Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0112.1
Deniss J. Martinez, Alison M. Meadow, Beth Rose Middleton Manning, Julie Maldonado
Climate and weather-related disasters in California illustrate the need for immediate climate change action - both mitigation to reduce impacts and adaptation to protect our communities, relatives, and the ecosystems we depend upon. Indigenous frontline communities face even greater threats from climate impacts due to historical and political legacies of environmental injustice. Climate change adaptation actions have proven challenging to implement as communities struggle to access necessary climate data at appropriate scales, identify effective strategies that address community priorities, and obtain resources to act, at a whole-community level. In this paper, we present three examples of Indigenous communities in California that have used a climate justice approach to climate change adaptation. These communities are drawing upon community knowledge and expertise to address the challenges of adaptation planning, and taking actions that center community priorities. The three cases address emergency preparation and response, cultural burning and fire management, and community organizing and social cohesion. Across these spheres, they illustrate the ways in which a community-based and climate justice-focused approach to adaptation can be effective in addressing current threats, while also addressing the legacy of imposed, socially constructed vulnerability and environmental injustices. Because we recognize the need for multiple knowledges and skills in adaptation actions, we include recommendations that have emerged based on what’s been learned through these long-standing and engaged participatory research collaborations for climate scientists who wish to contribute to climate justice-focused adaptation efforts by using scientific data to support – not supplant – community efforts, target funding toward genuine community engagement and adaptation actions, and become aware of the historical and political legacies that created the climate vulnerabilities and injustices evident today.
{"title":"Climate Justice and Climate Adaptation in California: Indigenous Community Climate Adaptation Leadership and Opportunities for Scientific Collaboration","authors":"Deniss J. Martinez, Alison M. Meadow, Beth Rose Middleton Manning, Julie Maldonado","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0112.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0112.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Climate and weather-related disasters in California illustrate the need for immediate climate change action - both mitigation to reduce impacts and adaptation to protect our communities, relatives, and the ecosystems we depend upon. Indigenous frontline communities face even greater threats from climate impacts due to historical and political legacies of environmental injustice. Climate change adaptation actions have proven challenging to implement as communities struggle to access necessary climate data at appropriate scales, identify effective strategies that address community priorities, and obtain resources to act, at a whole-community level. In this paper, we present three examples of Indigenous communities in California that have used a climate justice approach to climate change adaptation. These communities are drawing upon community knowledge and expertise to address the challenges of adaptation planning, and taking actions that center community priorities. The three cases address emergency preparation and response, cultural burning and fire management, and community organizing and social cohesion. Across these spheres, they illustrate the ways in which a community-based and climate justice-focused approach to adaptation can be effective in addressing current threats, while also addressing the legacy of imposed, socially constructed vulnerability and environmental injustices. Because we recognize the need for multiple knowledges and skills in adaptation actions, we include recommendations that have emerged based on what’s been learned through these long-standing and engaged participatory research collaborations for climate scientists who wish to contribute to climate justice-focused adaptation efforts by using scientific data to support – not supplant – community efforts, target funding toward genuine community engagement and adaptation actions, and become aware of the historical and political legacies that created the climate vulnerabilities and injustices evident today.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140697557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0080.1
T. Púčik, David Rýva, Miloslav Staněk, Miroslav Šinger, Pieter Groenemeijer, Georg Pistotnik, Rainer Kaltenberger, Miloš Zich, Jan Koláček, A. Holzer
A violent tornado occurred in Czechia on 24 June 2021, killing 6 and causing at least 576 injuries. There were more indirect than direct injuries. The tornado was rated IF4 using a draft version of the International Fujita scale. This was the first violent tornado in Czechia and one of only 17 violent, i.e. (I)F4 or higher, tornadoes that occurred in Europe since 1950. The tornado reached the width of 3.5 km, the widest on record in Europe. The case presents an important opportunity to investigate the impacts of such strong tornado in the area, where they are rare, no tornado warnings are issued and where the building standards are different from the typically investigated tornadoes in the United States. We discuss challenges in organizing the damage survey, which took 3 days and involved meteorologists from 3 countries. A wind damage survey guide to aid mitigating these was written by the European Severe Storms Laboratory and initiated the development of a wind damage surveying app. The damage survey showed that most of the inhabited buildings built using heavy masonry and rigid ceilings did not collapse in IF2/3 winds, but only with IF4 winds. Eyewitness reports collected after the tornado show that many people were not aware of the risk associated with the tornado. Eventually, most people tried to shelter in the most secure part of the house, but it was often too late. This case highlights the need for a better communication of tornado risk to the public in Europe.
{"title":"The violent tornado on 24 June 2021 in Czechia: damage survey, societal impacts and lessons learned.","authors":"T. Púčik, David Rýva, Miloslav Staněk, Miroslav Šinger, Pieter Groenemeijer, Georg Pistotnik, Rainer Kaltenberger, Miloš Zich, Jan Koláček, A. Holzer","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0080.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0080.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A violent tornado occurred in Czechia on 24 June 2021, killing 6 and causing at least 576 injuries. There were more indirect than direct injuries. The tornado was rated IF4 using a draft version of the International Fujita scale. This was the first violent tornado in Czechia and one of only 17 violent, i.e. (I)F4 or higher, tornadoes that occurred in Europe since 1950. The tornado reached the width of 3.5 km, the widest on record in Europe. The case presents an important opportunity to investigate the impacts of such strong tornado in the area, where they are rare, no tornado warnings are issued and where the building standards are different from the typically investigated tornadoes in the United States.\u0000We discuss challenges in organizing the damage survey, which took 3 days and involved meteorologists from 3 countries. A wind damage survey guide to aid mitigating these was written by the European Severe Storms Laboratory and initiated the development of a wind damage surveying app.\u0000The damage survey showed that most of the inhabited buildings built using heavy masonry and rigid ceilings did not collapse in IF2/3 winds, but only with IF4 winds. Eyewitness reports collected after the tornado show that many people were not aware of the risk associated with the tornado. Eventually, most people tried to shelter in the most secure part of the house, but it was often too late. This case highlights the need for a better communication of tornado risk to the public in Europe.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140719129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0114.1
Julia Olson, Patricia Pinto da Silva
The use of oral histories in social scientific approaches to climate change has enabled richly detailed explorations of the situated, meaning-laden dimensions of local experiences and knowledge. But “big data” approaches have been increasingly advocated as a means to scale up understandings from individual projects, through better utilizing large collections of qualitative data sources. This article considers the issues raised by such secondary analysis, using the NOAA Voices Oral History Archives, an online database with a focus on coastal communities and groups thought especially vulnerable to climatic changes. Coupling largerscale methods such as text-mining with more traditional methods such as close reading reveals variations across time and space in the ways people talk about environmental changes, underscoring how memories and experiences shape understandings and the subtlety with which these differences are articulated and culturally inscribed. Looking across multiple collections illuminates those shared understandings, points of contention, and differences between communities that might be obscured if decontextualized, showing the importance of “small data” approaches to “big data” to fully understand the deeply cultural understandings, perceptions, and histories of environmental changes such as climate change.
在气候变化社会科学方法中使用口述历史，可以对当地经验和知识的情景化、意义化层面进行丰富而详细的探索。但是，"大数据 "方法已被越来越多地倡导为通过更好地利用大量定性数据源来扩大对单个项目的理解的一种手段。本文利用诺阿之声口述历史档案（NOAA Voices Oral History Archives）这一在线数据库，探讨了此类二次分析所引发的问题，该数据库重点关注被认为特别容易受到气候变化影响的沿海社区和群体。将文本挖掘等更大规模的方法与细读等更传统的方法相结合，揭示了人们谈论环境变化的方式在时间和空间上的差异，强调了记忆和经历是如何形成理解的，以及这些差异在表述和文化铭刻上的微妙之处。通过观察多个文献集，可以发现社区之间的共同理解、争论点和差异，如果脱离上下文，这些理解、争论点和差异可能会被掩盖，这表明了 "小数据 "方法对 "大数据 "的重要性，以充分了解对气候变化等环境变化的深层文化理解、认识和历史。
{"title":"Meaning Across Context: Oral Histories, Big Data, and Climate Change","authors":"Julia Olson, Patricia Pinto da Silva","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0114.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0114.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The use of oral histories in social scientific approaches to climate change has enabled richly detailed explorations of the situated, meaning-laden dimensions of local experiences and knowledge. But “big data” approaches have been increasingly advocated as a means to scale up understandings from individual projects, through better utilizing large collections of qualitative data sources. This article considers the issues raised by such secondary analysis, using the NOAA Voices Oral History Archives, an online database with a focus on coastal communities and groups thought especially vulnerable to climatic changes. Coupling largerscale methods such as text-mining with more traditional methods such as close reading reveals variations across time and space in the ways people talk about environmental changes, underscoring how memories and experiences shape understandings and the subtlety with which these differences are articulated and culturally inscribed. Looking across multiple collections illuminates those shared understandings, points of contention, and differences between communities that might be obscured if decontextualized, showing the importance of “small data” approaches to “big data” to fully understand the deeply cultural understandings, perceptions, and histories of environmental changes such as climate change.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0105.1
Victoria J. Heinrich, Emma J. Stewart, D. Liggett, Jorge F. Carrasco, Jackie Dawson, J. Jeuring, Machiel Lamers, G. Ljubicic, Rick Thoman
The Polar Regions are facing a wide range of compounding challenges, from climate change to increased human activity. Infrastructure, rescue services and disaster-response capabilities are limited in these remote environments. Relevant and usable weather, water, ice and climate (WWIC) information is vital for safety, activity success, adaptation and environmental protection. This has been a key focus for the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Polar Prediction Project (PPP), and in particular its ‘Societal and Economic Research and Applications’ (PPP-SERA) Task Team, which together over a decade have sought to understand polar WWIC information use in relation to operational needs, constraints and decision contexts to inform the development of relevant services. To understand research progress and gaps on WWIC information use during the PPP (2013–2023), we undertook a systematic bibliometric review of aligned scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles (n=43), examining collaborations, topics, methods and regional differences. Themes to emerge included activity and context, human factors, information needs, situational awareness, experience, local and Indigenous knowledge, and sharing of information. We observed an uneven representation of disciplinary backgrounds, geographic locations, research topics and sectoral foci. Our review signifies an overall lack of Antarctic WWIC services research and a dominant focus on Arctic sea-ice operations and risks. We noted with concern a mismatch between user needs and services provided. Our findings can help to improve WWIC services’ dissemination, communication effectiveness and actionable knowledge provision for users, and guide future research as the critical need for salient weather services across the Polar Regions remains beyond the PPP.
{"title":"The use of weather, water, ice, and climate (WWIC) information in the Polar Regions: What is known after the decade-long Polar Prediction Project?","authors":"Victoria J. Heinrich, Emma J. Stewart, D. Liggett, Jorge F. Carrasco, Jackie Dawson, J. Jeuring, Machiel Lamers, G. Ljubicic, Rick Thoman","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0105.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0105.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Polar Regions are facing a wide range of compounding challenges, from climate change to increased human activity. Infrastructure, rescue services and disaster-response capabilities are limited in these remote environments. Relevant and usable weather, water, ice and climate (WWIC) information is vital for safety, activity success, adaptation and environmental protection. This has been a key focus for the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Polar Prediction Project (PPP), and in particular its ‘Societal and Economic Research and Applications’ (PPP-SERA) Task Team, which together over a decade have sought to understand polar WWIC information use in relation to operational needs, constraints and decision contexts to inform the development of relevant services.\u0000To understand research progress and gaps on WWIC information use during the PPP (2013–2023), we undertook a systematic bibliometric review of aligned scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles (n=43), examining collaborations, topics, methods and regional differences. Themes to emerge included activity and context, human factors, information needs, situational awareness, experience, local and Indigenous knowledge, and sharing of information. We observed an uneven representation of disciplinary backgrounds, geographic locations, research topics and sectoral foci. Our review signifies an overall lack of Antarctic WWIC services research and a dominant focus on Arctic sea-ice operations and risks. We noted with concern a mismatch between user needs and services provided. Our findings can help to improve WWIC services’ dissemination, communication effectiveness and actionable knowledge provision for users, and guide future research as the critical need for salient weather services across the Polar Regions remains beyond the PPP.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140383129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0129.1
Jangho Lee
This study utilizes hourly Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) to analyze the seasonal and diurnal characteristics of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) across 120 of the largest U.S. cities and its surroundings. Distinct patterns emerge in the classification of seasonal daytime and nighttime SUHII. Specifically, vegetation index (EVI) and albedo (ALB) play pivotal roles in influencing these temperature variations. The diurnal cycle of SUHII further reveals different trends, suggesting that climate conditions, urban and non-urban land covers, and anthropogenic activities during nighttime hours affect SUHII peaks. Exploring intracity LST dynamics, the study reveals a significant correlation between urban intensity (UI) and LST, with LST rising as UI increases. Notably, populations identified as more vulnerable by the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) are found in high UI regions. This results in a discernible LST inequality, where the more vulnerable communities are under higher LST conditions, possibly leading to higher heat exposure. This comprehensive study accentuates the significance of tailoring city-specific climate change mitigation strategies, illuminating LST variations and their intertwined societal implications.
{"title":"Assessment of U.S. Urban Surface Temperature using GOES-16 and 17 Data: Urban Heat Island and Temperature Inequality","authors":"Jangho Lee","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0129.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0129.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study utilizes hourly Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) to analyze the seasonal and diurnal characteristics of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) across 120 of the largest U.S. cities and its surroundings. Distinct patterns emerge in the classification of seasonal daytime and nighttime SUHII. Specifically, vegetation index (EVI) and albedo (ALB) play pivotal roles in influencing these temperature variations. The diurnal cycle of SUHII further reveals different trends, suggesting that climate conditions, urban and non-urban land covers, and anthropogenic activities during nighttime hours affect SUHII peaks. Exploring intracity LST dynamics, the study reveals a significant correlation between urban intensity (UI) and LST, with LST rising as UI increases. Notably, populations identified as more vulnerable by the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) are found in high UI regions. This results in a discernible LST inequality, where the more vulnerable communities are under higher LST conditions, possibly leading to higher heat exposure. This comprehensive study accentuates the significance of tailoring city-specific climate change mitigation strategies, illuminating LST variations and their intertwined societal implications.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0066.1
Kelsey Emard, Olivia Cameron, W. Wieder, Danica L Lombardozzi, R. Morss, N. Sobhani
This paper analyzes findings from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 31 farmers in the Willamette Valley in which farmers were asked about their needs for climate data and about the usability of a range of outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) for their soil management practices. Findings indicate that climate and soils data generated from CESM and other Earth system models (ESMs), despite their coarse spatial scale resolutions, can inform farmers' long-term decisions, but that the data would be more usable if the outputs were provided in a format that allowed farmers to choose the variables and thresholds relevant to their particular needs and if ESMs incorporated farmer practices including residue removal, cover cropping, and tillage levels into the model operations so that farmers could better understand the impacts of their decisions. Findings also suggest that although there is a significant gap in the spatial resolution at which these global ESMs generate data and the spatial resolution needed by farmers to make most decisions, farmers are adept at making scalar adjustments to apply coarse resolution data to the specifics of their own farm's microclimate. Thus, our findings suggest that, to support agricultural decision-making, development priorities for ESMs should include developing better representations of agricultural management practices within the models and creating interactive data dashboards or platforms.
{"title":"Integrating farmers’ perspectives into Earth system model development: Interviews with end users in the Willamette Valley, Oregon to guide actionable science","authors":"Kelsey Emard, Olivia Cameron, W. Wieder, Danica L Lombardozzi, R. Morss, N. Sobhani","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0066.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0066.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyzes findings from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 31 farmers in the Willamette Valley in which farmers were asked about their needs for climate data and about the usability of a range of outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) for their soil management practices. Findings indicate that climate and soils data generated from CESM and other Earth system models (ESMs), despite their coarse spatial scale resolutions, can inform farmers' long-term decisions, but that the data would be more usable if the outputs were provided in a format that allowed farmers to choose the variables and thresholds relevant to their particular needs and if ESMs incorporated farmer practices including residue removal, cover cropping, and tillage levels into the model operations so that farmers could better understand the impacts of their decisions. Findings also suggest that although there is a significant gap in the spatial resolution at which these global ESMs generate data and the spatial resolution needed by farmers to make most decisions, farmers are adept at making scalar adjustments to apply coarse resolution data to the specifics of their own farm's microclimate. Thus, our findings suggest that, to support agricultural decision-making, development priorities for ESMs should include developing better representations of agricultural management practices within the models and creating interactive data dashboards or platforms.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140232140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0007.1
Maité Morales-Medina, Ana P. Ortíz-Martínez, Cynthia M. Pérez-Cardona, Digna Rueda-Roa, Daniel Otis, Edgar Pérez-Matías, F. Muller‐Karger, O. Mayol-Bracero, P. Méndez-Lázaro
An extreme Saharan dust storm (named Godzilla) arrived to the Caribbean region in June 2020, deteriorating the air quality to hazardous levels and unhealthy conditions for sensitive groups of people. Our main objective was to characterize populations at risk for Saharan Dust by analyzing distribution and levels of dust events in Puerto Rico, and by conducting an online survey to assess community perceptions on Saharan Dust health effects. Three daily satellite aerosols products from 2013 to 2020 were retrieved from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite over Puerto Rico to better understand the patterns, frequency, and seasonality of aerosols. The atmospheric results indicated that extreme values (>99th) of big size aerosols (e.g. Sahara dust) were observed over Puerto Rico on June 22, 2020. A total of 1,504 qualified people participated in the survey during the summer of 2020, and it was analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and chi-square tests. 51% of the survey participants were on the age group of 25-44 years old, and 65% of the participants had at least one pre-existing health condition (respiratory diseases 27%; cardiovascular diseases 28%). Nearly 90% of the participants indicated that Saharan dust affected the health status of both the respondents and their family members. Irritation of eyes (22%), nose (24%), and throat (23%), as well as breathing difficulties (10%) were the most common symptoms reported. Understanding patients’ health profiles associated with Saharan dust is essential before developing public health strategies to minimize exacerbation of health conditions in Puerto Rico.
{"title":"Who is Affected by Saharan Dust in the Caribbean: A spatial analysis and citizen’s perspective from Puerto Rico during Godzilla Dust Event in June 2020","authors":"Maité Morales-Medina, Ana P. Ortíz-Martínez, Cynthia M. Pérez-Cardona, Digna Rueda-Roa, Daniel Otis, Edgar Pérez-Matías, F. Muller‐Karger, O. Mayol-Bracero, P. Méndez-Lázaro","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0007.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0007.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000An extreme Saharan dust storm (named Godzilla) arrived to the Caribbean region in June 2020, deteriorating the air quality to hazardous levels and unhealthy conditions for sensitive groups of people. Our main objective was to characterize populations at risk for Saharan Dust by analyzing distribution and levels of dust events in Puerto Rico, and by conducting an online survey to assess community perceptions on Saharan Dust health effects. Three daily satellite aerosols products from 2013 to 2020 were retrieved from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite over Puerto Rico to better understand the patterns, frequency, and seasonality of aerosols. The atmospheric results indicated that extreme values (>99th) of big size aerosols (e.g. Sahara dust) were observed over Puerto Rico on June 22, 2020. A total of 1,504 qualified people participated in the survey during the summer of 2020, and it was analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and chi-square tests. 51% of the survey participants were on the age group of 25-44 years old, and 65% of the participants had at least one pre-existing health condition (respiratory diseases 27%; cardiovascular diseases 28%). Nearly 90% of the participants indicated that Saharan dust affected the health status of both the respondents and their family members. Irritation of eyes (22%), nose (24%), and throat (23%), as well as breathing difficulties (10%) were the most common symptoms reported. Understanding patients’ health profiles associated with Saharan dust is essential before developing public health strategies to minimize exacerbation of health conditions in Puerto Rico.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0001.1
Zeying Huang, Jungmin Lim, Mark Skidmore
Extreme heat events stress the body and can result in fatalities, especially for those with underlying health problems. Air pollution is another threat to health and is an important confounder of extreme heat risks. However, previous empirical studies that have addressed the joint health impacts of air pollution and heat rarely considered the endogeneity and spillover effects of air pollution. To fill this research gap, this article investigates the interconnected impacts of extreme heat and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. We correct the endogeneity of PM2.5 by applying the control function approach and explore transboundary externalities of all-source PM2.5 and wildfire-caused PM2.5. We use a county-year balanced panel dataset covering 2,992 United States counties from 2001 through 2011. Results show that extreme heat and air pollution exacerbate each other and jointly increase mortality. Specifically, a one standard deviation (SD) increase in the heat index results in 0.60% (95% confidence interval: 0.26% - 0.97%), 2.14% (1.34% - 2.94%), and 0.86% (0.41% - 1.34%) more all-cause fatalities, fatalities from respiratory system diseases, fatalities from circulatory system diseases, respectively. A one SD increase in PM2.5 results in 5.75% (3.61% - 7.90%), 6.99% (3.01% - 11.15%), and 2.93% (0.66% - 5.28%) additional fatalities, respectively. Failure to consider the endogeneity of PM2.5 leads to a substantial underestimation of PM2.5 risk. In addition, our instrumental variable strategy offers evidence of spillover effects from PM2.5 and wildfires.
{"title":"The Impacts of Heat and Air Pollution on Mortality in the United States","authors":"Zeying Huang, Jungmin Lim, Mark Skidmore","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0001.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0001.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Extreme heat events stress the body and can result in fatalities, especially for those with underlying health problems. Air pollution is another threat to health and is an important confounder of extreme heat risks. However, previous empirical studies that have addressed the joint health impacts of air pollution and heat rarely considered the endogeneity and spillover effects of air pollution. To fill this research gap, this article investigates the interconnected impacts of extreme heat and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. We correct the endogeneity of PM2.5 by applying the control function approach and explore transboundary externalities of all-source PM2.5 and wildfire-caused PM2.5. We use a county-year balanced panel dataset covering 2,992 United States counties from 2001 through 2011. Results show that extreme heat and air pollution exacerbate each other and jointly increase mortality. Specifically, a one standard deviation (SD) increase in the heat index results in 0.60% (95% confidence interval: 0.26% - 0.97%), 2.14% (1.34% - 2.94%), and 0.86% (0.41% - 1.34%) more all-cause fatalities, fatalities from respiratory system diseases, fatalities from circulatory system diseases, respectively. A one SD increase in PM2.5 results in 5.75% (3.61% - 7.90%), 6.99% (3.01% - 11.15%), and 2.93% (0.66% - 5.28%) additional fatalities, respectively. Failure to consider the endogeneity of PM2.5 leads to a substantial underestimation of PM2.5 risk. In addition, our instrumental variable strategy offers evidence of spillover effects from PM2.5 and wildfires.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0115.1
J. A. Añel, Celia Pérez-Souto, S. Bayo-Besteiro, Luis Prieto-Godino, Hannah Bloomfield, Alberto Troccoli, Laura de la Torre
In 2021, the energy sector was put at risk by extreme weather in many different ways: North America and Spain suffered heavy winter storms that led to the collapse of the electricity network; California specifically experienced heavy droughts and heatwave conditions, causing the operations of hydropower stations to halt; floods caused substantial damage to energy infrastructure in central Europe, Australia and China throughout the year, and unusual wind drought conditions decreased wind power production in the United Kingdom by almost 40% during summer. The total economic impacts of these extreme weather events are estimated at billions of USD. Here we review and assess in some detail the main extreme weather events that impacted the energy sector in 2021 worldwide, discussing some of the most relevant case studies and the meteorological conditions that led to them. We provide a perspective on their impacts on electricity generation, transmission and consumption, and summarize estimations of economic losses.
{"title":"Extreme weather events and the energy sector in 2021","authors":"J. A. Añel, Celia Pérez-Souto, S. Bayo-Besteiro, Luis Prieto-Godino, Hannah Bloomfield, Alberto Troccoli, Laura de la Torre","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0115.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0115.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2021, the energy sector was put at risk by extreme weather in many different ways: North America and Spain suffered heavy winter storms that led to the collapse of the electricity network; California specifically experienced heavy droughts and heatwave conditions, causing the operations of hydropower stations to halt; floods caused substantial damage to energy infrastructure in central Europe, Australia and China throughout the year, and unusual wind drought conditions decreased wind power production in the United Kingdom by almost 40% during summer. The total economic impacts of these extreme weather events are estimated at billions of USD. Here we review and assess in some detail the main extreme weather events that impacted the energy sector in 2021 worldwide, discussing some of the most relevant case studies and the meteorological conditions that led to them. We provide a perspective on their impacts on electricity generation, transmission and consumption, and summarize estimations of economic losses.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-23-0076.1
J. Jeuring, E. Samuelsen, Machiel Lamers, Malte Müller, Bjorn Age Hjollo, Laurent Bertino
Previous research indicates that forecast uncertainty can, in certain formats and decision contexts, provide actionable insights that help users in their decision making. However, how to best disseminate forecast uncertainty, which factors affect successful uptake, and how forecast uncertainty transforms into better decision making remains an ongoing topic for discussion in both academic and operational contexts. Interpreting and using visualizations of forecast uncertainty are not straightforward, and choosing how to represent uncertainty in forecast products should be dependent on the specific audience in mind. We present findings from an interactive stakeholder workshop which aimed to advance context-based insights on the usability of graphical representations of forecast uncertainty in the field of maritime operations. The workshop involved participants from various maritime sectors, including cruise tourism, fisheries, government, private forecast service providers, and research/academia. Geographically situated in Norway, the workshop employed sea spray icing as a use-case for various decision scenario exercises, using both fixed probability and fixed threshold formats, supplemented with temporal ensemble diagrams. Accumulated operational expertise and characteristics of the forecast information itself, such as color coding and different forms of forecast uncertainty visualizations, were found to affect perceptions of decision-making quality. Findings can inform co-design processes of translating ensemble forecasts into usable and useful public and commercial forecast information services. The collaborative nature of the workshop facilitated knowledge sharing and co-production between forecast providers and users. Overall, the study highlights the importance of incorporating methodological approaches that consider the complex and dynamic operational contexts of ensemble-based forecast provision, communication, and use.
{"title":"Map-based ensemble forecasts for maritime operations: An interactive usability assessment with decision scenarios","authors":"J. Jeuring, E. Samuelsen, Machiel Lamers, Malte Müller, Bjorn Age Hjollo, Laurent Bertino","doi":"10.1175/wcas-d-23-0076.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-23-0076.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Previous research indicates that forecast uncertainty can, in certain formats and decision contexts, provide actionable insights that help users in their decision making. However, how to best disseminate forecast uncertainty, which factors affect successful uptake, and how forecast uncertainty transforms into better decision making remains an ongoing topic for discussion in both academic and operational contexts. Interpreting and using visualizations of forecast uncertainty are not straightforward, and choosing how to represent uncertainty in forecast products should be dependent on the specific audience in mind. We present findings from an interactive stakeholder workshop which aimed to advance context-based insights on the usability of graphical representations of forecast uncertainty in the field of maritime operations. The workshop involved participants from various maritime sectors, including cruise tourism, fisheries, government, private forecast service providers, and research/academia. Geographically situated in Norway, the workshop employed sea spray icing as a use-case for various decision scenario exercises, using both fixed probability and fixed threshold formats, supplemented with temporal ensemble diagrams. Accumulated operational expertise and characteristics of the forecast information itself, such as color coding and different forms of forecast uncertainty visualizations, were found to affect perceptions of decision-making quality. Findings can inform co-design processes of translating ensemble forecasts into usable and useful public and commercial forecast information services. The collaborative nature of the workshop facilitated knowledge sharing and co-production between forecast providers and users. Overall, the study highlights the importance of incorporating methodological approaches that consider the complex and dynamic operational contexts of ensemble-based forecast provision, communication, and use.","PeriodicalId":507492,"journal":{"name":"Weather, Climate, and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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