Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology最新文献

Objective: Traditionally, pediatric tracheostomy has been viewed as a technically demanding procedure with a high complication rate, requiring the routine use of a formal operating room. Pediatric bedside tracheostomy in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting has not been widely reported, in contrast to the widespread adult bedside ICU tracheostomy. Transport of these critically ill, multiple life support systems dependent patients can be technically difficult, labor intensive, and potentially risky for these patients. Our study aimed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of bedside tracheostomy in the pediatric ICU.

Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients undergoing tracheostomy at a tertiary care center, between 1st of January 2013 and 31st of December 2019.

Results: During the study period, 117 pediatric patients underwent tracheostomy, 57 (48.7%) were performed bedside while 60 (51.3%) were performed in the operating room. Patients' ages ranged from 2 weeks to 17 years of age, with a median age of 16 months. No case of bedside tracheostomy necessitated a shift to the operating room. There was no difference in 30-day morbidity and mortality between the 2 groups.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that pediatric open bedside tracheostomy in an ICU setting is a safe procedure, with similar complications and outcomes compared to tracheostomy performed in the operating room.

Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor of tinnitus has not been well known. We tried to evaluate the association between the serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels and tinnitus among the Korean population to propose the possible role of serum vitamin D in patients with tinnitus.

Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the potential risk factors of tinnitus in relation to serum 25(OH)D levels within the Korean population. It encompassed a health interview, nutrition assessment, and a health examination. Data was sourced from the KNHANES V (2010-2012), conducted by the Division of Health and Nutritional Survey under the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDCP). Participants were chosen from various sampling units categorized by geography, gender, and age group. The selection was facilitated through household registries using a stratified, multistage, clustered probability sampling approach.

Results: Data of 16 408 subjects were collected in this study. There were significant differences in gender, economic status, educational level, and sun exposure duration between the tinnitus and non-tinnitus groups. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level between hearing loss and normal hearing was also significantly different. The logistic regression models with serum 25(OH) vitamin D quartile and tinnitus as the dependent variable, which were controlled for age, sex, smoking status, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, sun exposure, regular exercise, income, and education, eventually demonstrated that serum vitamin D deficiency and low sun exposure duration significantly increased the risk of tinnitus development.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant association between serum vitamin D levels and tinnitus, driven by large epidemiological data. The results of our study provide baseline data for further research to investigate the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and management of tinnitus.

Objective: to investigate the ability of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) to avoid gastrostomy tube (G-tube).

Data sources: PubMed, EBSCOhost, Cochrane, and Embase.

Review methods: We retrospectively reviewed the number of MDO cases performed at our institution for patients with Robin Sequence (RS) over the past 10 years. In our institutional review, patients were excluded if they had a G-tube already placed at the time of surgery. We also performed a systematic review of the literature. Articles were excluded if they did not detail feeding outcomes after MDO, or if MDO was performed on patients that did not have RS.

Results: In our systematic review, 12 articles were included that comprised a total of 209 neonates with RS that underwent MDO. A total of 174 (83.3%) patients avoided a G-tube once MDO was performed. A total of 14 patients met the inclusion criteria at our institution. Of the 14 RS patients, 9 (64%) avoided having a G-tube placed and all (14/14) avoided tracheostomy. The average birth weight of patients avoiding a G-tube was 3.11 kg compared to 2.25 kg (P = .045) in the group requiring a G-tube. In the group avoiding a G-tube, the average weight at time of operation was 3.46 kg compared to 2.83 kg (P = .037) in the group requiring a G-tube.

Conclusion: MDO may be considered as a surgical option to prevent G-tube placement for neonates with non-syndromic RS who have difficulty with PO feeding but whose airway obstruction is not severe enough to require respiratory support. Based on our institutional experience, a minimum weight of 3.00 kg correlated with higher success rates of PO intake and avoiding a G-tube.

Introduction: Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare condition that results in neonatal respiratory difficulty. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare surgical outcomes of drilling versus dilation techniques in the treatment of CNPAS.

Methods: Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Clinical Trials databases were searched for terms "congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis" or "pyriform aperture stenosis" from 2010 to 2021. Twenty-five studies were included that evaluated pediatric patients treated surgically for CNPAS with available outcomes data including complications, revisions, and length of stay.

Results: A total of 51 patients with CNPAS were pooled from included studies. The median age was 29 days, 56.9% were female, and 54.9% were born full-term. The median pyriform aperture width before surgery was 5.00 mm (IQR = 4.10, 6.45). Forty (78.4%) patients underwent sublabial drilling, while 6 had a dilation procedure performed with hegar cervical dilators, 2 had a balloon dilation, and 3 were dilated with either an acrylic device, endotracheal tube, or bougie. There were no post-operative complications for 76.5% of patients, while a second surgery was required in 9 (17.6%) patients. The median length of stay was 11 days (IQR = 4, 26). No statistically significant difference was observed between sublabial drilling and surgical dilation techniques with respect to complications, need for revision surgery, or length of stay.

Conclusion: Current literature is insufficient to determine if drilling or dilation is more effective in the treatment of CNPAS.

Objectives: Antithrombotic therapies, comprised of both anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, are routinely paused prior to endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to reduce the risk of perioperative hemorrhage. At present, no clear guidelines exist to guide otolaryngologists on when to resume these agents after ESS. Our goal was to systematically review the existing literature related to this topic.

Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically queried the PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases to identify publications reporting on antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy in the context of ESS. The primary outcomes we sought were recommendations on the timing of antithrombotic therapy resumption after ESS.

Results: Of the 104 unique articles identified, all were screened for relevance by 2 independent reviewers based on title and abstract, 20 underwent full-text review, and 6 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Of these, 3 were literature reviews, 2 were case-control studies, and 1 was a cohort study. All publications discussed when to pause antithrombotic therapy prior to surgery while only 3 articles discussed resumption of these agents. Recommendations were mixed.

Conclusion: A paucity of literature exists on the resumption of antithrombotic therapies after ESS. As a major determining factor in patient morbidity, guideline-based resumption of these therapies is needed.

Background: Nasal obstruction, triggered by allergic rhinitis, often does not resolve with allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) alone, thus inferior turbinate reduction surgery (ITR) may be required. This study aims to investigate the impact of combined treatment on nasal obstruction, as evidence is currently limited.

Methodology/principal: A retrospective cohort study of perennial allergic rhinitis patients experiencing nasal obstruction and undergoing ≥12 months AIT was conducted. Two groups were derived, those undergoing AIT-with or without an ITR. Patient reported nasal obstruction (evaluated with questionnaires) and nasal airway function (Nasal Peak Inspiratory Flow [NPIF] and Nasal Airflow Resistance [NAR]) were monitored. The change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in each group were compared.

Results: A total of 118 patients (33.71 ± 14.43 years, 41.5% female) were recruited, 72% had AIT and 28% AIT&ITR. At baseline, the AIT&ITR group had a higher level of nasal obstruction (>moderate%; 63.6% vs 52.9%, P = .048). Post treatment, AIT&ITR group reported greater reduction in nasal obstruction (>1 category change: 75.8% vs 48.2%, P = .002). Similarly, the AIT&ITR group had greater improvement in nasal function by NPIF (-13.9 ± 110.3 L/minute vs -3.4 ± 78.1 L/minute, P = .049) and NAR (-0.120 ± 0.342 Pa/cm³/second vs -0.093 ± 0.224 Pa/cm³/second, P = .050).

Conclusions: Allergic rhinitis patients, with moderate to severe nasal obstruction, who undergo combined AIT&ITR have greater relief of nasal obstruction and improved airflow analysis compared to AIT alone.

Objective: Tongue-tie, which is also known as ankyloglossia, is a common condition where the lingual frenulum is unusually tight or short. While most literature investigates the impact of tongue-tie on breastfeeding, recent articles have examined its role in speech production in children. However, these have not previously been reviewed systematically. This study aims to determine the impact of tongue-tie on speech outcomes and assess whether frenectomy can improve speech function.

Methods: In this systematic review, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and speechBITE to analyze primary studies investigating the impact of frenectomy for tongue-tie on speech outcomes. We extracted data regarding patient age, male to female ratio, procedure type, follow-up time, and speech outcomes and ran statistical analyses to determine if frenectomy for tongue-tie leads to improvement in speech issues in pediatric patients. Speech outcomes extracted were subjectively measured based on the interpretation of a speech and language pathologist or parent.

Results: Our analysis included 10 studies with an average patient age of 4.10 years, and average cohort size of 22.17 patients. Overall, frenectomy for tongue-tie was associated with an improvement in speech articulation (0.78; 95% CI: 0.64-0.87; P < .01). Increasing patient age was found to be negatively correlated with post-frenectomy speech outcomes (P = .01). However, this relationship disappeared in the adjusted model.

Conclusion: Overall, we conclude that frenectomy is a suitable treatment to correct speech issues in select patients with tongue-tie if caught early in childhood. Despite the limited investigations around speech outcomes post-frenectomy, these results are informative to providers treating tongue-tie.

Objective: Compare ventilation pressures of 2 endotracheal tube designs used in laser airway surgery in clinical practice and with a benchtop model to elucidate differences and understand the design elements that impact airflow dynamics.

Methods: Ventilatory and aerodynamic characteristics of the laser resistant stainless-steel endotracheal tube (LRSS-ET) design and the laser resistant aluminum-wrapped silicone endotracheal tube (LRAS-ET) design were compared. Ventilatory parameters were collected for 32 patients undergoing laser-assisted airway surgery through retrospective chart review. An in vitro benchtop simulation measured average resistance and centerline turbulence intensity of both designs at various diameters and physiological frequencies.

Results: Baseline patient characteristics did not differ between the 2 groups. Clinically, the median LRAS-ET peak inspiratory pressure (PIP; 21.00 cm H₂O) was significantly decreased compared to LRSS-ET PIP (34.67 cm H₂O). In benchtop simulation, the average PIP of the LRAS-ET was significantly lower at all sizes and frequencies. The LRSS-ET consistently demonstrated an increased resistance, although no patterns were observed in turbulence intensity data between both designs.

Conclusion: The benchtop model demonstrated increased resistance in the LRSS-ET compared to the LRAS-ET at all comparable sizes. This finding is supported by retrospective ventilatory pressures during laser airway surgery, which show significantly increased PIPs when comparing identically sized inner diameters. Given the equivocal turbulence intensity data, these differences in resistance and pressures are likely caused by wall roughness and intraluminal presence of tubing, not inlet or outlet geometries. The decreased PIPs of the LRAS-ET should assist in following lung protective ventilator management strategies and reduce risk of pulmonary injury and hemodynamic instability to the patient.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the ability of fusion images of non-echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (non-EPI-DWI MRI) and computed tomography (CT) to accurately locate cholesteatoma and plan the surgical approach.

Methods: In the first part, 41 patients were included. Their CT images and non-EPI DWMRI images were fused. The scope of cholesteatoma in the fusion image was compared with that in the surgical video to evaluate the capability to locate cholesteatoma. A total of 229 patients were included in the second part, and they were divided into 2 groups. We chose the surgical approach for the CT group and the fusion group, and compared the accuracy of surgical approaches in the CT group and the fusion group using the surgical records.

Results: The location of cholesteatoma shown in the fusion images was almost identical to that observed during the operation (kappa = .862). The overall specificity and sensitivity of the fusion images in locating cholesteatoma were 94.12% and 93.06%, respectively. The accuracy of surgical approach selection based on the fusion images (99.02%) was higher than that of surgical approach selection based on the CT images (85.83%).

Conclusion: It is recommended that the fusion images be used to locate the range of the cholesteatoma before operation.

Objective: This retrospective review documents the experience of ipratropium bromide use among pediatric patients with sialorrhea at our multidisciplinary sialorrhea clinic at Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC).

Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with sialorrhea at our multidisciplinary clinic between January 2015 and June 2021 was completed. Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, previous interventions, quality of life, and medication adverse side effects was collected. Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale (DFSS) scores were reviewed to compare sialorrhea management pre- and post-treatment with topical 0.03% ipratropium bromide nasal solution. A descriptive analysis and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were conducted to compare pre- versus post-treatment DFSS scores.

Results: A total of 12 patients presented for follow-up and were included in the final analysis. At the pre-treatment visit, the median DFSS score was 4 for frequency and 5 for severity. Post-treatment, median DFSS score was 3 for frequency and 4.5 for severity, (P = .020 and .129, respectively). Minimal adverse effects were encountered.

Conclusions: Ipratropium bromide provided a statistically significant benefit for drooling frequency in the patients studied and may present an additional topical medical option for pediatric sialorrhea with limited adverse effects.