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Marine mammal conservation in the 21st century: A plea for a paradigm shift towards mindful conservation. 21世纪的海洋哺乳动物保护:向有意识的保护范式转变的请求。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.09.001
Fabian Ritter

Marine mammals are regarded in high esteem by the general public, and are recognized as flagship species for conservation, while at the same time they suffer from anthropogenic impacts on a global scale, and often in extreme ways. It seems there is a huge discrepancy between how we humans think about our fellow creatures in the sea, and how we behave to impact and/or conserve them. Here, I examine why the purely scientific and thus intellectual approach to marine mammal conservation has had limited success over the past decades. While there are some obvious success stories in cetacean conservation, the situation today is, for many species and populations, more dire than it has ever been. The idea of 'we need to know more'-a credo of the scientific community-often is politically misrepresented to postpone necessary conservation decisions. To adapt our path towards more profound and, importantly, more effective marine conservation, as conservationists we need to go deeper and change the narrative of separation, i.e., the concept of humans being set apart from the rest of nature. Instead, there is a need to create a narrative of connectedness, i.e., the consciousness of humans being an integral part of the planetary system. Rather than telling horror stories about the plight of marine mammals, conservationists also need to trigger positive emotions about them in ourselves. More holistic aspects of conservation need to be incorporated in our future efforts, including the fuller integration of traditional knowledge and indigenous wisdom, recognizing ecosystem functions of marine life and protecting the processes they sustain, respecting 'holiness' of nature while focusing on the animals' individuality, personhood and the cultural identity of distinct communities. Effective marine mammal conservation will be possible only on the basis of a profound change of our own values and a fundamental change of the societal system we are living in.

海洋哺乳动物受到公众的高度尊重,被认为是保护的旗舰物种,与此同时,它们在全球范围内受到人类活动的影响,而且往往是极端的影响。似乎我们人类对海洋生物的看法与我们如何影响和/或保护它们之间存在巨大差异。在这里,我研究了为什么在过去的几十年里,纯粹的科学和智力方法对海洋哺乳动物的保护收效甚微。虽然在鲸类动物保护方面有一些明显的成功案例,但对于许多物种和种群来说,今天的情况比以往任何时候都更加可怕。“我们需要知道更多”的理念——科学界的信条——经常被政治歪曲,以推迟必要的保护决定。为了调整我们的道路,走向更深刻,更重要的是,更有效的海洋保护,作为保护主义者,我们需要更深入地改变分离的叙述,即人类与自然其他部分分开的概念。相反,有必要创造一种连通性的叙述,即人类是行星系统不可分割的一部分的意识。除了讲述海洋哺乳动物困境的恐怖故事,环保主义者还需要激发我们对它们的积极情绪。我们需要在未来的努力中纳入更全面的保护方面,包括更充分地整合传统知识和土著智慧,认识到海洋生物的生态系统功能,保护它们所维持的过程,尊重自然的“神圣性”,同时关注动物的个性、人格和不同社区的文化认同。只有在深刻改变我们自己的价值观和从根本上改变我们所生活的社会制度的基础上,才有可能有效地保护海洋哺乳动物。
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引用次数: 0
Serpulid reefs and their role in aquatic ecosystems: A global review. 蛇形礁及其在水生生态系统中的作用:全球综述
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.06.001
Monica Montefalcone, Alice Oprandi, Annalisa Azzola, Carla Morri, Carlo Nike Bianchi

The Serpulidae are a large family of sedentary polychaetes, characterized by a calcareous habitation tube, which they cannot leave. The calcium carbonate tube is in the form of both aragonite and calcite, in fairly constant ratio for each taxon. Tubes are cemented firmly to any hard substrate (in only few species tubes are free). Although in the majority of the species the tubes encrust the substrate for all their length, the distal part may eventually detach and grow erectly. Certain species in dense populations build tubes vertical to the substrate in clumps and cement the tubes to each other. This gives serpulids the capability of forming reef-life structures when densely settling. Despite the relative smallness of the individual tubes (rarely longer than 15cm and wider than 1cm), such reef-like structures may cover tens of m2, with a layer more than 1m thick. Serpulid reefs can be divided roughly into seven groups, according to the building modality and the type of habitat they occupy: (i) pseudocolonies; (ii) littoral belts; (iii) subtidal to deep-water reefs; (iv) reefs in coastal lakes and harbours; (v) brackish water reefs; (vi) tapestries in freshwater caves; (vii) biostalactites inside marine caves. The role of serpulid reefs in the ecosystems they inhabit is multifarious and may be distinguished in functions (biomass and production, benthic pelagic coupling, resistance and resilience, reproductive and survivorship strategies, trophodynamics, bioconstruction, living space and refuge, nursery, sediment formation and retention, food for other species, carbonate deposition and storage) and services (water clearance, reef associated fishery, cultural benefits). On the other hand, many serpulids are important constituents of biological fouling, and their calcareous masses damage submerged artefacts, causing huge economic costs. Positive and negative roles of serpulid reefs need to be compared with common metrics; the overall balance, however, is still to be assessed.

Serpulidae是一个大的多毛动物家族,其特点是一个钙质的居住管,他们不能离开。碳酸钙管以文石和方解石两种形式存在,每个分类群的比例相当恒定。管子可以牢固地粘接在任何坚硬的基材上(只有少数品种的管子是自由的)。尽管在大多数种类中,管的所有长度都包裹在基质上,但末端部分最终可能会分离并直立生长。在密集的种群中,某些物种会成团地建造垂直于基质的管道,并将管道彼此粘合在一起。这使蛇形体在密集沉降时具有形成珊瑚礁生物结构的能力。尽管单个管道相对较小(很少长于15厘米,宽于1厘米),但这种礁状结构可能覆盖数十平方米,层厚超过1米。根据建筑形态和生境类型,蛇形礁大致可分为7类:(i)假群落;沿海带;(iii)潮下至深水礁;(四)沿海湖泊和港口的暗礁;(v)半咸水礁;(vi)淡水洞穴内的挂毯;(vii)海相洞穴内的生物钟乳石。丝状珊瑚礁在其所栖息的生态系统中的作用是多种多样的,可以在功能(生物量和生产、底栖中上层耦合、抵抗力和恢复力、生殖和生存策略、营养动力学、生物结构、生活空间和避难所、托儿所、沉积物形成和保留、其他物种的食物、碳酸盐沉积和储存)和服务(清水、珊瑚礁相关渔业、文化效益)方面得到区分。另一方面,许多蛇形体是生物污染的重要组成部分,它们的钙质团块破坏水下人工制品,造成巨大的经济损失。蛇形珊瑚礁的积极和消极作用需要与常见指标进行比较;然而,总体平衡仍有待评估。
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引用次数: 2
A review of the fisheries, life history and stock structure of tropical tuna (skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis, yellowfin Thunnus albacares and bigeye Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean. 印度洋热带金枪鱼(鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼)的渔业、生活史和种群结构综述。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.09.002
Iraide Artetxe-Arrate, Igaratza Fraile, Francis Marsac, Jessica H Farley, Naiara Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, Campbell R Davies, Naomi P Clear, Peter Grewe, Hilario Murua

Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tuna are the target species of tropical tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean, with high commercial value in the international market. High fishing pressure over the past three decades has raised concerns about their sustainability. Understanding life history strategies and stock structure is essential to determine species resilience and how they might respond to exploitation. Here we provide a comprehensive review of available knowledge on the biology, ecology, and stock structure of tropical tuna species in the Indian Ocean. We describe the characteristics of Indian Ocean tropical tuna fisheries and synthesize skipjack, yellowfin, and bigeye tuna key life history attributes such as biogeography, trophic ecology, growth, and reproductive biology. In addition, we evaluate the available literature about their stock structure using different approaches such as analysis of fisheries data, genetic markers, otolith microchemistry and tagging, among others. Based on this review, we conclude that there is a clear lack of ocean basin-scale studies on skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna life history, and that regional stock structure studies indicate that the panmictic population assumption of these stocks should be investigated further. Finally, we identify specific knowledge gaps that should be addressed with priority to ensure a sustainable and effective management of these species.

鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)是印度洋热带金枪鱼渔业的目标品种,在国际市场上具有很高的商业价值。过去三十年的高捕捞压力引起了人们对其可持续性的担忧。了解生命史策略和种群结构对于确定物种的恢复力以及它们如何应对开发是至关重要的。在这里,我们提供了一个全面的审查现有的知识,生物学,生态学和种群结构的热带金枪鱼物种在印度洋。本文描述了印度洋热带金枪鱼渔业的特征,综合了鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼的生物地理学、营养生态学、生长生物学和生殖生物学等关键生活史属性。此外,我们利用不同的方法,如渔业数据分析、遗传标记、耳石微化学和标记等,对现有的关于其种群结构的文献进行了评估。在此基础上,我们认为目前海洋盆地尺度上对鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼生活史的研究明显缺乏,区域种群结构研究表明,这些种群的泛种群假设有待进一步研究。最后,我们确定了应该优先解决的具体知识差距,以确保这些物种的可持续和有效管理。
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引用次数: 13
From an economic crisis to a pandemic crisis: The need for accurate marine monitoring data to take informed management decisions. 从经济危机到流行病危机:需要准确的海洋监测数据以作出明智的管理决策。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.08.002
Angel Borja, Michael Elliott

It is axomatic that a system cannot be managed unless it is measured and that the measurements occur in a rigorous, defendable manner covering relevant spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, it is not possible to predict the future direction of a system unless any predictive approach or model is supported by empirical evidence from monitoring. The marine system is no different from any other system in these regards. This review indicates the nature and topics of marine monitoring, its constraints in times of economic austerity, the sequence of topics subject to monitoring and the amount of monitoring of various topics carried out as indicated by the number of publications and researchers. We discuss the way in which the nature of monitoring is decided and we use examples to comment on the way monitoring leads to and responds to marine management and governance.

不言而喻的是,除非对一个系统进行测量,而且测量必须以涵盖相关空间和时间尺度的严格、可防御的方式进行,否则就无法管理系统。此外,除非任何预测方法或模型得到来自监测的经验证据的支持,否则不可能预测系统的未来方向。在这些方面,海洋系统与其他系统没有什么不同。这篇综述指出了海洋监测的性质和主题、经济紧缩时期的限制、监测主题的顺序以及根据出版物和研究人员的数量所进行的各种主题的监测量。我们讨论了决定监测性质的方式,并使用实例来评论监测导致和响应海洋管理和治理的方式。
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引用次数: 8
Preface. 前言。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2881(21)00033-X
Charles Sheppard
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引用次数: 0
Potential loss of biodiversity and the critical importance of taxonomy-An Australian perspective. 生物多样性的潜在损失和分类学的关键重要性——一个澳大利亚人的观点。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2881(21)00015-8
Pat Hutchings
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引用次数: 2
Effects of climate change factors on marine macroalgae: A review. 气候变化因子对海洋大型藻类的影响研究进展
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2020.11.001
Yan Ji, Kunshan Gao

Marine macroalgae, the main primary producers in coastal waters, play important roles in the fishery industry and global carbon cycles. With progressive ocean global changes, however, they are increasingly exposed to enhanced levels of multiple environmental drivers, such as ocean acidification, warming, heatwaves, UV radiation and deoxygenation. While most macroalgae have developed physiological strategies against variations of these drivers, their eco-physiological responses to each or combinations of the drivers differ spatiotemporally and species-specifically. Many freshwater macroalgae are tolerant of pH drop and its diel fluctuations and capable of acclimating to changes in carbonate chemistry. However, calcifying species, such as coralline algae, are very sensitive to acidification of seawater, which reduces their calcification, and additionally, temperature rise and UV further decrease their physiological performance. Except for these calcifying species, both economically important and harmful macroalgae can benefit from elevated CO2 concentrations and moderate temperature rise, which might be responsible for increasing events of harmful macroalgal blooms including green macroalgal blooms caused by Ulva spp. and golden tides caused by Sargassum spp. Upper intertidal macroalgae, especially those tolerant of dehydration during low tide, increase their photosynthesis under elevated CO2 concentrations during the initial dehydration period, however, these species might be endangered by heatwaves, which can expose them to high temperature levels above their thermal windows' upper limit. On the other hand, since macroalgae are distributed in shallow waters, they are inevitably exposed to solar UV radiation. The effects of UV radiation, depending on weather conditions and species, can be harmful as well as beneficial to many species. Moderate levels of UV-A (315-400nm) can enhance photosynthesis of green, brown and red algae, while UV-B (280-315nm) mainly show inhibitory impacts. Although little has been documented on the combined effects of elevated CO2, temperature or heatwaves with UV radiation, exposures to heatwaves during midday under high levels of UV radiation can be detrimental to most species, especially to their microscopic stages which are less tolerant of climate change induced stress. In parallel, reduced availability of dissolved O2 in coastal water along with eutrophication might favour the macroalgae's carboxylation process by suppressing their oxygenation or photorespiration. In this review, we analyse effects of climate change-relevant drivers individually and/or jointly on different macroalgal groups and different life cycle stages based on the literatures surveyed, and provide perspectives for future studies.

海洋巨藻是近岸水域的主要初级生产者,在渔业和全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。然而,随着海洋全球变化的进展,它们越来越多地受到多种环境驱动因素的影响,如海洋酸化、变暖、热浪、紫外线辐射和脱氧。虽然大多数大型藻类已经针对这些驱动因素的变化制定了生理策略,但它们对每种驱动因素或驱动因素组合的生态生理反应存在时空和物种特异性差异。许多淡水大型藻类能够耐受pH值下降及其波动,并能够适应碳酸盐化学的变化。然而,钙化物种,如珊瑚藻,对海水酸化非常敏感,海水酸化使其钙化程度降低,温度升高和紫外线进一步降低其生理性能。除了这些钙化物种外,经济上重要的和有害的大型藻类都可以从二氧化碳浓度的升高和适度的温度升高中受益,这可能是导致有害大型藻华事件增加的原因,包括由Ulva引起的绿色大型藻华和由马尾藻引起的金潮。然而,这些物种可能会受到热浪的威胁,因为热浪会使它们暴露在超过其热窗上限的高温环境中。另一方面,由于大型藻类分布在浅水区,它们不可避免地暴露在太阳紫外线辐射下。紫外线辐射的影响取决于天气条件和物种,对许多物种可能是有害的,也可能是有益的。中等浓度的UV-A (315 ~ 400nm)对绿、褐、红藻的光合作用有促进作用,而UV-B (280 ~ 315nm)对绿、褐、红藻的光合作用主要有抑制作用。虽然关于二氧化碳浓度升高、温度升高或热浪与紫外线辐射的综合影响的文献很少,但在正午暴露于高水平紫外线辐射下的热浪可能对大多数物种有害,特别是对它们的微观阶段,它们对气候变化引起的压力的耐受性较差。同时,随着富营养化,沿海水域溶解氧的可用性降低,可能会抑制大型藻类的氧化或光呼吸,从而有利于它们的羧化过程。本文在文献综述的基础上,分析了气候变化相关驱动因素对大藻不同类群和不同生命周期阶段的影响,并对未来的研究进行了展望。
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引用次数: 30
Human impacts on deep-sea sponge grounds: Applying environmental omics to monitoring. 人类对深海海绵地基的影响:应用环境组学进行监测。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.08.004
Johanne Vad, Kelsey Archer Barnhill, Georgios Kazanidis, J Murray Roberts

Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are the oldest extant Metazoans. In the deep sea, sponges can occur at high densities forming habitats known as sponge grounds. Sponge grounds can extend over large areas of up to hundreds of km2 and are biodiversity hotspots. However, as human activities, including deep-water hydrocarbon extraction, continue to expand into areas harbouring sponge grounds, understanding how anthropogenic impacts affect sponges and the ecosystem services they provide at multiple biological scales (community, individual and (sub)cellular levels) is key for achieving sustainable management. This chapter (1) provides an update to the chapter of Advances in Marine Biology Volume 79 entitled "Potential Impacts of Offshore Oil and Gas Activities on Deep-Sea Sponges and the Habitats They Form" and (2) discusses the use of omics as a future tool for deep-sea ecosystem monitoring. While metagenomics and (meta)transcriptomics studies have contributed to improve our understanding of sponge biology in recent years, metabolomics analysis has mostly been used to identify natural products. The sponge metabolome, therefore, remains vastly unknown despite the fact that the metabolome is a key link between the genotype and phenotype, giving us a unique new insight to how key components of an ecosystem are functioning. As the fraction of the metabolome released into the seawater, the sponge exometabolome has only just started to be characterised in comparative environmental metabolomic studies. Yet, the sponge exometabolome constitute a unique opportunity for the identification of biomarkers of sponge health as compounds can be measured in seawater, bypassing the need for physical samples which can still be difficult to collect in the deep sea. Within sponge grounds, the characterisation of a shared sponge exometabolome could lead to the identification of biomarkers of ecosystem functioning and overall health. Challenges remain in establishing omics approaches in environmental monitoring but constant technological advances and reduction in costs means these techniques will become widely available in the future.

海绵(多孔动物门)是现存最古老的后生动物。在深海中,海绵可以高密度地出现,形成被称为海绵地的栖息地。海绵地可以扩展到数百平方公里的大片区域,是生物多样性的热点。然而,随着人类活动(包括深水碳氢化合物开采)不断扩展到海绵栖息地,了解人为影响如何影响海绵及其在多个生物尺度(群落、个体和(亚)细胞水平)上提供的生态系统服务是实现可持续管理的关键。本章(1)对《海洋生物学进展》第79卷题为“海上石油和天然气活动对深海海绵及其形成的栖息地的潜在影响”的章节进行了更新,(2)讨论了组学作为深海生态系统监测的未来工具的使用。近年来,宏基因组学和(元)转录组学研究有助于提高我们对海绵生物学的理解,而代谢组学分析主要用于鉴定天然产物。因此,尽管代谢组是基因型和表型之间的关键联系,但海绵代谢组仍然是未知的,为我们提供了一个独特的新见解,了解生态系统的关键组成部分是如何运作的。作为释放到海水中的代谢组的一部分,海绵外代谢组在比较环境代谢组学研究中才刚刚开始被表征。然而,海绵外代谢组构成了鉴定海绵健康生物标志物的独特机会,因为化合物可以在海水中测量,而不需要在深海中仍然难以收集的物理样品。在海绵土壤中,共享海绵外代谢组的特征可能导致生态系统功能和整体健康的生物标志物的鉴定。在建立环境监测组学方法方面仍然存在挑战,但不断的技术进步和成本的降低意味着这些技术将在未来得到广泛应用。
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引用次数: 4
The origins, relationships, evolution and conservation of the weirdest marine bivalves: The watering pot shells. A review. 最奇怪的海洋双壳类动物的起源、关系、进化和保护:水壶壳。复习一下。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.03.001
Brian Morton, Fabrizio Marcondes Machado

The fossil record shows that the two clavagelloid or watering pot families evolved at different times, the Clavagellidae first in the late Mesozoic (100-66mya), the Penicillidae later in the Cenozoic (33-23mya)-the former originally with, thus, a near-global Tethyan distribution, the latter restricted to the Indo-West Pacific. Representatives of the two clavagelloid families, moreover, have wholly different adventitious tube/crypt structures and, thus, methods of formation suggesting that evolutionary experiments have been undertaken to achieve such radical architectural novelties. This has resulted in one of the most surprising examples of convergent evolution in the Bivalvia. But, what were the ancestors of the Clavagelloidea? The shell and internal morphology of representatives of the three recognized genera of the Lyonsiidae, that is, Lyonsia, Entodesma and Mytilimeria, are described. Species of the latter two genera are highly specialized epibenthic, byssate, nestlers and embedded symbionts of ascidian colonies and sponges, respectively. Species of Lyonsia, however, are mostly shallow endobenthic burrowers. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that species of Lyonsia can be regarded as representative of the ancestral watering pot (Clavagelloidea) condition. Evidence for this conclusion include the mineralogy, characteristics and ligament structure of the shell and features of the anatomy, importantly the modification of the vestigial pedal retractor muscles to form simple (Clavagellidae) and more complex (Penicillidae) proprioreceptors. Such an anatomy-based conclusion is supported to some extent by DNA analyses of representatives of the Lyonsiidae and the two constituent families of the Clavagelloidea. To some extent because all clavagelloids are exceedingly rare hindering such analyses. Such rarity, however, also argues for the strict conservation of all the species of the Clavagelloidea.

化石记录表明,这两种壶类植物是在不同的时期进化的,壶类植物最早出现在中生代晚期(100-66亿年前),青霉科则出现在新生代(33-23亿年前)——因此,前者最初分布在几乎全球的特提斯,后者则局限于印度-西太平洋。此外,两个克拉瓦格里亚家族的代表具有完全不同的不定形管/隐窝结构,因此,形成方法表明,已经进行了进化实验,以实现这种激进的建筑新颖。这导致了比瓦尔维亚群岛最令人惊讶的趋同进化的例子之一。但是,击弦科的祖先是什么呢?描述了Lyonsia, Entodesma和Mytilimeria三个公认属的代表,即Lyonsia, Mytilimeria的壳和内部形态。后两属的物种分别是高度特化的海鞘群落和海绵的底栖、旁栖、巢栖和嵌入式共生体。然而,Lyonsia的种类大多是浅底栖穴居动物。在这些研究的基础上,得出结论,Lyonsia种可以作为祖先水壶(clavagello总科)条件的代表。支持这一结论的证据包括壳的矿物学、特征和韧带结构以及解剖学特征,重要的是残留的脚牵开肌被修饰成简单的(Clavagellidae)和更复杂的(Penicillidae)本体感受器。这种基于解剖学的结论在一定程度上得到了Lyonsiidae代表和clavagello总科两个组成科的DNA分析的支持。在某种程度上,因为所有的克拉瓦氏体都非常罕见,阻碍了这种分析。然而,这种罕见性也证明了对所有克拉瓦盖总科物种的严格保护。
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引用次数: 1
Current and future considerations for shark conservation in the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific Ocean. 东北和中太平洋东部鲨鱼保护的当前和未来考虑。
3区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.08.003
Shawn Larson, Dayv Lowry, Nicholas K Dulvy, Jim Wharton, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Abraham B Sianipar, Christopher G Lowe, Erin Meyer

Sharks are iconic and ecologically important predators found in every ocean. Because of their ecological role as predators, some considered apex predators, and concern over the stability of their populations due to direct and indirect overfishing, there has been an increasing amount of work focussed on shark conservation, and other elasmobranchs such as skates and rays, around the world. Here we discuss many aspects of current shark science and conservation and the path to the future of shark conservation in the Northeastern and Eastern Central Pacific. We explore their roles in ecosystems as keystone species; the conservation measures and laws in place at the international, national, regional and local level; the conservation status of sharks and rays in the region, fisheries for sharks in the Northcentral Pacific specifically those that target juveniles and the implications to shark conservation; a conservation success story: the recovery of Great White Sharks in the Northeast Pacific; public perceptions of sharks and the roles zoos and aquariums play in shark conservation; and the path to the future of shark conservation that requires bold partnerships, local stakeholders and innovative measures.

鲨鱼是一种标志性的、具有重要生态意义的食肉动物,在每个海洋中都能找到。由于它们作为捕食者的生态角色,一些人认为是顶级捕食者,以及由于直接和间接过度捕捞而对其种群稳定性的担忧,世界各地越来越多的工作集中在鲨鱼和其他板鳃动物(如溜冰鱼和鳐鱼)的保护上。在这里,我们将讨论当前鲨鱼科学和保护的许多方面,以及东北和中太平洋东部鲨鱼保护的未来之路。我们探索它们作为关键物种在生态系统中的作用;国际、国家、区域和地方各级的保护措施和法律;本区域鲨鱼和鳐鱼的养护状况,太平洋中北部的鲨鱼渔业,特别是以幼鲨为目标的渔业,以及对鲨鱼养护的影响;一个成功的保护故事:东北太平洋大白鲨的恢复;公众对鲨鱼的看法以及动物园和水族馆在鲨鱼保护中的作用;通往鲨鱼保护未来的道路需要大胆的伙伴关系、当地利益相关者和创新措施。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Advances in Marine Biology
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