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflex in vermicompost, resulting in enriching soil C and N content and increasing C/N in vermicompost. Therefore, the evaluation of different vegetation ecosystems in soil C and N pool accumulation and mineralization should be given more attention regarding the function of earthworm communities in the future.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"24 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the potential limitations of using triclopyr acid (50% solution in water) and what quantity can cause damage to non-target trees (trees not aimed at for control via herbicide). Three naturally regenerated (previously clearcut) bottomland hardwood sites, ranging from 14–20 years of age, received partial overstory deadening using Trycera® herbicide. Residual “leave” trees experienced indirect herbicide uptake resulting in some trees either experiencing mortality or partial mortality with top dieback/epicormic branching. An increased probability of damage occurred as tree diameter decreased and the number of treated stems around the non-target stems increased. American sycamore, green ash, and sweetgum were most susceptible to flashback. This study examines the unanticipated chemical effect of deadening adjacent stems surrounding residual leave trees in poorly drained soils.
{"title":"Herbicide Uptake (Flashback) in Non-Target Hardwood Species within South Carolina Floodplains","authors":"Stephen E. Peairs, Nilesh Timilsina","doi":"10.3390/f15081307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081307","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the potential limitations of using triclopyr acid (50% solution in water) and what quantity can cause damage to non-target trees (trees not aimed at for control via herbicide). Three naturally regenerated (previously clearcut) bottomland hardwood sites, ranging from 14–20 years of age, received partial overstory deadening using Trycera® herbicide. Residual “leave” trees experienced indirect herbicide uptake resulting in some trees either experiencing mortality or partial mortality with top dieback/epicormic branching. An increased probability of damage occurred as tree diameter decreased and the number of treated stems around the non-target stems increased. American sycamore, green ash, and sweetgum were most susceptible to flashback. This study examines the unanticipated chemical effect of deadening adjacent stems surrounding residual leave trees in poorly drained soils.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhicheng Jia, Qifeng Duan, Yue Wang, Ke Wu, Hongzhe Jiang
Poplar (Populus L.) anthracnose is an infectious disease that seriously affects the growth and yields of poplar trees, and large-scale poplar infections have led to huge economic losses in the Chinese poplar industry. To efficiently and accurately detect poplar anthracnose for improved prevention and control, this study collected hyperspectral data from the leaves of four types of poplar trees, namely healthy trees and those with black spot disease, early-stage anthracnose, and late-stage anthracnose, and constructed a poplar anthracnose detection model based on machine learning and deep learning. We then comprehensively analyzed poplar anthracnose using advanced hyperspectral-based plant disease detection methodologies. Our research focused on establishing a detection model for poplar anthracnose based on small samples, employing the Design of Experiments (DoE)-based entropy weight method to obtain the best preprocessing combination to improve the detection model’s overall performance. We also analyzed the spectral characteristics of poplar anthracnose by comparing typical feature extraction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), and the successive projection algorithm (SPA)) with the vegetation index (VI) method (spectral disease indices (SDIs)) for data dimensionality reduction. The results showed notable improvements in the SDI-based model, which achieved 89.86% accuracy. However, this was inferior to the model based on typical feature extraction methods. Nevertheless, it achieved 100% accuracy for early-stage anthracnose and black spot disease in a controlled environment respectively. We conclude that the SDI-based model is suitable for low-cost detection tasks and is the best poplar anthracnose detection model. These findings contribute to the timely detection of poplar growth and will greatly facilitate the forestry sector’s development.
{"title":"Detection Model and Spectral Disease Indices for Poplar (Populus L.) Anthracnose Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance","authors":"Zhicheng Jia, Qifeng Duan, Yue Wang, Ke Wu, Hongzhe Jiang","doi":"10.3390/f15081309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081309","url":null,"abstract":"Poplar (Populus L.) anthracnose is an infectious disease that seriously affects the growth and yields of poplar trees, and large-scale poplar infections have led to huge economic losses in the Chinese poplar industry. To efficiently and accurately detect poplar anthracnose for improved prevention and control, this study collected hyperspectral data from the leaves of four types of poplar trees, namely healthy trees and those with black spot disease, early-stage anthracnose, and late-stage anthracnose, and constructed a poplar anthracnose detection model based on machine learning and deep learning. We then comprehensively analyzed poplar anthracnose using advanced hyperspectral-based plant disease detection methodologies. Our research focused on establishing a detection model for poplar anthracnose based on small samples, employing the Design of Experiments (DoE)-based entropy weight method to obtain the best preprocessing combination to improve the detection model’s overall performance. We also analyzed the spectral characteristics of poplar anthracnose by comparing typical feature extraction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), and the successive projection algorithm (SPA)) with the vegetation index (VI) method (spectral disease indices (SDIs)) for data dimensionality reduction. The results showed notable improvements in the SDI-based model, which achieved 89.86% accuracy. However, this was inferior to the model based on typical feature extraction methods. Nevertheless, it achieved 100% accuracy for early-stage anthracnose and black spot disease in a controlled environment respectively. We conclude that the SDI-based model is suitable for low-cost detection tasks and is the best poplar anthracnose detection model. These findings contribute to the timely detection of poplar growth and will greatly facilitate the forestry sector’s development.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"33 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xing Tang, Zheng Li, Wenfei Zhao, Kai Xiong, Xiyu Pan, Jianjun Li
Counting the number of trees and obtaining information on tree crowns have always played important roles in the efficient and high-precision monitoring of forest resources. However, determining how to obtain the above information at a low cost and with high accuracy has always been a topic of great concern. Using deep learning methods to segment individual tree crowns in mixed broadleaf forests is a cost-effective approach to forest resource assessment. Existing crown segmentation algorithms primarily focus on discrete trees, with limited research on mixed broadleaf forests. The lack of datasets has resulted in poor segmentation performance, and occlusions in broadleaf forest images hinder accurate segmentation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a supervised segmentation method, SegcaNet, which can efficiently extract tree crowns from UAV images under natural light conditions. A dataset for dense mixed broadleaf forest crown segmentation is produced, containing 18,000 single-tree crown images and 1200 mixed broadleaf forest images. SegcaNet achieves superior segmentation results by incorporating a convolutional attention mechanism and a memory module. The experimental results indicate that SegcaNet’s mIoU values surpass those of traditional algorithms. Compared with FCN, Deeplabv3, and MemoryNetV2, SegcaNet’s mIoU is increased by 4.8%, 4.33%, and 2.13%, respectively. Additionally, it reduces instances of incorrect segmentation and over-segmentation.
{"title":"A Mixed Broadleaf Forest Segmentation Algorithm Based on Memory and Convolution Attention Mechanisms","authors":"Xing Tang, Zheng Li, Wenfei Zhao, Kai Xiong, Xiyu Pan, Jianjun Li","doi":"10.3390/f15081310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081310","url":null,"abstract":"Counting the number of trees and obtaining information on tree crowns have always played important roles in the efficient and high-precision monitoring of forest resources. However, determining how to obtain the above information at a low cost and with high accuracy has always been a topic of great concern. Using deep learning methods to segment individual tree crowns in mixed broadleaf forests is a cost-effective approach to forest resource assessment. Existing crown segmentation algorithms primarily focus on discrete trees, with limited research on mixed broadleaf forests. The lack of datasets has resulted in poor segmentation performance, and occlusions in broadleaf forest images hinder accurate segmentation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a supervised segmentation method, SegcaNet, which can efficiently extract tree crowns from UAV images under natural light conditions. A dataset for dense mixed broadleaf forest crown segmentation is produced, containing 18,000 single-tree crown images and 1200 mixed broadleaf forest images. SegcaNet achieves superior segmentation results by incorporating a convolutional attention mechanism and a memory module. The experimental results indicate that SegcaNet’s mIoU values surpass those of traditional algorithms. Compared with FCN, Deeplabv3, and MemoryNetV2, SegcaNet’s mIoU is increased by 4.8%, 4.33%, and 2.13%, respectively. Additionally, it reduces instances of incorrect segmentation and over-segmentation.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"54 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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