ABSTRACT To address the challenges of poor chemical stability and safety hazards in aluminum‐lithium (Al‐Li) alloys with high Li content for metal fuel applications, this study pioneers a ternary Al‐Li‐Mg system, synergistically optimizing structure and oxidation/combustion. The spherical Al‐Li‐Mg alloy powders (3 wt.% Li, 10 and 20 wt.% Mg) were prepared via high‐speed centrifugal atomization. Composition and structural characterization revealed a hierarchical structure: an α‐Al matrix with interconnected channels enriched in Al3Mg2 and Al2LiMg intermetallics. Compared to Al‐Li alloys, the ternary alloying significantly lowered the initial oxidation temperature by 125.2°C in thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis and enabled staged heat release. Combustion in perchlorate composites showed shortened ignition delays, and AlLi3Mg20/KP achieved a 3.22 mm/s burning rate with intensified gas‐phase reactivity and smaller residues. Mg enables dual‐stage melting‐oxidation, disrupting the passivation layer for complete core combustion while suppressing Al agglomeration. These synergistic effects concurrently shorten ignition delays and elevate combustion efficiency. This work establishes a theoretical and technological framework for advancing the compositional design and performance optimization of high‐energy metal fuels.
{"title":"Structural Modifying Effect of Magnesium on Enhancing Oxidation and Combustion Performance of Aluminum‐Lithium Alloys","authors":"Le Wei, Wanjun Zhao, Yanli Zhu, Lijun Bao, Zhigang Liu, Ziting Wei, Rui Bai, Dazhi Liu, Qingjie Jiao","doi":"10.1002/prep.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.70093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To address the challenges of poor chemical stability and safety hazards in aluminum‐lithium (Al‐Li) alloys with high Li content for metal fuel applications, this study pioneers a ternary Al‐Li‐Mg system, synergistically optimizing structure and oxidation/combustion. The spherical Al‐Li‐Mg alloy powders (3 wt.% Li, 10 and 20 wt.% Mg) were prepared via high‐speed centrifugal atomization. Composition and structural characterization revealed a hierarchical structure: an α‐Al matrix with interconnected channels enriched in Al3Mg2 and Al2LiMg intermetallics. Compared to Al‐Li alloys, the ternary alloying significantly lowered the initial oxidation temperature by 125.2°C in thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis and enabled staged heat release. Combustion in perchlorate composites showed shortened ignition delays, and AlLi3Mg20/KP achieved a 3.22 mm/s burning rate with intensified gas‐phase reactivity and smaller residues. Mg enables dual‐stage melting‐oxidation, disrupting the passivation layer for complete core combustion while suppressing Al agglomeration. These synergistic effects concurrently shorten ignition delays and elevate combustion efficiency. This work establishes a theoretical and technological framework for advancing the compositional design and performance optimization of high‐energy metal fuels.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"51 2","pages":"307-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPEs) play important roles in the study of energetic adhesives. However, the contradiction between good mechanical properties and high energy constrains its further application. Using isocyanates with different structures, a poly(BAMO‐THF) (PBT) energetic thermoplastic elastomer with a disordered hard‐phase structure was synthesized. The special structure imparts a high mobility and a better network relaxation of molecular chains, which results in higher toughness, lower glass transition temperature, and greater self‐healing ability than commonly used ETPEs. Additionally, the large but disordered hard domains enable the prominent crystallization potential of 3,3‐bis(azidomethyl) oxetane (BAMO) segments to be released. Therefore, it results in better mechanical properties at a lower content of hard segments by strain‐induced crystallization, achieving a balance between mechanical and energetic properties. At 20% content of hard segments, the enthalpy of formation is 1.54 kJ/g, which makes PBT elastomers have a broader application prospect in the field of explosives and propellants. Therefore, this work is of great significance in guiding the design of multifunctional materials with high energy and high mechanical properties.
{"title":"Synthesis of Robust Poly(BAMO‐THF) Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers by Leveraging Hard Domains","authors":"Mengjing An, Yunjun Luo","doi":"10.1002/prep.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.70072","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPEs) play important roles in the study of energetic adhesives. However, the contradiction between good mechanical properties and high energy constrains its further application. Using isocyanates with different structures, a poly(BAMO‐THF) (PBT) energetic thermoplastic elastomer with a disordered hard‐phase structure was synthesized. The special structure imparts a high mobility and a better network relaxation of molecular chains, which results in higher toughness, lower glass transition temperature, and greater self‐healing ability than commonly used ETPEs. Additionally, the large but disordered hard domains enable the prominent crystallization potential of 3,3‐bis(azidomethyl) oxetane (BAMO) segments to be released. Therefore, it results in better mechanical properties at a lower content of hard segments by strain‐induced crystallization, achieving a balance between mechanical and energetic properties. At 20% content of hard segments, the enthalpy of formation is 1.54 kJ/g, which makes PBT elastomers have a broader application prospect in the field of explosives and propellants. Therefore, this work is of great significance in guiding the design of multifunctional materials with high energy and high mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"51 1","pages":"81-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/prep.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The aging of igniter compositions is considered one of the primary factors affecting the reliability of the ignition devices, particularly influenced by external factors such as humidity. To study the mechanism of hygrothermal aging in boron/potassium nitrate (BPN) (B/KNO 3 ), we designed the experiments to characterize their properties and investigate their aging mechanism. By constructing the two‐phase interface of BPN, aging experiments were conducted under controlled humidity conditions. Subsequently, the B/KNO 3 samples underwent comprehensive characterization using thermal analysis, a super‐depth microscope, an x‐ray diffractometer, an x‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The results revealed that under high humidity conditions, potassium nitrate exhibits significant hygroscopic dissolution and diffusion behavior. Notably, as the relative humidity increases, the diffusion phenomenon becomes more pronounced. When the relative humidity rises to 80% RH, after 10 days of aging at 60°C, the diffused potassium nitrate accounts for nearly one‐tenth of its original mass. A thorough analysis of the hygroscopic diffusion behavior of potassium nitrate and its implications for the aging characteristics of the BPN igniter boron interface was conducted. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectrometer (TEM–EDS) analysis showed that the humidity‐induced diffusion of potassium nitrate acts as the primary catalyst for accelerating the oxidation of boron. Laser ignition experiments confirmed that the oxidation of B caused by hygrothermal aging significantly reduces the combustion performance of the BPN. This critical finding underscores the pivotal role played by KNO 3 in facilitating boron oxidation, thus providing a scientific foundation for a deeper understanding of the hygrothermal aging mechanisms in BPN igniter.
{"title":"Study on the Mechanism of Hygrothermal Aging of B/KNO<sub>3</sub> Igniter Compositions","authors":"Hao Li, Zheng Gong, Yong Ren, Jie Sun","doi":"10.1002/prep.12044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.12044","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aging of igniter compositions is considered one of the primary factors affecting the reliability of the ignition devices, particularly influenced by external factors such as humidity. To study the mechanism of hygrothermal aging in boron/potassium nitrate (BPN) (B/KNO 3 ), we designed the experiments to characterize their properties and investigate their aging mechanism. By constructing the two‐phase interface of BPN, aging experiments were conducted under controlled humidity conditions. Subsequently, the B/KNO 3 samples underwent comprehensive characterization using thermal analysis, a super‐depth microscope, an x‐ray diffractometer, an x‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The results revealed that under high humidity conditions, potassium nitrate exhibits significant hygroscopic dissolution and diffusion behavior. Notably, as the relative humidity increases, the diffusion phenomenon becomes more pronounced. When the relative humidity rises to 80% RH, after 10 days of aging at 60°C, the diffused potassium nitrate accounts for nearly one‐tenth of its original mass. A thorough analysis of the hygroscopic diffusion behavior of potassium nitrate and its implications for the aging characteristics of the BPN igniter boron interface was conducted. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectrometer (TEM–EDS) analysis showed that the humidity‐induced diffusion of potassium nitrate acts as the primary catalyst for accelerating the oxidation of boron. Laser ignition experiments confirmed that the oxidation of B caused by hygrothermal aging significantly reduces the combustion performance of the BPN. This critical finding underscores the pivotal role played by KNO 3 in facilitating boron oxidation, thus providing a scientific foundation for a deeper understanding of the hygrothermal aging mechanisms in BPN igniter.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/prep.12044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Wang, Yunshu Zhao, Xu Zhou, Shanhu Sun, Siyao Li, Li Su, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yonggang Liu, Zhirong Suo, Jinjiang Xu, Jie Sun
ABSTRACT The cocrystal represents a practical method for developing new energetic materials. However, insensitive explosives (LLM‐105, TATB, ICM‐102) encounter challenges in forming cocrystal explosives with other molecules due to the dense hydrogen bond interactions in insensitive explosives. To facilitate the formation of cocrystal explosives based on insensitive explosives, the electron distribution of typical insensitive explosives was analyzed by surface electrostatic potential (ESP), revealing that the ICM‐102 molecule exhibits strong proton affinity. Through the cultivation of a single crystal found that ICM‐102 undergoes self‐assembly and chemical reactions in acid, resulting in the efficient construction of two energetic cocrystals and two energetic salts. First, ICM‐102 undergoes supramolecular self‐assembly with HCOOH (MA) and CH 3 COOH (HAc) to generate the energetic cocrystals HG‐1 and HG‐2. Notably, HG‐1 is a ternary cocrystal. Second, ICM‐102 participates in hydrolysis and salt formation reactions in HF and HCl to form energetic salts Salt‐1 and Salt‐2. This study efficiently obtained the cocrystal explosives based on ICM‐102, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the construction of cocrystal explosives based on insensitive explosives.
{"title":"An Efficient Approach to the Design and Construction of Novel Energetic Materials: Co‐Crystallization and Chemical Reaction of Insensitive Explosive ICM‐102 in Acidic Solutions","authors":"Fei Wang, Yunshu Zhao, Xu Zhou, Shanhu Sun, Siyao Li, Li Su, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yonggang Liu, Zhirong Suo, Jinjiang Xu, Jie Sun","doi":"10.1002/prep.202400177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202400177","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The cocrystal represents a practical method for developing new energetic materials. However, insensitive explosives (LLM‐105, TATB, ICM‐102) encounter challenges in forming cocrystal explosives with other molecules due to the dense hydrogen bond interactions in insensitive explosives. To facilitate the formation of cocrystal explosives based on insensitive explosives, the electron distribution of typical insensitive explosives was analyzed by surface electrostatic potential (ESP), revealing that the ICM‐102 molecule exhibits strong proton affinity. Through the cultivation of a single crystal found that ICM‐102 undergoes self‐assembly and chemical reactions in acid, resulting in the efficient construction of two energetic cocrystals and two energetic salts. First, ICM‐102 undergoes supramolecular self‐assembly with HCOOH (MA) and CH 3 COOH (HAc) to generate the energetic cocrystals HG‐1 and HG‐2. Notably, HG‐1 is a ternary cocrystal. Second, ICM‐102 participates in hydrolysis and salt formation reactions in HF and HCl to form energetic salts Salt‐1 and Salt‐2. This study efficiently obtained the cocrystal explosives based on ICM‐102, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the construction of cocrystal explosives based on insensitive explosives.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Min, Sung June Kim, Hong Min Shim, Heung Bae Jeon
We have innovatively formulated solid propellants by employing a catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition approach, steering away from the conventional urethane curing system reliant on moisture‐sensitive isocyanate compounds. These conventional systems exhibits poor compatibility with the eco‐friendly ionic oxidizers. Azide polymers, including polycaprolactone ether (PCE), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated, with their terminal hydroxyl groups strategically modified with azides. Additionally, glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), characterized by an abundance of azides in its side chains, was introduced. For polybutadiene‐based solid propellants, a departure from the norm was pursued. We employed polybutadiene (PB) terminated with electron‐deficient alkynes(propiolate), synthesized through a urethane reaction involving an unsymmetric divalent chain‐linker containing both isocyanate and propiolate functionalities with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). This approach diverged from the common practice of modifying other polymers with azides at the terminal. To ensure the attainment of optical mechanical properties in azide‐terminated polymer‐based solid propellants, trivalent propiolate curatives were judiciously combined with divalent propiolate curatives in an appropriate blend ratio. A meticulously synthesized series of polymeric bonding agents, designed to establish chemical links between solid oxidizers and polymer binder, revealed the idenfication of exceptional bonding agents. These agents played a pivotal role in delivering outstanding mechanical properties in solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) and nitramine‐typed oxidizers. GAP‐based solid propellants were meticulously prepared, incorporating both urethane moieties at the terminal and triazole moieties at the side chains. Trivalent azide‐terminal curatives were introduced for crosslinking PB terminated with propiolates. Generally, triazole‐curing system resulted in solid propellants exhibiting notably higher burning rates compared to those crosslinked through urethanes. In summary, this research presents a sophisticated approach to the formulation of solid propellants, emphasizing a departure from conventional systems, strategic polymer modifications, and the meticulous synthesis of bonding agents to achieve superior mechanical properties and burning rates.
我们采用无催化剂叠氮-炔烃环加成法创新配制了固体推进剂，摒弃了依赖对湿气敏感的异氰酸酯化合物的传统聚氨酯固化体系。这些传统体系与环保型离子氧化剂的兼容性很差。我们加入了叠氮聚合物，包括聚己内酯醚（PCE）、聚己内酯（PCL）和聚乙二醇（PEG），并用叠氮化物对它们的末端羟基进行了战略改性。此外，还引入了缩水甘油叠氮聚合物（GAP），其特点是侧链中含有大量叠氮化物。对于以聚丁二烯为基础的固体推进剂，我们采用了不同于常规的方法。我们采用了以缺电子炔（丙炔酸盐）为末端的聚丁二烯（PB），这种聚丁二烯是通过不对称二价链连接剂与羟基末端聚丁二烯（HTPB）的氨基甲酸酯反应合成的，该连接剂同时含有异氰酸酯和丙炔酸盐官能团。这种方法有别于在末端使用叠氮化物改性其他聚合物的常见做法。为确保叠氮封端的聚合物基固体推进剂具有光学机械性能，三价丙炔酸酯固化剂与二价丙炔酸酯固化剂以适当的混合比例进行了明智的组合。为了在固体氧化剂和聚合物粘合剂之间建立化学联系，我们精心合成了一系列聚合物粘合剂，发现了一些特殊的粘合剂。这些粘接剂在基于高氯酸铵（AP）和硝胺类氧化剂的固体推进剂中提供出色的机械性能方面发挥了关键作用。我们精心制备了基于 GAP 的固体推进剂，在末端加入了聚氨酯分子，在侧链上加入了三唑分子。引入了三价叠氮末端固化剂，用于交联以丙二醇酯为末端的 PB。一般来说，三唑固化体系产生的固体推进剂与通过聚氨酯交联的推进剂相比，燃烧速率明显更高。总之，这项研究提出了一种复杂的固体推进剂配方方法，强调偏离传统体系，对聚合物进行战略性改性，并精心合成粘合剂，以获得优异的机械性能和燃烧率。
{"title":"Eco‐friendly chemically crosslinked solid composite propellants via catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition","authors":"B. Min, Sung June Kim, Hong Min Shim, Heung Bae Jeon","doi":"10.1002/prep.202400016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202400016","url":null,"abstract":"We have innovatively formulated solid propellants by employing a catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition approach, steering away from the conventional urethane curing system reliant on moisture‐sensitive isocyanate compounds. These conventional systems exhibits poor compatibility with the eco‐friendly ionic oxidizers. Azide polymers, including polycaprolactone ether (PCE), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated, with their terminal hydroxyl groups strategically modified with azides. Additionally, glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), characterized by an abundance of azides in its side chains, was introduced. For polybutadiene‐based solid propellants, a departure from the norm was pursued. We employed polybutadiene (PB) terminated with electron‐deficient alkynes(propiolate), synthesized through a urethane reaction involving an unsymmetric divalent chain‐linker containing both isocyanate and propiolate functionalities with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). This approach diverged from the common practice of modifying other polymers with azides at the terminal. To ensure the attainment of optical mechanical properties in azide‐terminated polymer‐based solid propellants, trivalent propiolate curatives were judiciously combined with divalent propiolate curatives in an appropriate blend ratio. A meticulously synthesized series of polymeric bonding agents, designed to establish chemical links between solid oxidizers and polymer binder, revealed the idenfication of exceptional bonding agents. These agents played a pivotal role in delivering outstanding mechanical properties in solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) and nitramine‐typed oxidizers. GAP‐based solid propellants were meticulously prepared, incorporating both urethane moieties at the terminal and triazole moieties at the side chains. Trivalent azide‐terminal curatives were introduced for crosslinking PB terminated with propiolates. Generally, triazole‐curing system resulted in solid propellants exhibiting notably higher burning rates compared to those crosslinked through urethanes. In summary, this research presents a sophisticated approach to the formulation of solid propellants, emphasizing a departure from conventional systems, strategic polymer modifications, and the meticulous synthesis of bonding agents to achieve superior mechanical properties and burning rates.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meriem Amina Fertassi, S. Belkhiri, Sabri Touidjine, M. K. Boulkadid, Akbi Hamdane, K. Khimeche
This study aims to compare the catalytic effects of three nano‐metal oxides (nMOs); Litharge (α‐PbO), Tenorite (CuO), and Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) on the thermal decomposition of an ammonium perchlorate based cross‐linked composite modified double base propellant (AP‐XLCMDBP). The three nMOs are synthesized via a chemical precipitation method and then characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Their effect on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results indicate that Litharge has no significant effect on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP. However, both Tenorite and Hematite nanocatalysts accelerate the thermolysis process and enhance the total heat released from AP‐XLCMDBP. Moreover, compared to Tenorite, Hematite nanoparticles are found to be a more efficient catalyst, where their presence in AP‐XLCMDBP leads to a significant decrease in activation energies of the first and the second decomposition stages by 13.67 kJ/mol and 17.57 kJ/mol, respectively. An increase of the total decomposition heat by 153.73 J/g is also attained in the presence of Hematite, displaying its high catalytic action on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP.
{"title":"Examining the impact of nano‐sized Litharge, Tenorite, and Hematite on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate‐based cross‐linked composite modified double base propellant","authors":"Meriem Amina Fertassi, S. Belkhiri, Sabri Touidjine, M. K. Boulkadid, Akbi Hamdane, K. Khimeche","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300308","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to compare the catalytic effects of three nano‐metal oxides (nMOs); Litharge (α‐PbO), Tenorite (CuO), and Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) on the thermal decomposition of an ammonium perchlorate based cross‐linked composite modified double base propellant (AP‐XLCMDBP). The three nMOs are synthesized via a chemical precipitation method and then characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Their effect on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results indicate that Litharge has no significant effect on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP. However, both Tenorite and Hematite nanocatalysts accelerate the thermolysis process and enhance the total heat released from AP‐XLCMDBP. Moreover, compared to Tenorite, Hematite nanoparticles are found to be a more efficient catalyst, where their presence in AP‐XLCMDBP leads to a significant decrease in activation energies of the first and the second decomposition stages by 13.67 kJ/mol and 17.57 kJ/mol, respectively. An increase of the total decomposition heat by 153.73 J/g is also attained in the presence of Hematite, displaying its high catalytic action on the thermal decomposition of AP‐XLCMDBP.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sean Whalen, Emily Sellards, Bradley Gobin, Gregory Young
The influence of additives on the decomposition and combustion characteristics of electrically controlled solid propellants was investigated through small scale experiments. Carbon black and aluminum additives were explored in a polyethylene oxide, lithium perchlorate propellant. Additives were used to improve the voltage response and their impact on ignition and combustion was characterized. The data showed that conductive additives can mitigate the loss of solid phase conductivity through solvent evaporation and that ignition delay decreases with higher voltage and solid phase conductivity. Steady‐state combustion experiments showed that electrical decomposition of the propellants proceeded more rapidly than a purely thermal stimulus illustrating the importance of electrochemistry in ECSP combustion. The combined effects of pressure and voltage on combustion rates were summarized in Saint‐Robert's burn relations. The regression rates increased with both applied voltage and pressure. The pressure deflagration limit of propellants with the carbon black additive was significantly reduced compared to a neat PEO/LP propellant, whereas the addition of 10 % aluminum did not affect the pressure deflagration limit.
{"title":"Exploring the influence of additives on the ignition, combustion and quenching of electrically controlled solid propellants","authors":"Sean Whalen, Emily Sellards, Bradley Gobin, Gregory Young","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300299","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of additives on the decomposition and combustion characteristics of electrically controlled solid propellants was investigated through small scale experiments. Carbon black and aluminum additives were explored in a polyethylene oxide, lithium perchlorate propellant. Additives were used to improve the voltage response and their impact on ignition and combustion was characterized. The data showed that conductive additives can mitigate the loss of solid phase conductivity through solvent evaporation and that ignition delay decreases with higher voltage and solid phase conductivity. Steady‐state combustion experiments showed that electrical decomposition of the propellants proceeded more rapidly than a purely thermal stimulus illustrating the importance of electrochemistry in ECSP combustion. The combined effects of pressure and voltage on combustion rates were summarized in Saint‐Robert's burn relations. The regression rates increased with both applied voltage and pressure. The pressure deflagration limit of propellants with the carbon black additive was significantly reduced compared to a neat PEO/LP propellant, whereas the addition of 10 % aluminum did not affect the pressure deflagration limit.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"60 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140975027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin P Wilkins, Hope T. Sartain, Sheana Schneidereit, Benjamin Ostrow, Joaquin Aparicio, Andrew Horan, Kevin Pedersen, Jeffrey Barber, Johnny Perez, Marc Richard, Elizabeth Pollock, John J Brady
1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine (R‐Salt) is an insensitive energetic that has previously been used as an improvised explosive. The work presented here is a comprehensive study on the thermal properties and chemical characterization of R‐Salt. Thermal analysis was performed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) which found both crude and recrystallized R‐Salt have similar thermal properties but the selected lid impacted both the thermal profile and onset temperature. Chemical characterization performed via Raman, Fourier‐transform Infrared (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high‐resolution mass spectrometry indicate that recrystallization does not quantitatively improve the purity of crude R‐Salt., The reported NMR 2D‐HSQC, FT‐IR, and Raman spectra are the first to be reported within the published literature, as to the authors’ knowledge.
1,3,5-三亚硝基-1,3,5-三嗪（R-盐）是一种不敏感的高能物质，曾被用作简易爆炸物。本文介绍的工作是对 R 盐的热特性和化学特征进行全面研究。通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）和热重分析法（TGA）进行的热分析发现，粗制和重结晶的 R 盐具有相似的热特性，但所选的盖子会影响热曲线和起始温度。通过拉曼、傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）、核磁共振（NMR）光谱和高分辨率质谱进行的化学特性分析表明，重结晶并不能定量地提高粗制 R 盐的纯度。
{"title":"A comprehensive study on the thermal properties and chemical characterization of 1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine (R‐Salt)","authors":"Benjamin P Wilkins, Hope T. Sartain, Sheana Schneidereit, Benjamin Ostrow, Joaquin Aparicio, Andrew Horan, Kevin Pedersen, Jeffrey Barber, Johnny Perez, Marc Richard, Elizabeth Pollock, John J Brady","doi":"10.1002/prep.202400028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202400028","url":null,"abstract":"1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine (R‐Salt) is an insensitive energetic that has previously been used as an improvised explosive. The work presented here is a comprehensive study on the thermal properties and chemical characterization of R‐Salt. Thermal analysis was performed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) which found both crude and recrystallized R‐Salt have similar thermal properties but the selected lid impacted both the thermal profile and onset temperature. Chemical characterization performed via Raman, Fourier‐transform Infrared (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high‐resolution mass spectrometry indicate that recrystallization does not quantitatively improve the purity of crude R‐Salt., The reported NMR 2D‐HSQC, FT‐IR, and Raman spectra are the first to be reported within the published literature, as to the authors’ knowledge.","PeriodicalId":508060,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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