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A three-component model of relational responding in the transposition paradigm. 转置范式中关系反应的三分量模型。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000004
Olga F Lazareva, Michael E Young, Edward A Wasserman

We present a new model of transposition behavior that involves 3 predictors: (a) the disparity in generalized associative strength from the previously reinforced and nonreinforced stimuli (g) to the stimuli in the testing pair; (b) relational disparity (r), the difference in the logarithmically scaled sensory values of the testing stimuli; and (c) familiarity (f), the inverse of the Euclidean distance from the testing pair to the nearest training pair in 2-dimensional stimulus space. We evaluated the model with pigeons as subjects and with circle diameter (Experiment 1) and speed of motion (Experiment 2) as sensory dimensions. In each experiment, we presented 1, 2, or 3 training pairs as well as a wide range of testing pairs, including those comprising nonadjacent training stimuli. The control that was exerted by g did not depend on the number of training pairs and predicted behavior better than r and f after 1-pair training. In contrast, the influence of r increased dramatically with an increase in the number of training pairs. The contribution of f depended on the stimulus domain: When circle area was used (Experiment 1), the influence of f was similar to r; however, when speed of motion was used (Experiment 2), f had no discernible effect on pigeons' behavior. In sum, our results suggest that pigeons' transposition behavior is affected by both reinforcement history (g) and the relation between the experimental stimuli (r and f); our model provides a principled means for assessing the relative contribution of each predictor to choice behavior.

我们提出了一个新的移位行为模型,该模型涉及3个预测因素:(a)从先前强化和未强化的刺激(g)到测试对中的刺激的广义联想强度的差异;(b)关系差异(r),测试刺激的对数尺度感官值的差异;(c)熟悉度(f),在二维刺激空间中测试对到最近的训练对的欧氏距离的倒数。我们以鸽子为实验对象,以圆周直径(实验1)和运动速度(实验2)为感官维度对模型进行评价。在每个实验中,我们提供了1、2或3个训练配对以及广泛的测试配对,包括那些包含非相邻训练刺激的配对。g所施加的控制不依赖于训练对的数量,并且在1对训练后比r和f更好地预测行为。相反,r的影响随着训练对数量的增加而显著增加。f的贡献取决于刺激域:当使用圆面积时(实验1),f的影响与r相似;然而,当使用运动速度(实验2)时,f对鸽子的行为没有明显的影响。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,鸽子的换位行为受强化历史(g)和实验刺激之间的关系(r和f)的影响;我们的模型为评估每个预测器对选择行为的相对贡献提供了一个原则性的方法。
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引用次数: 17
Dissociations in the effect of delay on object recognition: evidence for an associative model of recognition memory. 延迟对物体识别的影响中的解离:识别记忆的联想模型的证据。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000003
Shu K E Tam, Jasper Robinson, Dómhnall J Jennings, Charlotte Bonardi

Rats were administered 3 versions of an object recognition task: In the spontaneous object recognition task (SOR) animals discriminated between a familiar object and a novel object; in the temporal order task they discriminated between 2 familiar objects, 1 of which had been presented more recently than the other; and, in the object-in-place task, they discriminated among 4 previously presented objects, 2 of which were presented in the same locations as in preexposure and 2 in different but familiar locations. In each task animals were tested at 2 delays (5 min and 2 hr) between the sample and test phases in the SOR and object-in-place task, and between the 2 sample phases in the temporal order task. Performance in the SOR was poorer with the longer delay, whereas in the temporal order task performance improved with delay. There was no effect of delay on object-in-place performance. In addition the performance of animals with neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus was selectively impaired in the object-in-place task at the longer delay. These findings are interpreted within the framework of Wagner's (1981) model of memory.

给大鼠三个版本的物体识别任务:在自发物体识别任务(SOR)中,动物区分熟悉的物体和新物体;在时间顺序任务中,他们区分两个熟悉的物体,其中一个比另一个出现得更近;在物体就位任务中,他们区分了4个先前呈现的物体,其中2个与曝光前呈现的位置相同,另外2个呈现在不同但熟悉的位置。在每个任务中,动物在SOR和原位物体任务的样本阶段和测试阶段之间以及时间顺序任务的两个样本阶段之间进行2次延迟(5分钟和2小时)测试。SOR任务的表现随延迟的延长而变差,而时间顺序任务的表现随延迟的延长而提高。延迟对对象就地性能没有影响。此外,海马背侧神经毒性损伤的动物在物体就位任务中表现选择性受损。这些发现是在瓦格纳(1981)记忆模型的框架内解释的。
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引用次数: 17
Relative salience versus relative validity: cue salience influences blocking in human associative learning. 相对显著性与相对效度:提示显著性影响人类联想学习中的阻塞。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000006
Mike E Le Pelley, Tom Beesley, Oren Griffiths

Two studies of human contingency learning investigated the influence of stimulus salience on the cue competition effect of blocking. These studies demonstrated that blocking (defined as a difference in responding to blocked and control cues) was greater for target cues that had high "semantic salience" than those of lower salience. Moreover participants showed weaker responding to high salience blocked cues than low salience blocked cues, but a corresponding difference was not observed for control cues. These findings suggest that the influence of relative salience on associative learning depends on the relative validity of the cues in question. Use of eye tracking in Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants' overt attention to cues was also influenced by both relative salience and relative validity. We describe three associative learning models, based on the attentional theory proposed by Mackintosh (1975), that are able to account for our key findings.

人类偶然性学习的两项研究探讨了刺激显著性对线索竞争阻滞效应的影响。这些研究表明,对于具有高“语义显著性”的目标线索,阻滞(定义为对被阻断线索和控制线索的反应差异)比显著性较低的目标线索更大。此外,受试者对高显著性障碍提示的反应弱于对低显著性障碍提示的反应,而对控制提示则没有相应的差异。这些发现表明,相对显著性对联想学习的影响取决于相关线索的相对有效性。实验2的眼动追踪表明,被试对线索的显性注意也受到相对显著性和相对效度的影响。我们描述了三种基于Mackintosh(1975)提出的注意理论的联想学习模型,它们能够解释我们的主要发现。
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引用次数: 21
The effect of a prior investment on choice: the sunk cost effect. 先前投资对选择的影响:沉没成本效应。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000007
Paula Magalhães, K Geoffrey White

We investigated the effect of prior investment on choice in pigeons, namely, the sunk cost effect, which is a tendency to continue an endeavor once a prior investment has been made, despite a better option being available. In a concurrent-chains procedure, pigeons chose between left and right keys in the choice phase leading to different work requirements in the outcome phase. Within each session, two components were signaled by red or green keys in the choice phase. Components were identical, except that in red components, the choice was preceded by a prior investment of 20 pecks on the left key, whereas in green components, the investment of 20 pecks was on the right key. Preference for the key with the prior investment was studied in a series of experiments in which we manipulated the absence or presence of the investment (Experiments 1a and 1b) and size of the investment (Experiments 2 and 3). We also investigated whether the bias observed was a result of carryover effects or of the sunk cost effect (Experiment 4). Overall, the results showed that choice was biased toward the alternative associated with the prior investment, consistent with the sunk cost effect, an effect that can be understood in terms of within-trial contrast and the delay-reduction hypothesis.

我们研究了先验投资对鸽子选择的影响,即沉没成本效应,即一旦有了先验投资,尽管有更好的选择,鸽子仍倾向于继续努力。在并发链过程中,鸽子在选择阶段在左键和右键之间进行选择,导致结果阶段的工作要求不同。在每个会话中,选择阶段的两个组成部分由红色或绿色键表示。组件是相同的,除了在红色组件中,在选择之前先在左键上投资20个啄,而在绿色组件中,在右键上投资20个啄。在一系列实验中,我们研究了对先前投资的关键偏好,在这些实验中,我们操纵了投资的缺失或存在(实验1a和1b)以及投资的规模(实验2和3)。我们还调查了观察到的偏见是由于延续效应还是沉没成本效应(实验4)。总体而言,结果表明,选择偏向于与先前投资相关的替代方案。与沉没成本效应一致,这种效应可以用试验内对比和延迟减少假设来理解。
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引用次数: 18
Persistence in extinction: the sunk time effect. 灭绝中的坚持:沉没时间效应。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000009
Paula Magalhães, K Geoffrey White

We investigated the sunk time effect, persistence in a nonpreferred option owing to prior investment of time in that option. Pigeons chose between two concurrently available keys-2 fixed-interval (FI) food requirements were arranged on 1 key, and an escape option, which terminated the current trial and started a new one, on a second key. One FI was longer than the other, and the shorter FI was always more probable on any given trial. In most conditions, the different FI schedules were not signaled. In this situation, the optimal behavior would be for pigeons to escape from the long FI once the duration equivalent to the short FI had elapsed without reinforcement. Several variables that could influence persistence or escape behavior were manipulated: the presence and absence of cues signaling the type of trial in effect (Experiments 1 and 2), extinction in the long interval (Experiments 3, 4, and 5), the intertrial-interval duration (Experiments 5 and 6), and the duration of the FI schedules (Experiments 1-6). Overall, the results showed that pigeons tend to persist and finish the current trial, even with extinction in the long interval, a result consistent with the sunk time effect.

我们研究了沉没时间效应,即由于先前在该期权上投入时间而对非首选期权的持久性。鸽子在两个同时可用的键之间进行选择-2固定间隔(FI)食物需求安排在一个键上,并在第二个键上安排逃避选项,该选项终止当前的试验并开始新的试验。一个FI比另一个更长,在任何给定的试验中,较短的FI总是更有可能。在大多数情况下,不同的FI时间表没有信号。在这种情况下,鸽子的最佳行为是在没有强化的情况下,一旦相当于短FI的持续时间过去,鸽子就会逃离长FI。几个可能影响持续或逃避行为的变量被操纵:提示有效试验类型的线索的存在和缺失(实验1和2),长间隔中的消失(实验3、4和5),间隔-间隔持续时间(实验5和6),以及FI时间表的持续时间(实验1-6)。总体而言,结果表明,鸽子倾向于坚持并完成当前的试验,即使在较长的间隔内灭绝,结果与沉没时间效应一致。
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引用次数: 8
Editorial explaining the change in name of this journal to Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition. 解释本刊更名为《实验心理学杂志:动物学习与认知》的社论。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000015
Ralph R Miller

This editorial explains the reasoning behind The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes name change. This Journal started publication in 1975 as a result of a major reorganization of the American Psychological Association's basic science journals. To signal that expansion of interest, the name of the journal has been changed to Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition. This change is not meant to discourage submission of the types of manuscripts that have most frequently appeared in the journal in recent years but to encourage submission of papers across a broader range of topics.

这篇社论解释了《实验心理学杂志:动物行为过程》更名背后的原因。该杂志于1975年开始出版,这是美国心理协会基础科学期刊进行重大重组的结果。为了表明兴趣的扩大,杂志的名称已改为实验心理学杂志:动物学习与认知。这一变化并不是为了阻止近年来最频繁出现在期刊上的手稿类型的提交,而是为了鼓励提交更广泛主题的论文。
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引用次数: 0
Suboptimal choice by pigeons may result from the diminishing effect of nonreinforcement. 鸽子的次优选择可能是非强化效应递减的结果。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/xan0000010
Jennifer R Laude, Jessica P Stagner, Thomas R Zentall

Pigeons prefer an alternative that provides them with a stimulus 20% of the time that predicts 10 pellets of food and a different stimulus 80% of the time that predicts 0 pellets, over an alternative that provides them with a stimulus that always predicts 3 pellets of food, even though the preferred alternative provides them with considerably less food. It appears that the stimulus that predicts 10 pellets acts as a strong conditioned reinforcer, despite the fact that the stimulus that predicts 0 pellets occurs 4 times as often. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that early in training conditioned inhibition develops to the 0-pellet stimulus, but later in training it dissipates. We trained pigeons with a hue as the 10-pellet stimulus and a vertical line as the 0-pellet stimulus. To assess the inhibitory value of the vertical line, we compared responding to the 10-pellet hue with responding to the compound of the 10-pellet hue and the vertical line early in training and once again late in training, using both a within-subject design (Experiment 1) and a between-groups design (Experiment 2). We found that there was a significant reduction in inhibition between the early test (when pigeons chose optimally) and late test (when choice was suboptimal). Thus, the increase in suboptimal choice may result from the decline in inhibition to the 0-pellet stimulus. Implications for human gambling behavior are considered.

鸽子更喜欢在 20% 的时间里为它们提供预示 10 粒食物的刺激和在 80% 的时间里为它们提供预示 0 粒食物的不同刺激,而不是为它们提供总是预示 3 粒食物的刺激,尽管首选刺激为它们提供的食物要少得多。由此看来,尽管预示 10 粒食物的刺激出现的频率是预示 0 粒食物的刺激出现频率的 4 倍,但预示 10 粒食物的刺激还是起到了很强的条件强化作用。在本研究中,我们测试了这样一个假设:在训练早期,鸽子会对 0 粒食物的刺激产生条件性抑制,但在训练后期,这种抑制会消失。我们用一种色调作为 10 粒刺激物,用一条垂直线作为 0 粒刺激物对鸽子进行训练。为了评估垂直线的抑制价值,我们在训练初期和训练后期,分别采用受试者内设计(实验 1)和组间设计(实验 2),比较了鸽子对 10 粒颗粒色调的反应和对 10 粒颗粒色调与垂直线的复合反应。我们发现,在早期测试(当鸽子做出最佳选择时)和晚期测试(当鸽子做出次佳选择时)之间,抑制作用明显减弱。因此,次优选择的增加可能是由于对0颗粒刺激的抑制作用下降所致。该研究还考虑了对人类赌博行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) remember future responses in a computerized task. 恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)和卷尾猴(Cebus apella)在计算机任务中记住未来的反应。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2012-07-01 Epub Date: 2012-04-30 DOI: 10.1037/a0027796
Michael J Beran, Theodore A Evans, Emily D Klein, Gilles O Einstein

Planning is an important aspect of many daily activities for humans. Planning involves forming a strategy in anticipation of a future need. However, evidence that nonhuman animals can plan for future situations is limited, particularly in relation to the many other kinds of cognitive capacities that they appear to share with humans. One critical aspect of planning is the ability to remember future responses, or what is called prospective coding. Two monkey species (Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella) performed a series of computerized tasks that required encoding a future response at the outset of each trial. Monkeys of both species showed competence in all tests that were given, providing evidence that they anticipated future responses and that they appropriately engaged in those responses when the time was right for such responses. In addition, some tests demonstrated that monkeys even remembered future responses that were not as presently motivating as were other aspects of the task environment. These results indicated that monkeys could anticipate future responses and retain and implement those responses when appropriate.

计划是人类许多日常活动的一个重要方面。计划包括在预测未来需求的基础上制定战略。然而,证明非人类动物能够计划未来情况的证据是有限的,特别是与它们似乎与人类共享的许多其他种类的认知能力有关。计划的一个关键方面是记住未来反应的能力,也就是所谓的前瞻性编码。两种猴子(猕猴和灰猴)在每次试验开始时执行一系列计算机化任务,这些任务需要对未来的反应进行编码。这两个物种的猴子在所有的测试中都表现出了能力,这提供了证据,证明它们预测到了未来的反应,并在适当的时候做出了这些反应。此外,一些测试表明,猴子甚至记住了未来的反应,而这些反应并不像任务环境的其他方面那样具有当前的激励作用。这些结果表明,猴子可以预测未来的反应,并在适当的时候保留和实施这些反应。
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引用次数: 29
Geometry, features, and panoramic views: ants in rectangular arenas. 几何、特征和全景:矩形竞技场中的蚂蚁。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/a0023886
Antoine Wystrach, Ken Cheng, Sebastian Sosa, Guy Beugnon

When tested in rectangular arenas, the navigational behavior of the ant Gigantiops destructor can produce results similar to vertebrates. Such results are usually interpreted as supporting the ability of animals to segregate spatial geometry and features. Here, we combine a detailed analysis of ants' paths with panoramic images taken from the ant's perspective that can serve as a basis for developing view-based matching models. The corner choices observed in ants were better predicted by the use of panoramic views along with a simple matching process [rotational image difference function (rIDF)] than by models assuming segregation of geometry and features (G/F). Our view-based matching model could also explain some aspects of the ants' path (i.e., initial direction, length) resulting from the different visual conditions, suggesting that ants were using such a taxon-like strategy. Analyzed at the individual level, the results show that ants' idiosyncratic paths tend to evolve gradually from trial to trial, revealing that the ants were partially updating their route memory after each trial. This study illustrates the remarkable flexibilities that can arise from the use of taxon-like strategies and stresses the importance of considering them in vertebrates.

当在矩形竞技场测试时,蚂蚁巨蚁的导航行为可以产生类似于脊椎动物的结果。这样的结果通常被解释为支持动物分离空间几何和特征的能力。在这里,我们将蚂蚁路径的详细分析与从蚂蚁角度拍摄的全景图像结合起来,这些图像可以作为开发基于视图的匹配模型的基础。与假设几何和特征分离(G/F)的模型相比,使用全景视图和简单的匹配过程[旋转图像差分函数(rIDF)]可以更好地预测蚂蚁观察到的角落选择。我们基于视角的匹配模型也可以解释不同视觉条件下蚂蚁路径的某些方面(即初始方向、长度),这表明蚂蚁正在使用这种类似分类群的策略。在个体层面上分析,结果表明蚂蚁的特殊路径倾向于在一次又一次的尝试中逐渐进化,这表明蚂蚁在每次尝试后都会部分更新其路径记忆。这项研究说明了使用类分类单元策略可能产生的显著灵活性,并强调了在脊椎动物中考虑它们的重要性。
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引用次数: 73
Overshadowing between landmarks on the touchscreen and in arena with pigeons. 在触摸屏上的地标和鸽子的竞技场之间黯然失色。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Pub Date : 2011-10-01 DOI: 10.1037/a0023914
Kenneth J Leising, Dennis Garlick, Aaron P Blaisdell

The role of generalization decrement in spatial overshadowing was evaluated using a landmark-based spatial search task in both a touchscreen preparation (Experiment 1a) and in an Automated Remote Environmental Navigation Apparatus (ARENA, Experiment 1b). A landmark appeared as a colored circle among a row of eight (touchscreen) or six (ARENA) potential locations. On overshadowing trials, Landmark X was located two positions away from a hidden goal, while another landmark, A, was in the position between X and the goal. On control trials, Landmark Y was positioned two locations away from the goal but without a closer landmark. All subjects were then tested with separate trials of A, X, Y, and BY. Testing revealed poor spatial control by X relative to A and Y, thereby replicating the spatial overshadowing effect. Spatial control by Y was similar when tested in compound with novel landmark (BY) and on trials of Y alone. Thus, overshadowing in a small-scale environment does not appear to be due to a process of generalization decrement between training and testing.

在触摸屏准备(实验1a)和自动远程环境导航设备(实验1b)中,使用基于地标的空间搜索任务评估了泛化衰减在空间阴影中的作用。在一排8个(触摸屏)或6个(ARENA)的潜在位置中,地标以彩色圆圈的形式出现。在遮挡试验中,地标X位于距离隐藏目标两个位置的地方,而另一个地标a位于X和目标之间的位置。在对照试验中,地标Y被放置在距离目标两个位置的地方,但没有更近的地标。然后对所有受试者分别进行A、X、Y和BY试验。测试显示X相对于A和Y的空间控制能力较差,从而复制了空间阴影效应。Y的空间控制与新地标(by)复合试验和单独试验相似。因此,在小规模环境中,遮蔽现象似乎不是由于训练和测试之间的泛化减少过程造成的。
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引用次数: 17
期刊
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition
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