Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.216
Jennifer L. Wilkening, S. Hoffmann, Felicia Sirchia
Abstract The Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia, Y. jaegeriana) is a large, evergreen monocot distributed patchily across the southwestern United States. The plant occurs on alluvial fans, plains, and bajadas primarily in the Mojave Desert, but populations can also be found in the Great Basin and Sonoran Deserts. Named by the Mormon pioneers for the branching, supplicating arms reaching toward the sky, the species has become an emblematic symbol of the Mojave Desert for residents and visitors alike. Joshua trees inhabit cooler, moister microclimates within the larger desert macroclimate, and research has indicated the species may be vulnerable to future climatic regimes characterized by warmer and drier conditions. Here we present a concise review examining the past distribution, the current population status and threats, and the viability of the species under differing habitat and climate scenarios projected for the future. Additionally, we identify knowledge gaps to guide future research directions. Our results provide insight into management and conservation actions and contribute to a greater understanding of range-wide effects of ongoing environmental change on this species.
{"title":"EXAMINING THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF AN ICONIC MOJAVE DESERT SPECIES, THE JOSHUA TREE (YUCCA BREVIFOLIA, YUCCA JAEGERIANA)","authors":"Jennifer L. Wilkening, S. Hoffmann, Felicia Sirchia","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.216","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia, Y. jaegeriana) is a large, evergreen monocot distributed patchily across the southwestern United States. The plant occurs on alluvial fans, plains, and bajadas primarily in the Mojave Desert, but populations can also be found in the Great Basin and Sonoran Deserts. Named by the Mormon pioneers for the branching, supplicating arms reaching toward the sky, the species has become an emblematic symbol of the Mojave Desert for residents and visitors alike. Joshua trees inhabit cooler, moister microclimates within the larger desert macroclimate, and research has indicated the species may be vulnerable to future climatic regimes characterized by warmer and drier conditions. Here we present a concise review examining the past distribution, the current population status and threats, and the viability of the species under differing habitat and climate scenarios projected for the future. Additionally, we identify knowledge gaps to guide future research directions. Our results provide insight into management and conservation actions and contribute to a greater understanding of range-wide effects of ongoing environmental change on this species.","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48448469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.197
Trevor S. Gicklhorn, C. Boal, Philip K. Borsdorf
Abstract The lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) occurs in the semiarid southern Great Plains, a region prone to periods of drought. Researchers generally believe that lesser prairie-chickens are able to satisfy their water requirements through preformed water and metabolic processes, but also know that they experience low survival and reproductive success during periods of drought. We used motion-sensing cameras to assess lesser prairie-chicken visits to man-made free water sources over a 48-month period from March 2009 to February 2013 in west Texas. Our objective was to examine temporal patterns of water use by lesser prairie-chickens, and to explore life history phenology and environmental conditions that may influence the species' use of free water. We documented 1,439 visits to water sources by lesser prairie-chickens. Their use of water sources was high during the winter months (December–February; 92 visits per 100 trap days) but the highest average visit rate to water sources occurred during the lekking-nesting life stage (March–May; 146 visits per 100 trap days). Water use was lower during the brood-rearing stage (June–August; 71 visits per 100 trap days) and lowest during the brood dispersal and independence stage (September–November; 19 visits per 100 trap days). Water use was strongly associated with dew point (P < 0.0001) and temperature (P = 0.0002) but was not associated with precipitation (P = 0.1037). These data indicate life-cycle stage (e.g., lekking-nesting) and reduced availability of preformed water may influence use of free water sources by lesser prairie-chickens. Current climate models predict the region of the study area will experience increases in temperature and decreases in frequency of precipitation. The combined effect of this would be reduced environmental moisture. If the prediction of increasing aridity in the region holds true, man-made water sources may become a tool for conservation of the species.
{"title":"LESSER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN (TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS) USE OF MAN-MADE WATER SOURCES","authors":"Trevor S. Gicklhorn, C. Boal, Philip K. Borsdorf","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.3-4.197","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) occurs in the semiarid southern Great Plains, a region prone to periods of drought. Researchers generally believe that lesser prairie-chickens are able to satisfy their water requirements through preformed water and metabolic processes, but also know that they experience low survival and reproductive success during periods of drought. We used motion-sensing cameras to assess lesser prairie-chicken visits to man-made free water sources over a 48-month period from March 2009 to February 2013 in west Texas. Our objective was to examine temporal patterns of water use by lesser prairie-chickens, and to explore life history phenology and environmental conditions that may influence the species' use of free water. We documented 1,439 visits to water sources by lesser prairie-chickens. Their use of water sources was high during the winter months (December–February; 92 visits per 100 trap days) but the highest average visit rate to water sources occurred during the lekking-nesting life stage (March–May; 146 visits per 100 trap days). Water use was lower during the brood-rearing stage (June–August; 71 visits per 100 trap days) and lowest during the brood dispersal and independence stage (September–November; 19 visits per 100 trap days). Water use was strongly associated with dew point (P < 0.0001) and temperature (P = 0.0002) but was not associated with precipitation (P = 0.1037). These data indicate life-cycle stage (e.g., lekking-nesting) and reduced availability of preformed water may influence use of free water sources by lesser prairie-chickens. Current climate models predict the region of the study area will experience increases in temperature and decreases in frequency of precipitation. The combined effect of this would be reduced environmental moisture. If the prediction of increasing aridity in the region holds true, man-made water sources may become a tool for conservation of the species.","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48299811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.161
Shannon M Schlater, Jourdan M. Ringenberg, Nate Bickford, D. Ranglack
{"title":"WHITE-TAILED JACKRABBITS: A REVIEW AND CALL FOR RESEARCH","authors":"Shannon M Schlater, Jourdan M. Ringenberg, Nate Bickford, D. Ranglack","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.161","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42737634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.152
J. Mead, C. Koenig, S. Black, C. Jurgens
{"title":"LATE PLEISTOCENE BIGHORN SHEEP DUNG FROM EAGLE CAVE, LOWER PECOS RIVER, TEXAS","authors":"J. Mead, C. Koenig, S. Black, C. Jurgens","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42903852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.141
Jessica L. Stern, Brook D. Herman, Jeffrey W. Matthews
{"title":"COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM FOR THE FLORA OF THE MIDDLE RIO GRANDE FLOODPLAIN","authors":"Jessica L. Stern, Brook D. Herman, Jeffrey W. Matthews","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49117707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.136
F. Rose, T. Simpson, Ivana Mali, R. Manning
{"title":"NEST AREA SELECTION BY A RIVERINE AND AN ECOLOGICAL GENERALIST FRESHWATER TURTLE INHABITING AN URBAN SPRING SYSTEM","authors":"F. Rose, T. Simpson, Ivana Mali, R. Manning","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48401888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.131
R. L. Hutto
{"title":"FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF ARMS ON A SAGUARO (CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA)","authors":"R. L. Hutto","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42219086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.123
Ivonne Cassaigne, Ron W. Thompson, R. Medellín, M. Culver, A. Ochoa, Karla Vargas, Jack L. Childs, Manuel Galaz, J. Sanderson
{"title":"AUGMENTATION OF NATURAL PREY REDUCES CATTLE PREDATION BY PUMA (PUMA CONCOLOR) AND JAGUAR (PANTHERA ONCA) ON A RANCH IN SONORA, MEXICO","authors":"Ivonne Cassaigne, Ron W. Thompson, R. Medellín, M. Culver, A. Ochoa, Karla Vargas, Jack L. Childs, Manuel Galaz, J. Sanderson","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.116
J. Heywood, Stephanie A. Smith
Mixed mating is thought to be adaptive in many species of flowering plants because self-fertilization provides reproductive assurance when pollinator densities are low. In species with dimorphic flowers, automatic self-fertilization by small cleistogamous (CL) flowers might also provide reproductive assurance by avoiding floral herbivory. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying flower production, seed production, and seed predation across an entire reproductive season within a Missouri population of Ruellia humilis, a species with mixed mating enforced by dimorphic flowers. The production of CL flowers was delayed relative to the production of open-pollinated chasmogamous (CH) flowers, consistent with the hypothesis of reproductive assurance. The rate of seed predation by larvae of the Noctuid moth Tripudia rectangula was much higher for fruits produced by CH flowers (69%) than by CL flowers (18%). Thus, although CH flowers self-pollinate in the absence of outcross pollen, CL flowers are a much more economical source of selfed seeds, not only because they require fewer resources but also because they experience much lower levels of seed predation. Seed predation by Tripudia is common in many other cleistogamous species of Ruellia native to the southern United States and Mexico and might have played a significant role in the evolution of CL flowers in this large genus.
{"title":"DOES CLEISTOGAMOUS SELF-FERTILIZATION PROVIDE REPRODUCTIVE ASSURANCE AGAINST SEED PREDATION IN RUELLIA HUMILIS?","authors":"J. Heywood, Stephanie A. Smith","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.116","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed mating is thought to be adaptive in many species of flowering plants because self-fertilization provides reproductive assurance when pollinator densities are low. In species with dimorphic flowers, automatic self-fertilization by small cleistogamous (CL) flowers might also provide reproductive assurance by avoiding floral herbivory. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying flower production, seed production, and seed predation across an entire reproductive season within a Missouri population of Ruellia humilis, a species with mixed mating enforced by dimorphic flowers. The production of CL flowers was delayed relative to the production of open-pollinated chasmogamous (CH) flowers, consistent with the hypothesis of reproductive assurance. The rate of seed predation by larvae of the Noctuid moth Tripudia rectangula was much higher for fruits produced by CH flowers (69%) than by CL flowers (18%). Thus, although CH flowers self-pollinate in the absence of outcross pollen, CL flowers are a much more economical source of selfed seeds, not only because they require fewer resources but also because they experience much lower levels of seed predation. Seed predation by Tripudia is common in many other cleistogamous species of Ruellia native to the southern United States and Mexico and might have played a significant role in the evolution of CL flowers in this large genus.","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41298900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.105
J. Cohen, H. Rodríguez, H. Hutcheson
Abstract Oreocarya crassipes, an endangered angiosperm native to the Trans-Pecos region in southern Brewster County, Texas, exhibits distyly, a breeding system that includes two floral morphs with reciprocal positioning of the anthers and stigmas. The long-style (LS) morph has stigmas above the anthers, and the short-style (SS) morph produces anthers above the stigmas. In the present study, multiple aspects of distyly were examined across four populations of O. crassipes including morph ratios, variation in floral morphology, and patterns of macroscopic and microscopic floral development of the morphs. Morph ratios vary among populations, but for all of the samples pooled the ratio was 1 LS:1 SS. Distyly was observed to be well established in the species, with stigma height, anther height, and stigma-anther separation significantly different between the two morphs. Floral developmental patterns are similar to those in related species, suggesting a conserved and similarly co-opted developmental pathway for the origin of distyly in the genus and relatives.
{"title":"DISTYLY IN OREOCARYA CRASSIPES (BORAGINACEAE), AN ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES","authors":"J. Cohen, H. Rodríguez, H. Hutcheson","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-65.2.105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oreocarya crassipes, an endangered angiosperm native to the Trans-Pecos region in southern Brewster County, Texas, exhibits distyly, a breeding system that includes two floral morphs with reciprocal positioning of the anthers and stigmas. The long-style (LS) morph has stigmas above the anthers, and the short-style (SS) morph produces anthers above the stigmas. In the present study, multiple aspects of distyly were examined across four populations of O. crassipes including morph ratios, variation in floral morphology, and patterns of macroscopic and microscopic floral development of the morphs. Morph ratios vary among populations, but for all of the samples pooled the ratio was 1 LS:1 SS. Distyly was observed to be well established in the species, with stigma height, anther height, and stigma-anther separation significantly different between the two morphs. Floral developmental patterns are similar to those in related species, suggesting a conserved and similarly co-opted developmental pathway for the origin of distyly in the genus and relatives.","PeriodicalId":51157,"journal":{"name":"Southwestern Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41509610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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