The literature on freed Africans who returned from Brazil to West Africa in the nineteenth century has emphasized the centrality of Catholicism in Aguda identity, treating Islam as a marginal consideration despite its role in catalyzing the returnee movement. This article argues that Muslims formed an important component of the returnee population throughout the century. Taking as a case history the life of Saliu Salvador Ramos das Neves, a returnee who founded one of Lagos’s oldest mosques, the paper reconstructs his trajectory on both sides of the Atlantic. The analysis begins with the political context of his enslavement, moving on to his life in Bahia, Brazil, where he witnessed an important Muslim uprising, purchased his freedom, and formed a family with whom he emigrated to Lagos in 1857. In Lagos, he acquired land, expanded his family and household, and became an important leader among Muslim returnees. The article’s final section presents evidence that even after returning to Lagos, Saliu Salvador maintained commercial and affective ties to Brazil, as did many other Aguda Muslims. Some of those who engaged in trade were religious leaders, a fact that demonstrates Islam’s importance in the dynamics of the Black Atlantic.
{"title":"Saliu Salvador Ramos das Neves, a Nineteenth-Century Yoruba Muslim in the Black Atlantic","authors":"Lisa Earl Castillo, Kristin Mann","doi":"10.1017/hia.2024.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2024.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The literature on freed Africans who returned from Brazil to West Africa in the nineteenth century has emphasized the centrality of Catholicism in Aguda identity, treating Islam as a marginal consideration despite its role in catalyzing the returnee movement. This article argues that Muslims formed an important component of the returnee population throughout the century. Taking as a case history the life of Saliu Salvador Ramos das Neves, a returnee who founded one of Lagos’s oldest mosques, the paper reconstructs his trajectory on both sides of the Atlantic. The analysis begins with the political context of his enslavement, moving on to his life in Bahia, Brazil, where he witnessed an important Muslim uprising, purchased his freedom, and formed a family with whom he emigrated to Lagos in 1857. In Lagos, he acquired land, expanded his family and household, and became an important leader among Muslim returnees. The article’s final section presents evidence that even after returning to Lagos, Saliu Salvador maintained commercial and affective ties to Brazil, as did many other Aguda Muslims. Some of those who engaged in trade were religious leaders, a fact that demonstrates Islam’s importance in the dynamics of the Black Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the essays that évolués wrote and Félix Eboué presented to participants at the Brazzaville Conference in 1944 and specifically analyzes how this group of elite Africans understood and participated in debates on citizenship, empire, and rights and how they articulated their arguments about the future of French colonialism to the most important decision-makers in the francophone world. For these évolué writers, the continuation of French colonialism was a necessity with no immediate end in sight. Their arguments, which ranged from expanded citizenship rights for elites to the dangers of assimilation, captured the fraught social, political, economic, and intellectual landscapes of wartime French colonial Africa. As a result, their letters tell us a great deal about both not only their beliefs and desires for the future but also the nature of reform that Félix Eboué felt comfortable sharing at the Brazzaville Conference with other colonial administrators and stakeholders in 1944.
{"title":"“African Opinions” at the Brazzaville Conference: Evolué Politics, Representation, and the Future of French Colonialism in Africa","authors":"Danielle Porter Sanchez","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the essays that évolués wrote and Félix Eboué presented to participants at the Brazzaville Conference in 1944 and specifically analyzes how this group of elite Africans understood and participated in debates on citizenship, empire, and rights and how they articulated their arguments about the future of French colonialism to the most important decision-makers in the francophone world. For these évolué writers, the continuation of French colonialism was a necessity with no immediate end in sight. Their arguments, which ranged from expanded citizenship rights for elites to the dangers of assimilation, captured the fraught social, political, economic, and intellectual landscapes of wartime French colonial Africa. As a result, their letters tell us a great deal about both not only their beliefs and desires for the future but also the nature of reform that Félix Eboué felt comfortable sharing at the Brazzaville Conference with other colonial administrators and stakeholders in 1944.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139170821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides a narrative about archival research experience in Sierra Leone as the coronavirus outbreak spread globally in early 2020. Coincidentally, the research concerned the country’s history of epidemics since 1787, when Freetown, its first city, accommodated freed Blacks repatriated from Britain and the Americas. As Sierra Leone prepared for another disease outbreak after Ebola in 2014, leaving or staying in Freetown (after seven months into a ten-month Fulbright US Scholar term) had health and research outcomes at stake. Historicizing the pandemic while engaging personal/social memory in historical accounts, the article highlights containment measures adopted against epidemics/pandemics across time.
{"title":"Researching a History of Epidemics in Sierra Leone during the Coronavirus Pandemic","authors":"Tamba E. M’bayo","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.13","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a narrative about archival research experience in Sierra Leone as the coronavirus outbreak spread globally in early 2020. Coincidentally, the research concerned the country’s history of epidemics since 1787, when Freetown, its first city, accommodated freed Blacks repatriated from Britain and the Americas. As Sierra Leone prepared for another disease outbreak after Ebola in 2014, leaving or staying in Freetown (after seven months into a ten-month Fulbright US Scholar term) had health and research outcomes at stake. Historicizing the pandemic while engaging personal/social memory in historical accounts, the article highlights containment measures adopted against epidemics/pandemics across time.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"17 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is the second part of a detailed historical assessment of historical scholarship and training at the Department of History of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It assesses the contemporary situations of historical scholarship and training in the Department vis-à-vis the personalities, programs/courses, and prospects and challenges of the Department over the years. It provides brief profiles of the current academic staff of the Department, the undergraduate and graduate programs and courses, as well as legacies of the founding fathers of the Department. It is shown in the article that the Department of History at Ife has excelled in all areas of historical scholarship and training in the last sixty years of its existence in spite of its challenges. The article concludes that the Department of History at OAU, Ile-Ife, has good potential for greater achievements in historical scholarship and training in the future.
{"title":"Historical Scholarship and Training at Ife: Contemporary Progress, Historical Legacies, and Positive Future, 1962–2022","authors":"S. Amusa, A. Adesoji","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"This article is the second part of a detailed historical assessment of historical scholarship and training at the Department of History of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It assesses the contemporary situations of historical scholarship and training in the Department vis-à-vis the personalities, programs/courses, and prospects and challenges of the Department over the years. It provides brief profiles of the current academic staff of the Department, the undergraduate and graduate programs and courses, as well as legacies of the founding fathers of the Department. It is shown in the article that the Department of History at Ife has excelled in all areas of historical scholarship and training in the last sixty years of its existence in spite of its challenges. The article concludes that the Department of History at OAU, Ile-Ife, has good potential for greater achievements in historical scholarship and training in the future.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":" 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A newly discovered Spanish description of Kongo increases our knowledge of the country, joining Filippo Pigafetta’s famous account to expand our knowledge of Kongo in this early period. This research shows that the MS was written in 1587 or 1588 and was written by Carmelite Diego de la Encarnación. It adds details on the history of the country, daily life culture, and links to other Carmelite works, including an unpublished chapter of an account by Diego de Santissimo Santo and shows the author could have written a longer but well-known account in the Vatican Library. It includes extensive quotations from the new text.
新发现的关于金刚的西班牙描述增加了我们对这个国家的了解，与菲利波-皮加费塔（Filippo Pigafetta）的著名描述一起，扩大了我们对早期金刚的了解。这项研究表明，这本 MS 写于 1587 年或 1588 年，作者是加尔默罗会的迭戈-德拉-恩卡纳西翁（Diego de la Encarnación）。它补充了有关该国历史、日常生活文化的细节，并与其他加尔默罗派作品进行了链接，包括迭戈-德-圣-桑托（Diego de Santissimo Santo）的一篇未发表的记述章节，并表明作者可能在梵蒂冈图书馆写了一篇更长但众所周知的记述。书中引用了大量新文本的内容。
{"title":"The Florentine Relation: A Newly Discovered Sixteenth-Century Description of the Kingdom of Kongo","authors":"John K. Thornton","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.7","url":null,"abstract":"A newly discovered Spanish description of Kongo increases our knowledge of the country, joining Filippo Pigafetta’s famous account to expand our knowledge of Kongo in this early period. This research shows that the MS was written in 1587 or 1588 and was written by Carmelite Diego de la Encarnación. It adds details on the history of the country, daily life culture, and links to other Carmelite works, including an unpublished chapter of an account by Diego de Santissimo Santo and shows the author could have written a longer but well-known account in the Vatican Library. It includes extensive quotations from the new text.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"4 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers an overview of the recently rediscovered archives of the Conseils de Guerre—the military court—of colonial Congo (1885–1960). As a long-considered lost collection of court records encompassing seventy years of testimonies of colonial military crimes, these archives offer unparalleled insights on the complex relation between law, impunity, and armed violence in colonial Central Africa. The article first sheds light on the history of those records and on their ongoing digitization in the context of debates about the contested heritage of Belgian “displaced” colonial public archives. It then sketches out several promising avenues for academic research and public history projects that they could help document, notably on the controversial history of violence in the Belgian empire and on the multifaceted nature of African agency under colonial rule.
{"title":"Archives of Military Courts in Colonial Congo: New Sources for the History of Violence and Agency in Central Africa","authors":"Benoît Henriet, A. Lauro, Renaud Juste","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.9","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers an overview of the recently rediscovered archives of the Conseils de Guerre—the military court—of colonial Congo (1885–1960). As a long-considered lost collection of court records encompassing seventy years of testimonies of colonial military crimes, these archives offer unparalleled insights on the complex relation between law, impunity, and armed violence in colonial Central Africa. The article first sheds light on the history of those records and on their ongoing digitization in the context of debates about the contested heritage of Belgian “displaced” colonial public archives. It then sketches out several promising avenues for academic research and public history projects that they could help document, notably on the controversial history of violence in the Belgian empire and on the multifaceted nature of African agency under colonial rule.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139213396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’éviction d’Alioune Diop du Deuxième Festival Mondial des Arts Négro-Africains (FESTAC), qui constitue l’un des événements les plus importants ayant marqué ce festival, ne se comprend que si l’on en étend le contexte au-delà du Nigéria. Pour cela, il faut aussi élargir le champ d’investigation de la recherche archivistique. C’est dans cette mesure que se révèle l’importance des archives de l’UNESCO et de Présence Africaine, et qu’il apparaît que cette éviction est d’abord un événement indépendant qui a ses propres conséquences sur le plan historique.
{"title":"Le rôle des archives dans la compréhension de l’éviction d’Alioune Diop du Deuxième Festival Mondial des Arts Négro-Africains (FESTAC 77) et ses conséquences","authors":"Etienne Lock","doi":"10.1017/hia.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"L’éviction d’Alioune Diop du Deuxième Festival Mondial des Arts Négro-Africains (FESTAC), qui constitue l’un des événements les plus importants ayant marqué ce festival, ne se comprend que si l’on en étend le contexte au-delà du Nigéria. Pour cela, il faut aussi élargir le champ d’investigation de la recherche archivistique. C’est dans cette mesure que se révèle l’importance des archives de l’UNESCO et de Présence Africaine, et qu’il apparaît que cette éviction est d’abord un événement indépendant qui a ses propres conséquences sur le plan historique.","PeriodicalId":506626,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139222478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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