Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects最新文献

英文中文

Eukaryotic dihydrofolate reductase. 真核二氢叶酸还原酶。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch2

R L Blakley

引用次数: 82

Structure and function of the ion channel model system annexin V. 离子通道模型系统膜联蛋白V的结构与功能。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123171.ch4

D Voges, R Berendes, P Demange, J Benz, P Göttig, S Liemann, R Huber, A Burger

引用次数: 14

Regulation of asymmetry and polarity during the Caulobacter cell cycle. 茎状杆菌细胞周期中不对称和极性的调节。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123171.ch1

U Jenal, C Stephens, L Shapiro

引用次数: 10

The unique C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and its role in transcription. RNA聚合酶II独特的c端结构域及其在转录中的作用。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123171.ch2

M E Kang, M E Dahmus

引用次数: 6

Tyrosine hydroxylase. 酪氨酸羟化酶。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch3

S Kaufman

引用次数: 0

Exopolysaccharide alginate synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: enzymology and regulation of gene expression. 铜绿假单胞菌胞外海藻酸盐合成:酶学和基因表达调控。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch4

S Shankar, R W Ye, D Schlictman, A M Chakrabarty

引用次数: 56

Cytochrome c oxidase: chemistry of a molecular machine. 细胞色素氧化酶:分子机器的化学。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123171.ch3

S M Musser, M H Stowell, S I Chan

The plethora of proposed chemical models attempting to explain the proton pumping reactions catalyzed by the CcO complex, especially the number of recent models, makes it clear that the problem is far from solved. Although we have not discussed all of the models proposed to date, we have described some of the more detailed models in order to illustrate the theoretical concepts introduced at the beginning of this section on proton pumping as well as to illustrate the rich possibilities available for effecting proton pumping. It is clear that proton pumping is effected by conformational changes induced by oxidation/reduction of the various redox centers in the CcO complex. It is for this reason that the CcO complex is called a redox-linked proton pump. The conformational changes of the proton pump cycle are usually envisioned to be some sort of ligand-exchange reaction arising from unstable geometries upon oxidation/reduction of the various redox centers. However, simple geometrical rearrangements, as in the Babcock and Mitchell models are also possible. In any model, however, hydrogen bonds must be broken and reformed due to conformational changes that result from oxidation/reduction of the linkage site during enzyme turnover. Perhaps the most important point emphasized in this discussion, however, is the fact that proton pumping is a directed process and it is electron and proton gating mechanisms that drive the proton pump cycle in the forward direction. Since many of the models discussed above lack effective electron and/or proton gating, it is clear that the major difficulty in developing a viable chemical model is not formulating a cyclic set of protein conformational changes effecting proton pumping (redox linkage) but rather constructing the model with a set of physical constraints so that the proposed cycle proceeds efficiently as postulated. In our discussion of these models, we have not been too concerned about which electron of the catalytic cycle was entering the site of linkage, but merely whether an ET to the binuclear center played a role. However, redox linkage only occurs if ET to the activated binuclear center is coupled to the proton pump. Since all of the models of proton pumping presented here, with the exception of the Rousseau expanded model and the Wikström model, have a maximum stoichiometry of 1 H+/e-, they inadequately explain the 2 H+/e- ratio for the third and fourth electrons of the dioxygen reduction cycle (see Section V.B). One way of interpreting this shortfall of protons is that the remaining protons are pumped by an as yet undefined indirectly coupled mechanism. In this scenario, the site of linkage could be coupled to the pumping of one proton in a direct fashion and one proton in an indirect fashion for a given electron. For a long time, it was assumed that at least some elements of such an indirect mechanism reside in subunit III. While recent evidence argues against the involvement of subunit III in the

大量的化学模型试图解释由CcO络合物催化的质子泵送反应，特别是最近的一些模型，清楚地表明这个问题远未解决。虽然我们还没有讨论到目前为止提出的所有模型，但我们已经描述了一些更详细的模型，以便说明本节开头介绍的关于质子泵送的理论概念，并说明影响质子泵送的丰富可能性。很明显，质子泵送受到CcO络合物中各种氧化还原中心氧化/还原引起的构象变化的影响。正是由于这个原因，CcO络合物被称为氧化还原连接质子泵。质子泵循环的构象变化通常被设想为由各种氧化还原中心的不稳定几何形状引起的某种配体交换反应。然而，简单的几何重排，如巴布科克和米切尔模型也是可能的。然而，在任何模型中，由于酶周转过程中连锁位点的氧化/还原导致构象变化，氢键必须断裂和重组。然而，也许在这个讨论中强调的最重要的一点是，质子泵浦是一个定向过程，它是电子和质子的门控机制，驱动质子泵浦循环在前进的方向。由于上面讨论的许多模型缺乏有效的电子和/或质子门控制，很明显，开发一个可行的化学模型的主要困难不是制定一组影响质子泵(氧化还原键)的蛋白质构象变化的循环，而是建立一组物理约束的模型，以便所提出的循环像假设的那样有效地进行。在我们对这些模型的讨论中，我们没有过多地关注催化循环的哪个电子进入了连接位点，而只是关注到双核中心的ET是否起了作用。然而，只有当活化双核中心的ET与质子泵耦合时，氧化还原键才会发生。由于除了卢梭扩展模型和Wikström模型外，本文提出的所有质子泵送模型都具有1h +/e-的最大化学计量，因此它们不能充分解释双氧还原循环中第三和第四个电子的2h +/e-比率(见第V.B节)。解释这种质子短缺的一种方法是，剩余的质子是由一种尚未定义的间接耦合机制泵送的。在这种情况下，对于一个给定的电子，键的位置可以耦合到一个质子以直接方式和一个质子以间接方式的泵送。很长一段时间以来，人们一直认为这种间接机制的至少一些元素存在于亚基III中。虽然最近的证据反对亚基III参与质子泵，但亚基III可能仍然参与调节和/或结构能力(章节II.E)。在寻找与质子泵机制密切相关和/或作为质子通道一部分的残基时，注意力现在集中在亚基I和亚基II上。特别是，一些高度保守残基的螺旋VIII亚基的作用，目前正在研究位点定向诱变。在我们看来，任何调用血红素α 3或CuB作为连锁位点的模型都必须提出一种非常有效的方法，通过这种方法可以防止假定的快速解耦到二氧中间体的ET。很难想象从血红素α 3或CuB到二氧中间体的短距离ET需要超过1ns。此外，我们预计质子泵的构象变化需要远远超过1ns(见章节V.B)。

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引用次数: 16

Fibronectin and cell adhesion: specificity of integrin-ligand interaction. 纤维连接蛋白与细胞粘附:整合素-配体相互作用的特异性。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch1

S Aota, K M Yamada

引用次数: 28

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP): the gene and the enzyme. 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(GTP):基因和酶。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123157.ch6

R W Hanson, Y M Patel

引用次数: 153

Aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli: activity and regulation. 大肠杆菌的天冬氨酸转氨基酶:活性和调控。

Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects

Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123140.ch3

W N Lipscomb

引用次数: 119

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