A. Tertulliani, I. Cecić, R. Meurers, I. Sović, D. Kaiser, G. Grünthal, J. Pazdírková, C. Sira, B. Guterch, R. Kysel, T. Camelbeeck, T. Lecocq, G. Szanyi
The aim of this paper is to propose the creation, in terms of European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), of the entire macroseismic fi eld of the 6 May 1976 Friuli earthquake. Only forty odd years have passed, and nothwithstanding that there is a huge quantity of existing data, it was still disturbing to fi nd that much of the original data are missing and probably lost forever. Efforts have, therefore, been made to fi nd additional and still unknown primary data. For the majority of the collected national data sets, a reevaluation was, then, possible. This study presents the comprehensive macroseismic data set for 14 European countries. It is, to our knowledge, one of the largest European data sets, consisting of 3423 intensity data points. The earthquake was felt from Rome to the Baltic Sea, and from Belgium to Warsaw. The maximum intensity 10 EMS-98 was reached in eight localities in Friuli (Italy). Compared to previous studies, the Imax values have changed from country to country, in some cases being lowered due to methodological differences, but in the case of three among the most hit countries, Imax is now higher than in the previous studies, mainly due to the new data.
{"title":"The 6 May 1976 Friuli earthquake: re-evaluating and consolidating transnational macroseismic data","authors":"A. Tertulliani, I. Cecić, R. Meurers, I. Sović, D. Kaiser, G. Grünthal, J. Pazdírková, C. Sira, B. Guterch, R. Kysel, T. Camelbeeck, T. Lecocq, G. Szanyi","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0234","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to propose the creation, in terms of European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), of the entire macroseismic fi eld of the 6 May 1976 Friuli earthquake. Only forty odd years have passed, and nothwithstanding that there is a huge quantity of existing data, it was still disturbing to fi nd that much of the original data are missing and probably lost forever. Efforts have, therefore, been made to fi nd additional and still unknown primary data. For the majority of the collected national data sets, a reevaluation was, then, possible. This study presents the comprehensive macroseismic data set for 14 European countries. It is, to our knowledge, one of the largest European data sets, consisting of 3423 intensity data points. The earthquake was felt from Rome to the Baltic Sea, and from Belgium to Warsaw. The maximum intensity 10 EMS-98 was reached in eight localities in Friuli (Italy). Compared to previous studies, the Imax values have changed from country to country, in some cases being lowered due to methodological differences, but in the case of three among the most hit countries, Imax is now higher than in the previous studies, mainly due to the new data.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Santulin, A. Tamaro, A. Rebez, D. Slejko, F. Sani, L. Martelli, M. Bonini, G. Corti, M. Poli, A. Zanferrari, A. Marchesini, M. Busetti, M. Cin, D. Spallarossa, S. Barani, D. Scafidi, G. Barreca, C. Monaco
seismogenic zonation as a branch of the Logic-tree for the new itaLian seismic hazard map mps16: a preLiminary outLine A. Rebez1, M. Santulin5,1, A. Tamaro1,6, D. Slejko1, F. Sani2, L. Martelli3, M. Bonini4, G. Corti4, M.E. Poli7, A. Zanferrari7, A. Marchesini7, M. Busetti1, M. Dal Cin1,10, D. Spallarossa8, S. Barani8, D. Scafidi8, G. Barreca9, C. Monaco9 1 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy 3 Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 4 Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Firenze, Italy 5 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Italy 6 Dip. Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy 7 Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy 8 DISTAV, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy 9 Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy 10 Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
为新的意大利地震危险地图mps16:a preLiminary Rebez1, M . Santulin5,1协议,a . D . Slejko1, Tamaro1,6 F . Sani2 L Martelli3, M . Bonini4, G . M . E . Poli7, Corti4 Zanferrari7, a .从Cin1,10 Marchesini7, M . Busetti1, M . S . D . Spallarossa8 Barani8, D . G . Barreca9, Scafidi8 C .实验Monaco9 1国家海洋和地球物理研究所,的里雅斯特,意大利2地球科学系,universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy,地震地质调查局3和博洛尼亚、埃米利亚地区的土壤,意大利地球科学和乔治斯马研究所，佛罗伦萨，意大利理工大学工程和建筑,universita degli Studi di乌迪内,意大利7食品科学系、环境和动物universita degli Studi di乌迪内,意大利8 DISTAV universita degli Studi di Genova,意大利9生物科学系、地质和环境、universita degli Studi di卡塔尼亚、意大利10数学和地球科学、universita degli Studi di系意大利里雅斯特,
{"title":"Seismogenic zonation as a branch of the logic tree for the new Italian seismic hazard map - MPS16: a preliminary outline","authors":"M. Santulin, A. Tamaro, A. Rebez, D. Slejko, F. Sani, L. Martelli, M. Bonini, G. Corti, M. Poli, A. Zanferrari, A. Marchesini, M. Busetti, M. Cin, D. Spallarossa, S. Barani, D. Scafidi, G. Barreca, C. Monaco","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0216","url":null,"abstract":"seismogenic zonation as a branch of the Logic-tree for the new itaLian seismic hazard map mps16: a preLiminary outLine A. Rebez1, M. Santulin5,1, A. Tamaro1,6, D. Slejko1, F. Sani2, L. Martelli3, M. Bonini4, G. Corti4, M.E. Poli7, A. Zanferrari7, A. Marchesini7, M. Busetti1, M. Dal Cin1,10, D. Spallarossa8, S. Barani8, D. Scafidi8, G. Barreca9, C. Monaco9 1 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy 3 Servizio Geologico, Sismico e dei Suoli, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 4 Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Firenze, Italy 5 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Italy 6 Dip. Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy 7 Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy 8 DISTAV, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy 9 Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy 10 Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45912520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater is an important source of fresh water and, consequently, its quality should be properly monitored. Different contaminants can be identified with different types of equipment and/or measurement procedures. Fuel oil contamination forms a “floating” layer over the water table, which has different electrical properties, therefore electromagnetic techniques can be used to image such contaminants. This paper presents a scale-laboratory test where a 2.0 GHz ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to assess a controlled-fuel oil injection in a shallow sand tank setup. The test examined several scenarios involving different levels of water saturation and fuel oil contamination. The increase of water content produces a reduction of EM wave propagation velocity, moving some fixed/reference targets to higher reflection times. We use simplified relations to obtain approximated dielectric permittivity values, where the inverted results are consistent with those available in the literature for similar scenarios. Rather than suggesting a true quantitative procedure, these observations could be exploited in a qualitative long-term monitoring strategy in common field situations where a contaminant enters a soil matrix and moves through its pore spaces. Finally, the integration of GPR measurements with other monitoring techniques could increase the reliability of the interpretation and the sensitivity to the contaminant concentration.
{"title":"Controlled laboratory test for the investigation of LNAPL contamination using a 2.0 GHz ground penetrating radar","authors":"A. H. Mansi, M. P. Castillo, G. Bernasconi","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0197","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater is an important source of fresh water and, consequently, its quality should be properly monitored. Different contaminants can be identified with different types of equipment and/or measurement procedures. Fuel oil contamination forms a “floating” layer over the water table, which has different electrical properties, therefore electromagnetic techniques can be used to image such contaminants. This paper presents a scale-laboratory test where a 2.0 GHz ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used to assess a controlled-fuel oil injection in a shallow sand tank setup. The test examined several scenarios involving different levels of water saturation and fuel oil contamination. The increase of water content produces a reduction of EM wave propagation velocity, moving some fixed/reference targets to higher reflection times. We use simplified relations to obtain approximated dielectric permittivity values, where the inverted results are consistent with those available in the literature for similar scenarios. Rather than suggesting a true quantitative procedure, these observations could be exploited in a qualitative long-term monitoring strategy in common field situations where a contaminant enters a soil matrix and moves through its pore spaces. Finally, the integration of GPR measurements with other monitoring techniques could increase the reliability of the interpretation and the sensitivity to the contaminant concentration.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70797962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mehdiabad complex deposit is located 116 km SE of Yazd, in the structural zone of central Iran. At this deposit, important decisions are often based on the grades of multiple elements (zinc, lead, and silver). In this context, it is therefore essential to devise a method that addresses the change of support from the data support to the target smu block, the multivariate nature of the ore control selection criteria and the uncertainty in the actual (unknown) block grades. The solution presented in this study is to employ block-support sequential co-simulation to construct multiple realizations or outcomes of the grade distribution within the deposit that reproduce the natural variability at all spatial scales. The set of realizations allow assessing both grade and tonnage uncertainties and can be used to evaluate the uncertainty on key aspects of the project and transferring uncertainty of the resource/reserve estimates into risk in downstream studies.
{"title":"Forecasting the grade-tonnage curves and their uncertainty at the Mehdiabad deposit-Yazd, central Iran","authors":"S. Hosseini, O. Asghari, X. Emery, M. Maleki","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0206","url":null,"abstract":"The Mehdiabad complex deposit is located 116 km SE of Yazd, in the structural zone of central Iran. At this deposit, important decisions are often based on the grades of multiple elements (zinc, lead, and silver). In this context, it is therefore essential to devise a method that addresses the change of support from the data support to the target smu block, the multivariate nature of the ore control selection criteria and the uncertainty in the actual (unknown) block grades. The solution presented in this study is to employ block-support sequential co-simulation to construct multiple realizations or outcomes of the grade distribution within the deposit that reproduce the natural variability at all spatial scales. The set of realizations allow assessing both grade and tonnage uncertainties and can be used to evaluate the uncertainty on key aspects of the project and transferring uncertainty of the resource/reserve estimates into risk in downstream studies.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The St. John Lateran Basilica is the Pope’s Cathedral and the first public building constructed for Christian worship. The complex has been the focus of sundry excavations since the 1730s. These have revealed traces of the earliest phases of the building, along with parts of the Castra Nova of the Imperial Horseguard, a bath complex and palatial housing. Interpretation of these excavations is, however, difficult; and most of them are either undocumented or only partially recorded. The geophysical prospection is generally considered as the attempt to locate structures of archaeological interest buried in the natural subsoil, but in many cases, when applied in urban centres, this attempt could fail due to the effect and disturbances caused by recent man-made structures in the subsoil, covering any signal related to possible archaeological structures. In the present paper the ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys carried out in the urban archaeological site of St. John Lateran Basilica, in Rome, characterised by different targets and environmental conditions, are presented and discussed. This site is characterized by artificial medium as road pavement, outside the basilica, and ancient buildings, below the current basilica. The paper illustrates the ground penetrating radar GPR surveys and the obtained results.
{"title":"GPR Investigation to map the sub-soil of the St. John Lateran Basilica (Rome, Italy)","authors":"S. Piro, I. Haynes, P. Liverani, D. Zamuner","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0200","url":null,"abstract":"The St. John Lateran Basilica is the Pope’s Cathedral and the first public building constructed for Christian worship. The complex has been the focus of sundry excavations since the 1730s. These have revealed traces of the earliest phases of the building, along with parts of the Castra Nova of the Imperial Horseguard, a bath complex and palatial housing. Interpretation of these excavations is, however, difficult; and most of them are either undocumented or only partially recorded. The geophysical prospection is generally considered as the attempt to locate structures of archaeological interest buried in the natural subsoil, but in many cases, when applied in urban centres, this attempt could fail due to the effect and disturbances caused by recent man-made structures in the subsoil, covering any signal related to possible archaeological structures. In the present paper the ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys carried out in the urban archaeological site of St. John Lateran Basilica, in Rome, characterised by different targets and environmental conditions, are presented and discussed. This site is characterized by artificial medium as road pavement, outside the basilica, and ancient buildings, below the current basilica. The paper illustrates the ground penetrating radar GPR surveys and the obtained results.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We cast the genetic algorithm-full waveform inversion (GA-FWI) in a probabilistic framework that through a multi-step procedure, allows us to estimate the posterior probability distribution (PPD) in model space. Since GA is not a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, it is necessary to refine the PPD estimated by GA (GA PPD) via a resampling of the model space with a Gibbs sampler (GS), thus obtaining the GA+GS PPDs. We apply this procedure to two acoustic 2D models, an inclusion model and the Marmousi model, and we find a good agreement between the derived PPDs and the varying resolution due to changes in the seismic illumination. Finally, we randomly extract several models from the so derived PPDs to start many local full-waveform inversions (LFWIs), which produce final high-resolution models. This set of models is then used to numerically estimate the final uncertainty (GA+GS+LFWI PPD). The multimodal and wide PPDs derived from the GA optimization, become unimodal and narrower after LFWI and, in the well illuminated parts of the subsurface, the final GA+GS+LFWI PPDs contain the true model parameters. This confirms the ability of the GA optimization in finding a velocity model suitable as input to LFWI.
{"title":"Genetic algorithm full-waveform inversion: uncertainty estimation and validation of the results","authors":"A. Sajeva, M. Aleardi, A. Mazzotti","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0199","url":null,"abstract":"We cast the genetic algorithm-full waveform inversion (GA-FWI) in a probabilistic framework that through a multi-step procedure, allows us to estimate the posterior probability distribution (PPD) in model space. Since GA is not a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, it is necessary to refine the PPD estimated by GA (GA PPD) via a resampling of the model space with a Gibbs sampler (GS), thus obtaining the GA+GS PPDs. We apply this procedure to two acoustic 2D models, an inclusion model and the Marmousi model, and we find a good agreement between the derived PPDs and the varying resolution due to changes in the seismic illumination. Finally, we randomly extract several models from the so derived PPDs to start many local full-waveform inversions (LFWIs), which produce final high-resolution models. This set of models is then used to numerically estimate the final uncertainty (GA+GS+LFWI PPD). The multimodal and wide PPDs derived from the GA optimization, become unimodal and narrower after LFWI and, in the well illuminated parts of the subsurface, the final GA+GS+LFWI PPDs contain the true model parameters. This confirms the ability of the GA optimization in finding a velocity model suitable as input to LFWI.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safeguard of built heritage often involves seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. When strength and ductility of columns must be enhanced, an effective technique is given by the use of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in forms of wraps glued to the columns, which are able to improve performance thanks to confinement action. In this paper, an optimisation-based procedure for the design of FRP retrofitting of existing RC frames is described. The design aims at finding the most competitive solution in terms of cost and performance, while satisfying the damage levels imposed by Performance-Based Design for serviceability and ultimate seismic hazard levels. The resulting multi-objective optimisation problem, in which the design variables are represented by the thickness of FRP wraps, is then solved by means of Genetic Algorithms. The application to a realistic case study shows how the analysis of the resulting Pareto Front, i.e., the set of non-dominated solutions, clearly describes the threshold between cost and performance. Furthermore, interesting considerations about the sensitivity of the best solutions to the design variables can be made, improving the assessment of the optimisation results.
{"title":"Performance-based design of FRP retrofitting of existing RC frames by means of multi-objective optimisation","authors":"C. Chisari, Chiara Bedon","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0202","url":null,"abstract":"Safeguard of built heritage often involves seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. When strength and ductility of columns must be enhanced, an effective technique is given by the use of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in forms of wraps glued to the columns, which are able to improve performance thanks to confinement action. In this paper, an optimisation-based procedure for the design of FRP retrofitting of existing RC frames is described. The design aims at finding the most competitive solution in terms of cost and performance, while satisfying the damage levels imposed by Performance-Based Design for serviceability and ultimate seismic hazard levels. The resulting multi-objective optimisation problem, in which the design variables are represented by the thickness of FRP wraps, is then solved by means of Genetic Algorithms. The application to a realistic case study shows how the analysis of the resulting Pareto Front, i.e., the set of non-dominated solutions, clearly describes the threshold between cost and performance. Furthermore, interesting considerations about the sensitivity of the best solutions to the design variables can be made, improving the assessment of the optimisation results.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Luzio, R. Martorana, P. Capizzi, A. D’Alessandro
A geophysical study by means of electrical resistivity and induced polarization tomographies was carried out in the landfill site of Bellolampo (Palermo, Italy) to check the integrity of the landfill liner and to detect possible leachate plumes. Preliminarily, synthetic tests were performed, simulating acquisition data along profiles placed above resistivity distribution, suitable to represent landfills protected with an high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner at the bottom or with possible leachate plumes. Optimized array data sets for parallel measurements have been tested in order to assess the resolution and the effectiveness of tomographic images, comparing inversions with and without the constraint of the HDPE liner position. Based on the obtained results, three electrical tomographies have been planned and carried out directly over the landfill and nearby. The results provided useful information for identifying the electrical properties of the rock, waste, and leachate; for identifying snags and disruption of the tank bottom liner; and for pointing out possible polluting leachate nearby and below the landfill.
{"title":"Electrical resistivity and induced polarization tomographies to test the efficiency and safety of the new landfill of Bellolampo (Palermo, Italy)","authors":"D. Luzio, R. Martorana, P. Capizzi, A. D’Alessandro","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0184","url":null,"abstract":"A geophysical study by means of electrical resistivity and induced polarization tomographies was carried out in the landfill site of Bellolampo (Palermo, Italy) to check the integrity of the landfill liner and to detect possible leachate plumes. Preliminarily, synthetic tests were performed, simulating acquisition data along profiles placed above resistivity distribution, suitable to represent landfills protected with an high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner at the bottom or with possible leachate plumes. Optimized array data sets for parallel measurements have been tested in order to assess the resolution and the effectiveness of tomographic images, comparing inversions with and without the constraint of the HDPE liner position. Based on the obtained results, three electrical tomographies have been planned and carried out directly over the landfill and nearby. The results provided useful information for identifying the electrical properties of the rock, waste, and leachate; for identifying snags and disruption of the tank bottom liner; and for pointing out possible polluting leachate nearby and below the landfill.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Data management in the marine sciences faces the complex issue of addressing contrasting cognitive models across scientific domains, meaning the various representations that different communities build for overlapping areas of interest. Each of these communities constructs an identity on a specific and personal set of inherited backgrounds, practices, and tacit knowledge, which are mirrored in how they understand the targets of their studies. From a practical point of view, this can result in mis-linking observations and usage. This paper reports on the work done within the EU FP7 SeaDataNet project to tackle such problems through an integrated discovery and data access paradigm. It is based on a flexible metadata model that allows researchers to link domain-specific metadata profiles encoded using SensorML OGC standard, the general discovery framework based on an ISO 19115/19139 profile called CDI, and the data through a common hub based on the Observations and Measurements OGC standard.
{"title":"A metadata model for cross-domain marine data management, the SeaDataNet/Geo-Seas experience","authors":"P. Diviacco, R. Casas, J. Sorribas, T. Loubrieu","doi":"10.4430/bgta0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0163","url":null,"abstract":"Data management in the marine sciences faces the complex issue of addressing contrasting cognitive models across scientific domains, meaning the various representations that different communities build for overlapping areas of interest. Each of these communities constructs an identity on a specific and personal set of inherited backgrounds, practices, and tacit knowledge, which are mirrored in how they understand the targets of their studies. From a practical point of view, this can result in mis-linking observations and usage. This paper reports on the work done within the EU FP7 SeaDataNet project to tackle such problems through an integrated discovery and data access paradigm. It is based on a flexible metadata model that allows researchers to link domain-specific metadata profiles encoded using SensorML OGC standard, the general discovery framework based on an ISO 19115/19139 profile called CDI, and the data through a common hub based on the Observations and Measurements OGC standard.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large number of salt bodies contain layers of anhydrite material which is generally referred to as “stringers”. The movement and deformation of embedded anhydrite bodies are processes which are not yet fully understood. It is observed that stringers tend to sink towards the bottom of salt bodies at velocities highly dependent on the mechanical properties of both salt and anhydrites, with given density contrast between salt and denser anhydrites. The rheological differences between salt and the embedded anhydrites are a major issue, contributing to the complexity of the problem. On a geological timescale, the salt behaves as a Newtonian or a power-law fluid. The anhydrite stringers present elastic or brittle properties under certain conditions. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) has been employed in this study by using the FEM package ABAQUS (SIMULIA, Dassault Systems) in order to numerically simulate the sinking of an anhydrite stringer embedded in the salt. Furthermore, numerical modelling of isolated anhydrite stringers in salt at rest is compared with observations of stringers in seismic data. FEM simulation of the anhydrite stringer sinking and the gravitational sinking of anhydrite blocks embedded in the salt will be studied and demonstrated with two different methods of rheology, respectively. The study results indicate that sinking velocity is closely related to several factors, including the viscosity, the thickness of the stringer, as well as the density contrast between stringer and salt for a given viscosity. The results also prove that anhydrite stringer fragments do not sink significantly over the geological timescale if the halite is deformed by non-Newtonian viscosity. But, when Newtonian viscosity is dominant, the fragments are likely to sink hundreds of metres through the Zechstein salt during a few Ma. In conclusion, the modelling of the sinking of anhydrite or anhydrite inclusions provides an important scope for understanding the movement and deformation of embedded stringers.
{"title":"Numerical modelling of gravitational sinking of anhydrite stringers in salt (at rest)","authors":"Shiyuan Li, J. Urai","doi":"10.4430/BGTA0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4430/BGTA0178","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of salt bodies contain layers of anhydrite material which is generally referred to as “stringers”. The movement and deformation of embedded anhydrite bodies are processes which are not yet fully understood. It is observed that stringers tend to sink towards the bottom of salt bodies at velocities highly dependent on the mechanical properties of both salt and anhydrites, with given density contrast between salt and denser anhydrites. The rheological differences between salt and the embedded anhydrites are a major issue, contributing to the complexity of the problem. On a geological timescale, the salt behaves as a Newtonian or a power-law fluid. The anhydrite stringers present elastic or brittle properties under certain conditions. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) has been employed in this study by using the FEM package ABAQUS (SIMULIA, Dassault Systems) in order to numerically simulate the sinking of an anhydrite stringer embedded in the salt. Furthermore, numerical modelling of isolated anhydrite stringers in salt at rest is compared with observations of stringers in seismic data. FEM simulation of the anhydrite stringer sinking and the gravitational sinking of anhydrite blocks embedded in the salt will be studied and demonstrated with two different methods of rheology, respectively. The study results indicate that sinking velocity is closely related to several factors, including the viscosity, the thickness of the stringer, as well as the density contrast between stringer and salt for a given viscosity. The results also prove that anhydrite stringer fragments do not sink significantly over the geological timescale if the halite is deformed by non-Newtonian viscosity. But, when Newtonian viscosity is dominant, the fragments are likely to sink hundreds of metres through the Zechstein salt during a few Ma. In conclusion, the modelling of the sinking of anhydrite or anhydrite inclusions provides an important scope for understanding the movement and deformation of embedded stringers.","PeriodicalId":50728,"journal":{"name":"Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70798327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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