Clinical Anatomy最新文献

Throughout the nineteenth century, medical schools in both the Northern and Southern regions of the United States required a regular supply of bodies for medical study and experimentation. Physicians and medical students targeted the bodies of African Americans, both freedmen and the enslaved, to meet this demand. Simultaneously, the nation's booming newspaper market became a stage on which debates about the cruelty of slavery and the social consequences of pursuing medical knowledge played out in articles about the dissection of Black bodies. Such stories increased fears about dissection and mistrust towards the medical profession among African American communities, which manifested in riots against physicians, vandalism against medical schools, and corrective responses from African American newspaper editors and journalists. Through an extensive examination of nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers, this article identifies themes evident in the coverage of dissection during this period. Southern newspapers crafted stories of dissection that served the dual purpose of entertaining White readers and humiliating African Americans. This public humiliation fostered what became a popular genre of derogatory and vile humor that reinforced negative and inaccurate racialized stereotypes as well as racist science. Ultimately, such newspaper coverage provoked reactions within Black communities and among antislavery advocates that showcase how people often excluded from practicing medicine themselves viewed issues like medical education. Newspaper rhetoric around these themes amplified tensions between religious and scientific perspectives, reflected differences and similarities between the northern and southern areas of the United States, and fortified racist views in both cultural and scientific contexts.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is a complicated and mixed nerve including sensory, motor, parasympathetic, and visceral fibers. It mediates taste, salivation, and swallowing. The low cranial nerves, including IXth, Xth, and XIth, are closely related, sharing some nuclei in the brainstem. The glossopharyngeal nerve arises from the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract, solitary tract and nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, and inferior salivatory nucleus in the brainstem. There are communicating branches forming a neural anastomotic network between low cranial nerves. Comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve is crucial for performing surgical procedures without significant complications. This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve and illustrates some pictures involving the glossopharyngeal nerve and its connective and neurovascular structures.

The toenail unit, commonly called the nail, is one of the most frequently examined and treated structures in clinical podiatry. Ultrasound is a standard clinical technique because it is a noninvasive, painless, and rapid diagnostic tool. The main objective of this study was to obtain morphometric data of the healthy toenail unit by ultrasound for clinical application. The nails of 76 participants (152 hallux nails; 38 men, 38 women, average age 26.83 ± 12.20) were examined using a VINNO E35 ultrasound system and an X6-16L linear probe with a frequency of 18 MHz. Five ultrasound measures of the healthy toenail unit were obtained, of which only the distance from the center of the distal phalange to the nail plate varied with age, sex, weight, and foot (p-values ≤ 0.050). The other four parameters were less influenced by the variables analyzed, except sex, which influenced nearly all (p-values ≤ 0.050). In one of these variables, indications of significance were observed (p-values = 0.060), with greater distances in the men than in the women, except for nail plate curvature, which showed a higher value. The other variables studied did not influence the parameters analyzed. High-frequency ultrasound can be used to examine the healthy toenail unit and define anthropometric reference measurements that can be used for more accurate and comparative diagnosis.

Cervical enamel projections (CEPs) represent a unique developmental and anatomical anomaly wherein the enamel structure extends apically beyond the cemento-enamel junction of the tooth. In this scoping review, the existing literature on CEPs was evaluated to delineate their characteristics, prevalence, predilection for specific teeth and surfaces, clinical significance, and management approaches. Searches were conducted on MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Embase databases using the keywords “enamel projection(s)” or “ectopic enamel.” In total, 24 studies meeting inclusion criteria were included in the review. The prevalence of CEPs varied widely (8.3%–85.1%), predominantly manifesting as grade I or grade III. Mandibular first and second molars exhibited a higher incidence of CEPs, with a notable predilection for buccal surfaces. The consensus in most studies was that CEPs are associated with localized periodontal diseases. Recommendations inclined toward the removal of ectopic enamel during periodontal surgery to enhance periodontal attachment formation. However, decision-making should involve careful consideration of the benefits and drawbacks based on individual circumstances.

The medical historian, Poyntor (1958), in his analysis of the impact of Gray's Anatomy over its first 100 years since publication in 1858, posed the following question: “Has anatomy stood still while all else has been on the march? Or is it so little regarded that the same manual which instructed our great grandfathers will serve for our sons?” What a marvelous question to raise. Although Poyntor asked this question in regard to a single textbook of anatomy, it can be extrapolated to anatomy as a whole. In this regard, application of the clinical aspects of anatomy will certainly progress our discipline forwards and keep it from “standing still.” This issue of Clinical Anatomy provides our readers with articles that use endoscopy to better visualize the basal cisterns, preoperative imaging for discerning subscapular artery anatomy for use in pedicled free flaps, and MRI analysis for knee joint cartilage change in patients with osteoarthritis. Certainly, such clinical applications of anatomy will keep it on the move.

Frederick Noël Lawrence Poynter (1908–1979) (Figure 1) was a British medical historian, librarian, and director of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. His influence in the field of medical history is exemplified by the Poynter lecture, named in his honor. He was president of the Bristol Medico-Historical Society and the International Academy of the History of Medicine. Bynum (1980) said, “He possessed a remarkable mixture of scholarly, editorial, and administrative skills which are rarely combined in a single individual.”

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content, quality, and functionality of YouTube videos on the anatomy of skull bones and to measure their educational usefulness. In this cross-sectional study, the keywords “skull bones” and “skull anatomy” were searched in the YouTube search tab. Demographic data such as type, source, duration, upload date, and view rates of the videos were recorded. The quality and content of the videos were measured using the total content score (TCS), modified DISCERN scale, JAMA score, and Global Quality Scale (GQS). SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Twenty-five (34.7%) of the first 72 videos found by keyword searches were included in the study. According to the GQS criteria, six of them (24%) were considered useful and 19 (76%) not useful. There was a strong statistically significant correlation between the GQS and DISCERN scores (r = 0.813, p < 0.001). There were strong statistically significant positive correlations between TCS and GQS scores (r = 0.887, p < 0.001) and between TCS and modified DISCERN scores (r = 0.691, p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a moderately strong statistically significant positive correlation between GQS and JAMA scores (r = 0.507, p < 0.05). There were also moderately strong statistically significant correlations between JAMA score and DISCERN score (r = 0.521, p < 0.001), video length (r = 0.416, p < 0.05), number of comments (r = 0.457, p < 0.05), and number of “likes” (r = 0.608, p < 0.001). There was a moderately strong statistically significant positive correlation between TCS and JAMA scores (r = 0.431, p < 0.05). Most YouTube videos have insufficient information about skull bones to meet the expectations of medical and dental school curricula. Anatomists and institutions should be encouraged to prepare and present YouTube videos using assessment systems such as DISCERN, JAMA, GQS, and TCS, in line with current anatomy curricula.

Although Josias Weitbrecht described the retinacula of the hip joint in his 1742 Syndesmologia, the anatomist Cesare Amantini of Perugia specifically studied the medial retinacula he referred to as the pectineofoveal fold in a late 19th-century monograph. This particular synovial fold stretches from the lesser trochanter to the osteocartilaginous junction of the femoral head along a virtual line connecting the lesser trochanter and the fovea for the ligament of the head. Although mentioned by some anatomists and radiologists, and despite its possible involvement in specific hip joint pathologies (fractures, impingements), it is surprising that Amantini's pectineofoveal fold remains ignored by most anatomy and clinical anatomy books. This study aims to verify if Cesare Amantini effectively drew attention to this synovial fold for the first time and coined the term “pectineofoveal fold,” as well as determine whether most classical textbooks (i.e., published from 1890 to 2017) acknowledge the discovery and include it in the description of the hip joint. A possible evolutionary link between this synovial fold and the ambiens and pectineus muscles exists and should be discussed.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Sialography (Sialo-CBCT) is used to demonstrate salivary ductal structure. This study aimed to conduct a volumetric analysis of the anatomical morphology of Normal-Appearing Glands (NAGs) in parotid sialo-CBCT. Our retrospective study included 14 parotid sialo-CBCT scans interpreted as NAGs in 11 patients with salivary gland impairment. The main duct length and width, as well as number and width of secondary and tertiary ducts were manually evaluated. We found that the main parotid duct showed an average width of 1.39 mm, 1.15 mm, and 0.98 mm, for the proximal, middle and distal thirds, respectively. The arborization pattern showed approximately 20% more tertiary (average number 11.1 ± 2.7) than secondary ducts (average number 9.0 ± 2.4) and approximately 8% narrower tertiary ducts (average width 0.65 ± 0.11 mm) compared to the secondary ducts (average width 0.77 ± 0.14 mm). Our anatomical analysis of NAGs in parotid sialo-CBCT demonstrated progressive narrowing of the main duct and increasing arborization and decreasing lumen size starting from the primary to the tertiary ducts. This is the most updated study regarding the anatomy of the parotid glands as demonstrated in sialo-CBCT. Our results may provide clinicians with the basic information for understanding aberration from normal morphology, as seen in salivary gland pathologies as well facilitate planning of treatment strategies, such as minimally invasive sialo-endoscopies, commonly practiced today.

Almost 20% of the Latin nouns (193/993) in Terminologia Histologica (TH), the international standard nomenclature for human histology and cytology, display linguistic problems, particularly in the areas of orthography, gender, and declension. Some anatomists have opposed efforts to restore the quality of the Latin nomenclature as pedantry, preferring to create or modify Latin words so that they resemble words in English and other modern languages. A Latin microanatomical nomenclature is vulnerable to the criticism of anachronism, so the requirement for the use of authentic Latin, including derivation of new words from Greek and Latin words rather than from modern languages, if possible, may be even greater than it is for the anatomical nomenclature. The most common problem identified here appears to have been caused by derivation of Latin nouns by addition of -us and -um second declension endings to English words. Many Latin nouns (128) in TH contain one of six morphemes that have been treated this way even though the original Greek words are either first declension masculine or third declension neuter nouns. Ironically, deriving Latin nouns directly from Greek morphemes often results in words that look more familiar to speakers of Romance and Germanic languages than those derived indirectly through modern languages (e.g., astrocyte, collagene, dendrita, lipochroma, osteoclasta and telomere instead of astrocytus, collagenum, dendritum, lipochromum, osteoclastus, and telomerus).

An intricate meshwork of trabeculations lines the luminal side of cardiac ventricles. Compaction, a developmental process, is thought to reduce trabeculations by adding them to the neighboring compact wall which is then enlarged. When pig, a plausible cardiac donor for xenotransplantation, is compared to human, the ventricular walls appear to have fewer trabeculations. We hypothesized the trabecular volume is proportionally smaller in pig than in human. Macroscopically, we observed in 16 pig hearts that the ventricular walls harbor few but large trabeculations. Close inspection revealed a high number of tiny trabeculations, a few hundred, within the recesses of the large trabeculations. While tiny, these were still larger than embryonic trabeculations and even when considering their number, the total tally of trabeculations in pig was much fewer than in human. Volumetrics based on high-resolution MRI of additional six pig hearts compared to six human hearts, revealed the left ventricles were not significantly differently trabeculated (21.5 versus 22.8%, respectively), and the porcine right ventricles were only slightly less trabeculated (42.1 vs 49.3%, respectively). We then analyzed volumetrically 10 pig embryonic hearts from gestational day 14–35. The trabecular and compact layer always grew, as did the intertrabecular recesses, in contrast to what compaction predicts. The proportions of the trabecular and compact layers changed substantially, nonetheless, due to differences in their growth rate rather than compaction. In conclusion, processes that affect the trabecular morphology do not necessarily affect the proportion of trabecular-to-compact myocardium and they are then distinct from compaction.