Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34752
R. Singh, Hitesh B. Patel, V. Sarvaiya, Samir H. Raval, Sarita Devi
The concurrent therapeutic application of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin has been suggested as a potential approach for addressing mixed bacterial infections in poultry. The present investigation aimed to determine the hematological and biochemical safety profile of concurrently administered ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin through the oral route in poultry. This study involved a total of sixteen birds, which were divided into two equal but random groups of broiler chickens. In the first group, roxithromycin alone was administered orally for five days. Conversely, the Group II birds received repeated concurrent doses of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin for consecutive five days adhering to their recommended therapeutic dosages. In both groups, blood samples were collected at various intervals, including before drug administration (0 days), and at 6 hours, 12 hours, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 7th day, and 10th day. Following haematological and biochemical analyses, a two-way statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05) was conducted utilizing unpaired ‘t-tests’ to compare parameters within the group across various time points and between Groups I and II. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in haematological parameters such as heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, along with one biochemical parameter, specifically aspartate transaminase. Notably, the altered values primarily remained within the normal range and were often attributed to age-related changes, with certain fluctuations being of a temporary nature and reverting to normal levels by the 10th Day. The study findings support the conclusion that the concurrent oral administration of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin appears to be safe for therapeutic use in poultry.
{"title":"Safety Assessment of Ciprofloxacin and Roxithromycin through Haematological and Biochemical Profiling in Poultry","authors":"R. Singh, Hitesh B. Patel, V. Sarvaiya, Samir H. Raval, Sarita Devi","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34752","url":null,"abstract":"The concurrent therapeutic application of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin has been suggested as a potential approach for addressing mixed bacterial infections in poultry. The present investigation aimed to determine the hematological and biochemical safety profile of concurrently administered ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin through the oral route in poultry. This study involved a total of sixteen birds, which were divided into two equal but random groups of broiler chickens. In the first group, roxithromycin alone was administered orally for five days. Conversely, the Group II birds received repeated concurrent doses of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin for consecutive five days adhering to their recommended therapeutic dosages. In both groups, blood samples were collected at various intervals, including before drug administration (0 days), and at 6 hours, 12 hours, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 7th day, and 10th day. Following haematological and biochemical analyses, a two-way statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05) was conducted utilizing unpaired ‘t-tests’ to compare parameters within the group across various time points and between Groups I and II. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in haematological parameters such as heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, along with one biochemical parameter, specifically aspartate transaminase. Notably, the altered values primarily remained within the normal range and were often attributed to age-related changes, with certain fluctuations being of a temporary nature and reverting to normal levels by the 10th Day. The study findings support the conclusion that the concurrent oral administration of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin appears to be safe for therapeutic use in poultry.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34727
Geeta Pandey, G. C. Jain
Molybednum is one of the trace elements required for proper functioning of the human body. The present study was designed to assess the effects of molybdenum on accessory reproductive organ i.e. epididymis. Male Wistar rats were administered with three different doses of molybdenum (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days. A recovery study was also conducted in the highest dose group for which half the animals of the group were left untreated for the next 60 days. Exposure to molybdenum induced a significant decline in superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid and glutathione while lipid peroxidation revealed a significant increase in epididymis in dose-dependent manner. Significant reduction in epididymal epithelial cells height, short sterocilia, increased intertubular stroma, decreased epididymal sperm reserve in the lumen and reduction in the diameter of cauda epididymal tubules with a relatively large amount of intertubular stroma was observed in epididymis of mice treated with molybdenum which might be correlated with enhanced oxidative stress. In the recovery group, significant improvement in antioxidant parameters and histoarchitecture of epididymis was observed indicating toxic effects of molybdenum can be reversed by cessation of exposure.
{"title":"Molybdenum-Induced Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Alterations in the Epididymis","authors":"Geeta Pandey, G. C. Jain","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i2/34727","url":null,"abstract":"Molybednum is one of the trace elements required for proper functioning of the human body. The present study was designed to assess the effects of molybdenum on accessory reproductive organ i.e. epididymis. Male Wistar rats were administered with three different doses of molybdenum (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days. A recovery study was also conducted in the highest dose group for which half the animals of the group were left untreated for the next 60 days. Exposure to molybdenum induced a significant decline in superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid and glutathione while lipid peroxidation revealed a significant increase in epididymis in dose-dependent manner. Significant reduction in epididymal epithelial cells height, short sterocilia, increased intertubular stroma, decreased epididymal sperm reserve in the lumen and reduction in the diameter of cauda epididymal tubules with a relatively large amount of intertubular stroma was observed in epididymis of mice treated with molybdenum which might be correlated with enhanced oxidative stress. In the recovery group, significant improvement in antioxidant parameters and histoarchitecture of epididymis was observed indicating toxic effects of molybdenum can be reversed by cessation of exposure.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34774
M. Thenmozhi, Gokul Marimuthu, A. Krishnaveni, T. V. R. Kumar, K. Muthukrishnan
The objective is to evaluate the in vivo anti-asthmatic and in vitro antioxidant potential of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Tragia involucrata (HAETI) on experimental animals. In vivo anti-asthmatic activity of HAETI was evaluated by Arachidonic acid-induced Leucocytosis and Eosinophilia in guinea pigs, Arachidonic acid-induced mast cell degranulation in guinea pigs, and Mast cell Degranulation studies. Parameters like hematological analysis, percentage protection against mast cell degranulation, and time of occurrence of Pre-Convulsion Dyspnea (PCD) were calculated as the end point of the study. Further sections of the lung were prepared for histopathology analysis. In addition, in vitro, anti-oxidant studies were carried out to determine the percentage of inhibition of HAETI on oxidative stress parameters. After the assigned treatment to the group of animals with HAETI showed normalized hematological parameters, the bronchodilatation effect was confirmed by a significant (p<0.001) increase in the latency time of Pre Convulsion Dyspnoea (PCD) and pre-treatment with HAETI in mast cell degranulation study showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in degranulation of mesenteric mast cell number. The histopathological analysis of lung sections showed a reduction of total histological score in HAETI-treated guinea pigs compared with the disease control group (p< 0.0001). Based on IC50 values from in vitro assays, the free radical scavenging property of HAETI was confirmed due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that Tragia involucrata could be effectively used in the treatment of asthma and justified with traditional claims of the plant.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic and In Vitro Anti-Oxidant Potential of Tragia involucrata Linn","authors":"M. Thenmozhi, Gokul Marimuthu, A. Krishnaveni, T. V. R. Kumar, K. Muthukrishnan","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34774","url":null,"abstract":"The objective is to evaluate the in vivo anti-asthmatic and in vitro antioxidant potential of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Tragia involucrata (HAETI) on experimental animals. In vivo anti-asthmatic activity of HAETI was evaluated by Arachidonic acid-induced Leucocytosis and Eosinophilia in guinea pigs, Arachidonic acid-induced mast cell degranulation in guinea pigs, and Mast cell Degranulation studies. Parameters like hematological analysis, percentage protection against mast cell degranulation, and time of occurrence of Pre-Convulsion Dyspnea (PCD) were calculated as the end point of the study. Further sections of the lung were prepared for histopathology analysis. In addition, in vitro, anti-oxidant studies were carried out to determine the percentage of inhibition of HAETI on oxidative stress parameters. After the assigned treatment to the group of animals with HAETI showed normalized hematological parameters, the bronchodilatation effect was confirmed by a significant (p<0.001) increase in the latency time of Pre Convulsion Dyspnoea (PCD) and pre-treatment with HAETI in mast cell degranulation study showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in degranulation of mesenteric mast cell number. The histopathological analysis of lung sections showed a reduction of total histological score in HAETI-treated guinea pigs compared with the disease control group (p< 0.0001). Based on IC50 values from in vitro assays, the free radical scavenging property of HAETI was confirmed due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that Tragia involucrata could be effectively used in the treatment of asthma and justified with traditional claims of the plant.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"11 s1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140418556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35349
P. Gopinath, R. Arunadevi
Semecarpus anacardium L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Its drupe is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations after sodhana processing as it is listed under Schedule E1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. In this study, sodhita Semecarpus anacardium L. drupe was extracted with n-hexane and the yield was found to be 56%. The extract was subjected to GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis and its characteristics were studied using an in silico tool. Acute oral and dermal toxicity studies were performed on the Wistar albino rats as per the OECD 425 and 402 guidelines respectively. The GCMS data revealed the presence of C13H18O3 (m/z: 222.1) with an abundance of 93.63%. The compound was predicted as potentially hazardous with a probable mutagenic category of ICH M7 class 3. An oxirane functional group of the compound was predicted to cause potent irritation properties to the eyes and skin with positive scores of 0.76 and 0.57 respectively. The LD50 was found to be more than the limit dose of 2000mg/kg body weight upon oral administration. Acute dermal exposure at a limited dose of 2000mg/kg body weight did not cause mortality. However, inflammatory responses started appearing within 48 hours of exposure. Histopathology revealed mild dermal oedema, mild fibrosis, dilated follicles hyperplasia etc. No changes were found in haematological parameters. Inflammation and dermal allergic reactions were completely self-healed by the end of 14 days. The results suggest that the oil portion of the sodhita drupe possesses the irritant properties of the Semecarpus anacardium. It might be due to the presence of the compound C13H18O3 with Oxirane as a functional group.
{"title":"Acute Toxicity Study of Hexane Extract of Sodhita Semecarpus anacardium L. Drupe in Wistar Albino Rats and its Prediction Using In-Silico Tool","authors":"P. Gopinath, R. Arunadevi","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35349","url":null,"abstract":"Semecarpus anacardium L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Its drupe is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations after sodhana processing as it is listed under Schedule E1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. In this study, sodhita Semecarpus anacardium L. drupe was extracted with n-hexane and the yield was found to be 56%. The extract was subjected to GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis and its characteristics were studied using an in silico tool. Acute oral and dermal toxicity studies were performed on the Wistar albino rats as per the OECD 425 and 402 guidelines respectively. The GCMS data revealed the presence of C13H18O3 (m/z: 222.1) with an abundance of 93.63%. The compound was predicted as potentially hazardous with a probable mutagenic category of ICH M7 class 3. An oxirane functional group of the compound was predicted to cause potent irritation properties to the eyes and skin with positive scores of 0.76 and 0.57 respectively. The LD50 was found to be more than the limit dose of 2000mg/kg body weight upon oral administration. Acute dermal exposure at a limited dose of 2000mg/kg body weight did not cause mortality. However, inflammatory responses started appearing within 48 hours of exposure. Histopathology revealed mild dermal oedema, mild fibrosis, dilated follicles hyperplasia etc. No changes were found in haematological parameters. Inflammation and dermal allergic reactions were completely self-healed by the end of 14 days. The results suggest that the oil portion of the sodhita drupe possesses the irritant properties of the Semecarpus anacardium. It might be due to the presence of the compound C13H18O3 with Oxirane as a functional group.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"72 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A variety of cellular processes work together in a highly coordinated manner to facilitate a complex and dynamic process of wound healing ensuring the efficient restoration of injured tissue. Diosgenin, a plant sterol saponin is primarily found in various plants. The aim of this research was to create an emulgel containing Diosgenin and examine its effects on wound healing in diabetic rats with excision wounds. Histopathological findings further supported the efficacy of the emulgel and results indicate that the application of Diosgenin Emulgel (DE) shows an effective approach for healing of diabetic wounds. The objective of the research stands to explore the possibility of formulation development and wound-healing capabilities of DE. The study evaluated the wound healing effects of the DE in Streptozotocin-induced (STZ) (55 mg/kg) given by intraperitoneal route diabetes and control group. The emulgel was topically applied to assess its effectiveness in promoting wound healing. The application of DE on the rat wounds resulted in a notable wound closure within a 21-day period and significant epithelization was observed with p < 0.001. The study concluded that the formulation demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in promoting the functional recovery of diabetic wounds.
各种细胞过程以高度协调的方式共同促进复杂而动态的伤口愈合过程，确保受伤组织的有效恢复。薯蓣皂甙是一种植物甾醇皂甙，主要存在于各种植物中。本研究的目的是制作一种含有薯蓣皂苷的凝胶，并研究其对糖尿病大鼠切除伤口愈合的影响。组织病理学研究结果进一步证实了该凝胶的功效，结果表明应用薯蓣皂苷凝胶（DE）可有效促进糖尿病伤口的愈合。这项研究的目的是探索地奥司明配方开发的可能性以及地奥司明的伤口愈合能力。该研究评估了通过腹腔途径给予链脲佐菌素（STZ）（55 毫克/千克）诱导的糖尿病患者和对照组的伤口愈合效果。大鼠局部涂抹乳胶，以评估其促进伤口愈合的效果。在大鼠伤口上涂抹 DE 后，伤口在 21 天内明显愈合，并观察到明显的上皮化（P < 0.001）。研究得出结论，该配方在促进糖尿病伤口功能恢复方面具有显著效果。
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Delivery Diosgenin Emulgel for Diabetic Wounds","authors":"Deepali Lanjekar, Malati Salunke, Ashwin Mali, Amol Muthal, Vaibhav Shinde","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35423","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of cellular processes work together in a highly coordinated manner to facilitate a complex and dynamic process of wound healing ensuring the efficient restoration of injured tissue. Diosgenin, a plant sterol saponin is primarily found in various plants. The aim of this research was to create an emulgel containing Diosgenin and examine its effects on wound healing in diabetic rats with excision wounds. Histopathological findings further supported the efficacy of the emulgel and results indicate that the application of Diosgenin Emulgel (DE) shows an effective approach for healing of diabetic wounds. The objective of the research stands to explore the possibility of formulation development and wound-healing capabilities of DE. The study evaluated the wound healing effects of the DE in Streptozotocin-induced (STZ) (55 mg/kg) given by intraperitoneal route diabetes and control group. The emulgel was topically applied to assess its effectiveness in promoting wound healing. The application of DE on the rat wounds resulted in a notable wound closure within a 21-day period and significant epithelization was observed with p < 0.001. The study concluded that the formulation demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in promoting the functional recovery of diabetic wounds.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"90 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34819
Lalit P. Chandravanshi, R. Shukla, Prashant Agrawal, Richa Gupta, Hany W. Darwish
Developmental neurotoxicity of Arsenic (As) is a major concern worldwide. High level As exposure is associated with several chronic diseases including adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, very a lack of information on its ability to impair neurodevelopment at lower exposure. To date, there are very few animal studies during the perinatal period of As exposure. Although exposure to As induces developmental neurotoxicity, there is a lack of data regarding its specific effects on amino acid neurotransmitters and bioenergetics biomolecules in the hippocampus of developing rats exposed to As during the perinatal period (GD6-PD21). In continuation of previous studies, rats were exposed to As from gestational day (GD 6) through PD 21 with targeted doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. HPLC-UV method was used to estimate the level of amino acid neurotransmitters (aspartate, glutamate, homocysteine, glutamine, serine, and glycine) and the level of Adenosine 5’-Triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) in the hippocampus of rats after the exposure of As. Amino acid neurotransmitter levels, a predictive biomarker of As-induced developmental neurotoxicity were found to be altered. ATP, ADP, and AMP were also significantly impaired in the hippocampus of As-exposed rats. We have observed that the hippocampus is susceptible to As toxicity, both because of the high energy depletion and the alterations in the levels of selected amino acid neurotransmitters. Taken together, our results indicate that perinatal As exposure appears to be critical and vulnerable.
{"title":"Impact of Perinatal Arsenic Exposure on Amino Acid Neurotransmitters and Bioenergetics Molecules in the Hippocampus of Rats","authors":"Lalit P. Chandravanshi, R. Shukla, Prashant Agrawal, Richa Gupta, Hany W. Darwish","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/34819","url":null,"abstract":"Developmental neurotoxicity of Arsenic (As) is a major concern worldwide. High level As exposure is associated with several chronic diseases including adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, very a lack of information on its ability to impair neurodevelopment at lower exposure. To date, there are very few animal studies during the perinatal period of As exposure. Although exposure to As induces developmental neurotoxicity, there is a lack of data regarding its specific effects on amino acid neurotransmitters and bioenergetics biomolecules in the hippocampus of developing rats exposed to As during the perinatal period (GD6-PD21). In continuation of previous studies, rats were exposed to As from gestational day (GD 6) through PD 21 with targeted doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. HPLC-UV method was used to estimate the level of amino acid neurotransmitters (aspartate, glutamate, homocysteine, glutamine, serine, and glycine) and the level of Adenosine 5’-Triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) in the hippocampus of rats after the exposure of As. Amino acid neurotransmitter levels, a predictive biomarker of As-induced developmental neurotoxicity were found to be altered. ATP, ADP, and AMP were also significantly impaired in the hippocampus of As-exposed rats. We have observed that the hippocampus is susceptible to As toxicity, both because of the high energy depletion and the alterations in the levels of selected amino acid neurotransmitters. Taken together, our results indicate that perinatal As exposure appears to be critical and vulnerable.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"109 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140422497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/30794
Sauda Sultana Mimi, Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan, Md. Hasanur Rahman, T. A. Chowdhury
In the present study, the Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) plant has been taken to determine the in-vitro analysis to find out the therapeutic value. The bioassays of the raw extract of methanol of bark of M. nudiflorus and by Kupchan’s extraction method collecting n-Hexane (HEX), Dichloromethane (DCM), Chloroform (CHCl3), Ethylacetate (EA) and Aqueous (AQ) fractions were scrutinized to find out its therapeutic value. The findings of phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of barks revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites. By using the GC-FID method the result showed that M. nudiflorus contained four bound fatty acids and four free fatty acids. EA fraction had the maximum phenolic content among all the fractions at (133.67±0.99) mg of GAE/g where the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent was used as an oxidizing agent. The antioxidant activity was measured in terms of its ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH assay). Among all extractives, the greatest ability to scavenge for free radicals was shown by EA extract with an IС50 value (12.08±0.15) μg/ml. In the toxicity of brine shrimp test, the HEX fraction had the maximum toxicity with an LC50 value of (0.12±0.01) μg/ml. Cell cytotoxicity was observed for sample CHCl3 and EA on both the Vero (kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey) and HeLa (a human cervical cancer cell) cell line. All the fractions were subjected to in vitro microbial screening, which revealed that DCM, CHCl3, and EA fractions showed growth inhibition, particularly against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial activity was produced by CHCl3 fraction against Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm). The results of in vitro experiments have demonstrated that the extracts from the barks of M. nudiflorus have great potential for medicinal uses and might be studied for further chemical exploration.
{"title":"Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Fatty Acid Profile and Biological Studies of the Bark of Mallotus nudiflorus (Pitali) Plant","authors":"Sauda Sultana Mimi, Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan, Md. Hasanur Rahman, T. A. Chowdhury","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/30794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/30794","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) plant has been taken to determine the in-vitro analysis to find out the therapeutic value. The bioassays of the raw extract of methanol of bark of M. nudiflorus and by Kupchan’s extraction method collecting n-Hexane (HEX), Dichloromethane (DCM), Chloroform (CHCl3), Ethylacetate (EA) and Aqueous (AQ) fractions were scrutinized to find out its therapeutic value. The findings of phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of barks revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites. By using the GC-FID method the result showed that M. nudiflorus contained four bound fatty acids and four free fatty acids. EA fraction had the maximum phenolic content among all the fractions at (133.67±0.99) mg of GAE/g where the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent was used as an oxidizing agent. The antioxidant activity was measured in terms of its ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH assay). Among all extractives, the greatest ability to scavenge for free radicals was shown by EA extract with an IС50 value (12.08±0.15) μg/ml. In the toxicity of brine shrimp test, the HEX fraction had the maximum toxicity with an LC50 value of (0.12±0.01) μg/ml. Cell cytotoxicity was observed for sample CHCl3 and EA on both the Vero (kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey) and HeLa (a human cervical cancer cell) cell line. All the fractions were subjected to in vitro microbial screening, which revealed that DCM, CHCl3, and EA fractions showed growth inhibition, particularly against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial activity was produced by CHCl3 fraction against Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm). The results of in vitro experiments have demonstrated that the extracts from the barks of M. nudiflorus have great potential for medicinal uses and might be studied for further chemical exploration.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of administering Zuriat seed extract. This study used 20 male mice, divided randomly into 4 groups, namely the group given Zuriat seed extract at a dose of 0.252 mg/20 g body weight; 2.52 mg/20 g body weight; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight; and 252 mg/20 g body weight. After being given a single dose, observations were carried out for 24 hours to see the number of deaths and toxic symptoms, and further observations were carried out for 7 consecutive days on mice that were still alive. Then the relative weights of mice’s stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys were calculated and the LD50 dose categories were analysed. The results of the study showed that within 24 hours, death occurred in the 2.52 mg/20 g body weight group of 3 mice; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight for 4 mice; and a dose of 252 mg/20 g body weight for 5 mice. Before they died, the mice experienced toxic symptoms. Follow-up observations for 7 days showed no toxic symptoms in each group. In measuring the relative weight of organs, it was found that the dose of Zuriat seed extract did not affect the relative weight of the organs of the stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys of mice. The LD50 value category for Zuriat seed extract is moderately toxic. It concluded that administration of Zuriat seed extract at a dose of more than 0.252 mg/20 g body weight is moderately toxic to the animals.
{"title":"Description of Acute Toxicity of Zuriat Fruit Seed Extract (Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.) in Mice","authors":"Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan, Ariesta Albriyanti, Hayatul Fajri","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35927","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of administering Zuriat seed extract. This study used 20 male mice, divided randomly into 4 groups, namely the group given Zuriat seed extract at a dose of 0.252 mg/20 g body weight; 2.52 mg/20 g body weight; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight; and 252 mg/20 g body weight. After being given a single dose, observations were carried out for 24 hours to see the number of deaths and toxic symptoms, and further observations were carried out for 7 consecutive days on mice that were still alive. Then the relative weights of mice’s stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys were calculated and the LD50 dose categories were analysed. The results of the study showed that within 24 hours, death occurred in the 2.52 mg/20 g body weight group of 3 mice; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight for 4 mice; and a dose of 252 mg/20 g body weight for 5 mice. Before they died, the mice experienced toxic symptoms. Follow-up observations for 7 days showed no toxic symptoms in each group. In measuring the relative weight of organs, it was found that the dose of Zuriat seed extract did not affect the relative weight of the organs of the stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys of mice. The LD50 value category for Zuriat seed extract is moderately toxic. It concluded that administration of Zuriat seed extract at a dose of more than 0.252 mg/20 g body weight is moderately toxic to the animals.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"22 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35255
N. Rani, K. Ramanjaneyulu, P. Pavani, S. Tulasi
Sunset yellow and tartrazine are commonly used azo dyes extensively employed in beverages and food products such as soda, fruit juices, confectionery, and cakes. These dyes hold the distinction of being the second and third most frequently utilized colour additives in a wide array of beverage products. The discharge of these synthetic food dyes into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Due to its aromatic structure, this dye is resistant to breaking down into harmless compounds, and its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. The use of renewable bioresources for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles represents a recent and growing trend in nanotechnology research, offering enhanced environmental safety. In this current research, we achieved the green and cost-effective synthesis of monodispersed Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) with exceptional stability by utilizing an aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth is the primary bioresource for this synthesis. The FeNPs were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with a 26-34 nm size range and an average particle size of 28 ± 0.86 nm. The XRD results confirm that the FeNPs were rhombohedral phase structures with 71.43% of elemental iron. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and more than 90% were removed. The adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 76.29 and 47.22 mg/g for sunset yellow and tartrazine respectively. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.
{"title":"Isotherm and Kinetic Studies on Adsorption of Yellow Azo Dyes (Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine) using Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth., Leaf Extract Mediated Iron Nanoparticles","authors":"N. Rani, K. Ramanjaneyulu, P. Pavani, S. Tulasi","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35255","url":null,"abstract":"Sunset yellow and tartrazine are commonly used azo dyes extensively employed in beverages and food products such as soda, fruit juices, confectionery, and cakes. These dyes hold the distinction of being the second and third most frequently utilized colour additives in a wide array of beverage products. The discharge of these synthetic food dyes into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Due to its aromatic structure, this dye is resistant to breaking down into harmless compounds, and its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. The use of renewable bioresources for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles represents a recent and growing trend in nanotechnology research, offering enhanced environmental safety. In this current research, we achieved the green and cost-effective synthesis of monodispersed Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) with exceptional stability by utilizing an aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth is the primary bioresource for this synthesis. The FeNPs were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with a 26-34 nm size range and an average particle size of 28 ± 0.86 nm. The XRD results confirm that the FeNPs were rhombohedral phase structures with 71.43% of elemental iron. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and more than 90% were removed. The adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 76.29 and 47.22 mg/g for sunset yellow and tartrazine respectively. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"104 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140422752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35749
V. L. Anusha, Anil Kumar Yerragopu, N. S. Kiran, A. Rajesh, Y. Sirisha, A. L. Harini
This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of Albizzia lebbeck (Shirish) ethanol leaf extract against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. A. lebbeck, a medicinal plant with documented pharmacological activities, has not been scientifically studied for its cardioprotective properties. The research utilised a rat model of ISO-induced myocardial infarction, a well-established experimental approach to study preventive effects on myocardial damage. The study included the isolation and preparation of A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract (MEAL) and its administration at different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to ISO-treated rats. Various parameters, including relative organ weight, cardiac biomarkers (cTnI, LDH, CK-MB), total proteins, oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), and histopathological changes, were assessed. The results revealed that ISO administration induced cardiac hypertrophy, increased serum biomarkers, and oxidative stress, indicating myocardial damage. Treatment with MEAL, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly mitigated these effects. MEAL administration reduced the heart-to-body weight ratio, normalised serum biomarkers, restored endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and showed a protective effect against structural damage in histopathological examination. In conclusion, A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. These findings suggest the potential of A. lebbeck as a natural therapeutic agent for preventing or ameliorating cardiac damage associated with stress-induced conditions. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective properties and explore its potential clinical applications.
本研究探讨了 Albizzia lebbeck（Shirish）乙醇叶提取物对异丙肾上腺素（ISO）诱导的 Wistar 白化大鼠心肌梗死的保护潜力。心血管疾病（CVDs）是全球关注的主要健康问题，严重影响发病率和死亡率。A. lebbeck是一种具有药理活性的药用植物，但尚未对其心脏保护特性进行科学研究。该研究利用 ISO 诱导的心肌梗塞大鼠模型，这是一种研究心肌损伤预防效果的成熟实验方法。研究包括分离和制备莱贝克叶乙醇提取物（MEAL），并以不同剂量（200 毫克/千克和 400 毫克/千克）给 ISO 处理的大鼠服用。对各种参数进行了评估，包括相对器官重量、心脏生物标志物（cTnI、LDH、CK-MB）、总蛋白、氧化应激标志物（SOD、MDA）和组织病理学变化。结果显示，服用 ISO 会诱发心肌肥厚、血清生物标志物和氧化应激增加，表明心肌受损。使用MEAL（尤其是较高剂量（400毫克/千克））能显著减轻这些影响。MEAL能降低心脏与体重的比率，使血清生物标志物正常化，恢复内源性抗氧化酶的水平，并对组织病理学检查中的结构损伤具有保护作用。总之，A. lebbeck 乙醇叶提取物对 ISO 诱导的大鼠心肌梗死具有显著的心脏保护作用。这些研究结果表明，A. lebbeck 有可能成为一种天然治疗剂，用于预防或改善与压力诱发条件相关的心脏损伤。为了阐明其心脏保护特性的具体机制并探索其潜在的临床应用，我们有必要开展进一步的研究。
{"title":"Cardioprotective Potential of Albizzia lebbeck: Insights Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats","authors":"V. L. Anusha, Anil Kumar Yerragopu, N. S. Kiran, A. Rajesh, Y. Sirisha, A. L. Harini","doi":"10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2024/v31i1/35749","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of Albizzia lebbeck (Shirish) ethanol leaf extract against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. A. lebbeck, a medicinal plant with documented pharmacological activities, has not been scientifically studied for its cardioprotective properties. The research utilised a rat model of ISO-induced myocardial infarction, a well-established experimental approach to study preventive effects on myocardial damage. The study included the isolation and preparation of A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract (MEAL) and its administration at different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to ISO-treated rats. Various parameters, including relative organ weight, cardiac biomarkers (cTnI, LDH, CK-MB), total proteins, oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), and histopathological changes, were assessed. The results revealed that ISO administration induced cardiac hypertrophy, increased serum biomarkers, and oxidative stress, indicating myocardial damage. Treatment with MEAL, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly mitigated these effects. MEAL administration reduced the heart-to-body weight ratio, normalised serum biomarkers, restored endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and showed a protective effect against structural damage in histopathological examination. In conclusion, A. lebbeck ethanol leaf extract demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. These findings suggest the potential of A. lebbeck as a natural therapeutic agent for preventing or ameliorating cardiac damage associated with stress-induced conditions. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective properties and explore its potential clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":510028,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"544 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140417256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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