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A Generalized Solution to the Point-to-Target Problem Using the Minimum Curvature Method 用最小曲率法求点对目标问题的广义解
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2118/204111-PA
S. Sawaryn
An explicit solution to the general 3D point-to-target problem based on the minimum curvature method has been sought for more than four decades. The general case involves the trajectory's start and target points connected by two circular arcs joined by a straight line with the position and direction defined at both ends. It is known that the solutions are multivalued, and efficient iterative schemes to find the principal root have been established. This construction is an essential component of all major trajectory construction packages. However, convergence issues have been reported in cases where the intermediate tangent section is either small or vanishes and rigorous mathematical conditions under which solutions are both possible and are guaranteed to converge have not been published. An implicit expression has now been determined that enables all the roots to be identified and permits either exact or polynomial-type solution methods to be used. Most historical attempts at solving the problem have been purely algebraic, but a geometric interpretation of related problems has been attempted, showing that a single circular arc and a tangent section can be encapsulated in the surface of a horn torus. These ideas have now been extended, revealing that the solution to the general 3D point-to-target problem can be represented as a 10th-orderself-intersecting geometric surface, characterized by the trajectory's start and end points, the radii of the two arcs, and the length of the tangent section. An outline of the solution's derivation is provided in the paper together with complete details of the general expression and its various degenerate forms so that readers can implement the algorithms for practical application. Most of the degenerate conditions reduce the order of the governing equation. Full details of the critical and degenerate conditions are also provided, and together these indicate the most convenient solution method for each case. In the presence of a tangent section, the principal root is still most easily obtained using an iterative scheme, but the mathematical constraints are now known. It is also shown that all other cases degenerate to quadratic forms that can be solved using conventional methods. It is shown how the general expression for the general point-to-target problem can be modified to give the known solutions to the 3D landing problem and how the example in the published works on this subject is much simplified by the geometric, rather than algebraic treatment.
四十多年来,人们一直在寻求基于最小曲率方法的一般三维点对目标问题的显式解决方案。一般情况下,轨迹的起点和目标点由两个圆弧连接,圆弧由一条直线连接,位置和方向在两端定义。已知解是多值的,并且已经建立了寻找主根的有效迭代方案。该结构是所有主要轨道结构包的重要组成部分。然而,在中间切线截面较小或为零的情况下,已经报道了收敛问题,并且尚未公布解决方案既可能又保证收敛的严格数学条件。现在已经确定了一个隐式表达式,它能够识别所有的根,并允许使用精确或多项式类型的求解方法。历史上解决这个问题的大多数尝试都是纯代数的,但也尝试了对相关问题的几何解释,表明单个圆弧和切线截面可以封装在喇叭环面的表面中。这些想法现在已经得到了扩展,揭示了一般三维点对目标问题的解决方案可以表示为一个十阶自相交几何曲面,其特征是轨迹的起点和终点、两个圆弧的半径和相切截面的长度。文中概述了该解的推导过程,并详细介绍了通用表达式及其各种退化形式,以便读者能够实现实际应用中的算法。大多数退化条件降低了控制方程的阶数。还提供了临界条件和退化条件的全部细节,这些细节一起表明了每种情况下最方便的求解方法。在存在切线截面的情况下,使用迭代方案仍然最容易获得主根,但现在已经知道了数学约束。还表明,所有其他情况都退化为可以使用传统方法求解的二次形式。它展示了如何修改一般点到目标问题的通用表达式,以给出3D着陆问题的已知解,以及如何通过几何处理而不是代数处理来简化已发表的关于该主题的著作中的例子。
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引用次数: 2
An Accurate Model for Prediction of Turbulent Frictional Pressure Loss of Power-Law Fluids in Eccentric Geometries 幂律流体在偏心几何中湍流摩擦压力损失的精确预测模型
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2118/205372-PA
V. Dokhani, Yu’e Ma, Zili Li, M. Yu
The effect of axial flow of power-law drilling fluids on frictional pressure loss under turbulent conditions in eccentric annuli is investigated. A numerical model is developed to simulate the flow of Newtonian and power-law fluids for eccentric annular geometries. A turbulent eddy-viscosity model based on the mixing-length approach is proposed, where a damping constant as a function of flow parameters is presented to account for the near-wall effects. Numerical results including the velocity profile, eddy viscosity, and friction factors are compared with various sets of experimental data for Newtonian and power-law fluids in concentric and eccentric annular configurations with diameter ratios of 0.2 to 0.8. The simulation results are also compared with a numerical study and two approximate models in the literature. The results of extensive simulation scenarios are used to obtain a novel correlation for estimation of the frictional pressure loss in eccentric annuli under turbulent conditions. Two new correlations are also presented to estimate the maximum axial velocity in the wide and narrow sections of eccentric geometries.
研究了幂律钻井液轴向流动对偏心环空湍流条件下摩擦压力损失的影响。建立了一个数值模型来模拟牛顿流体和幂律流体在偏心环空几何形状下的流动。提出了一种基于混合长度法的湍流涡流粘度模型,其中阻尼常数是流动参数的函数,以考虑近壁效应。将包括速度剖面、涡流粘度和摩擦因数在内的数值结果与直径比为0.2至0.8的同心和偏心环形结构中牛顿流体和幂律流体的各种实验数据进行了比较。模拟结果还与文献中的数值研究和两个近似模型进行了比较。广泛模拟场景的结果用于获得一种新的相关性,用于估计湍流条件下偏心环空的摩擦压力损失。还提出了两个新的关联式来估计偏心几何形状的宽截面和窄截面中的最大轴向速度。
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引用次数: 4
Self-Verification Program in bp: Success Story of Major Accident Risk Management via Bowtie Barrier Model bp中的自验证程序:基于Bowtie-Barrier模型的重大事故风险管理的成功案例
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2118/204132-PA
R. Bulgachev, Michael Cromarty, Lee-Anne S. Milburn, K. Davies
bp’s (“the company’s”) wells organization manages its operational risks through what is known as the “three lines of defense” model. This is a three-tiered approach; the first line of defense is self-verification, which wells assets apply to prevent or mitigate operational risks. The second line of defense is conducted by the safety and operational risk function using deep technical expertise. The third line of defense is provided by group audit. In this paper, we discuss the wells self-verification program evolution from its first implementation and share case studies, results, impact, lessons learned, and further steps planned as part of the continuous improvement cycle.The company’s wells organization identified nine major accident risks that have the potential to result in significant health, safety, and environment (HSE) impacts. Examples include loss of well control (LoWC), offshore vessel collision, and dropped objects. The central risk team developed bowties for these risks, with prevention barriers on cause legs and mitigation barriers on consequence legs. Detailed risk bowties are fundamental to wells self-verification, adding technical depth to allow more focused verification to be performed when compared with the original bowties, because verification is now conducted using checklists targeting barriers at their component level, defined as critical tasks and equipment. Barriers are underpinned by barrier enablers (underlying supporting systems and processes) such as control of work, safe operating limits, inspection and maintenance, etc. Checklists are standardized and are available through a single, global digital application. This permits the verifiers, typically wellsite leaders, to conduct meaningful verification conversations, record the resulting actions, track them to closure within the application, and gain a better understanding of any cumulative impacts, ineffective barriers, and areas to focus on.Self-verification results are reviewed at rig, region, wells, and upstream levels. Rigs and regions analyze barrier effectiveness and gaps and implement corrective actions with contractors at the rig or region level. Global insights are collated monthly and presented centrally to wells leadership. Common themes and valuable learnings are then addressed at the functional level, shared across the organization, or escalated by the leadership.The self-verification program at the barrier component level proved to be an effective risk management tool for the company’s wells organization. It helps to continuously identify risks, address gaps, and learn from them. Recorded assessments not only provide the wells organization with barrier performance data but also highlight opportunities to improve. Leadership uses the results from barrier verification to gain a holistic view of how major accident risks are managed. Program evolution has also eliminated duplicate reviews, improved clarity of barrier components, and improved sustainability th
英国石油公司(以下简称“公司”)的威尔斯组织通过所谓的“三道防线”模式来管理其运营风险。这是一种三层方法;第一道防线是自我验证,wells资产运用自我验证来预防或减轻运营风险。第二道防线由安全和操作风险职能部门利用深厚的技术专长进行。第三道防线由集团审计提供。在本文中,我们讨论了油井自验证计划从第一次实施开始的演变,并分享了案例研究、结果、影响、经验教训,以及作为持续改进周期一部分计划的进一步步骤。该公司的钻井组织确定了九种可能对健康、安全和环境(HSE)产生重大影响的重大事故风险。示例包括井控损失(LoWC)、海上船只碰撞和坠落物体。中央风险团队为这些风险开发了蝴蝶结,在原因腿上设置预防屏障,在后果腿上设置缓解屏障。详细的风险领结是油井自我验证的基础,与原始领结相比,增加了技术深度,可以进行更集中的验证,因为现在的验证是使用针对其组件级别屏障的检查表进行的,这些屏障被定义为关键任务和设备。屏障由屏障使能器(底层支持系统和流程)支撑,如工作控制、安全操作限制、检查和维护等。检查表是标准化的,可通过单一的全球数字应用程序获得。这使得验证人员(通常是井场领导)能够进行有意义的验证对话,记录由此产生的行动,在应用程序中跟踪它们直至关闭,并更好地了解任何累积影响、无效屏障和需要关注的领域。自验证结果在钻井平台、区域、油井和上游层面进行审查。钻井平台和区域分析屏障有效性和差距,并与钻井平台或区域级别的承包商一起实施纠正措施。每月对全球见解进行整理,并集中向油井领导层报告。然后,在职能层面解决共同主题和有价值的经验教训,在整个组织中共享,或由领导层升级。屏障组件层面的自我验证程序被证明是该公司油井组织的有效风险管理工具。它有助于不断识别风险、解决差距并从中吸取教训。记录的评估不仅为油井组织提供了屏障性能数据,还突出了改进的机会。领导层利用障碍验证的结果来全面了解如何管理重大事故风险。项目发展还消除了重复审查,提高了障碍组成部分的清晰度,并通过应用系统方法、标准化、数字化和程序纪律提高了可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Design for Reliability: Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Cased and Perforated Completions with Standalone Screen 可靠性设计:独立筛管套管和射孔完井的实验和数值模拟
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2118/201315-PA
Morteza Roostaei, M. Soroush, Farshad Mohammadtabar, M. Mohammadtabar, S. A. Hosseini, Mahdi Mahmoudi, M. Sadrzadeh, A. Ghalambor, Vahidoddin Fattahpour
The historical challenges and high failure rate of using standalone screen in cased and perforated wellbores pushed several operators to consider cased-hole gravel packing or frac packing as the preferred completion. Despite the reliability of these options, they are more expensive than a standalone screen completion. In this paper, we employ a combined physical laboratory testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for laboratory scale and field scale to assess the potential use of the standalone screen in completing the cased and perforated wells. The aim is to design a fit-to-purpose sand control method in cased and perforated wells and provide guidelines in perforation strategy and investigate screen and perforation characteristics. More specifically, the simultaneous effect of screen and perforation parameters, near wellbore conditions on pressure distribution and pressure drop are investigated in detail. A common mistake in completion operation is to separately focus on the design of the screen based on the reservoir sand print and design of the perforation. If sand control is deemed to be required, the perforation strategy and design must go hand in hand with sand control design. Several experiments and simulation models were designed to better understand the effect of perforation density, the fill-up of the annular gap between the casing and screen, perforation collapse, and formation and perforation damage on pressure drop. The experiments consisted of a series of step-rate tests to investigate the role of fluid rate on pressure drop and sand production. There is a critical rate at which the sand filling up the annular gap will fluidize. Both test results and CFD simulation scenarios are comparatively capable to establish the relation between wellbore pressure drop and perforation parameters and determine the optimized design. The results of this study highlight the workflow to optimize the standalone screen design for the application in cased and perforated completions. The proper design of standalone screen and perforation parameters allows maintaining cost-effective well productivity. Results of this work could be used for choosing the proper sand control and perforation strategy.
在套管井和射孔井中使用独立筛管的历史挑战和高故障率促使一些作业者考虑将套管井砾石充填或压裂充填作为首选完井方法。尽管这些选择都很可靠,但它们比独立的屏幕完井更昂贵。在本文中,我们采用了实验室规模和现场规模的物理实验室测试和计算流体动力学(CFD)相结合的方法来评估独立筛管在完井和射孔井中的潜在用途。目的是设计适合套管井和射孔井的防砂方法,为射孔策略提供指导,并研究筛管和射孔特性。更具体地说,详细研究了筛管和射孔参数、近井条件对压力分布和压降的同时影响。完井作业中一个常见的错误是,根据油藏砂印和射孔设计分别关注筛管的设计。如果认为需要防砂,则射孔策略和设计必须与防砂设计相结合。为了更好地理解射孔密度、套管与筛管之间环空空隙的填充、射孔塌陷以及地层和射孔损伤对压降的影响,设计了几个实验和模拟模型。实验包括一系列步进速率测试,以研究流体速率对压降和出砂的影响。填满环空间隙的砂流化有一个临界速率。无论是试验结果还是CFD模拟场景,都比较能够建立井筒压降与射孔参数之间的关系,并确定优化设计方案。这项研究的结果强调了优化独立筛管设计的工作流程,适用于套管井和射孔完井。独立筛管和射孔参数的合理设计可以保持经济高效的油井产能。研究结果可为选择合适的防砂和射孔策略提供依据。
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引用次数: 3
Stress Analysis of Variable Ram Blowout Prevention Valves 可变闸板防喷阀的应力分析
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.2118/205348-PA
A. Achuthan, Shiyan Jayanath
Variable ram blowout prevention (VRBOP) valves are elastomeric material-based flow control devices used in offshore oil drilling applications as the primary safety mechanism to respond to high wellbore pressure emergency situations. During their operation, the elastomer deforms and distorts extensively to form a tight seal around the drillpipe. Because of the large deformation and distortion of the elastomer, developing a Lagrangian-based finite element analysis model to simulate the operation of a VRBOP valve is quite challenging. The finite elements of the Lagrangian finite element mesh degrade in quality because they deform with the material when the deformation becomes excessive. This leads to poor convergence of the numerical solution. In this study, we first demonstrate that the numerical convergence issues can be resolved by using a suite of modeling techniques: explicit integration scheme, Ogden second-order hyperelastic constitutive model for the elastomer, and the selection of appropriate values for element sizes and other modeling parameters. After resolving the convergence issues, we used the model to study the sealing efficiency and material failure of a VRBOP valve for two different operating temperatures and drillpipe diameters. The sealing efficiency is studied using two performance criteria: the uniformity of the sealing pressure around the drillpipe and the magnitude of the overall deformation of the elastomer. For the material failure analysis of the elastomer, we used multiple failure criteria. The results of this study provide many new insights that have the potential to improve VRBOP valve design. For instance, results show that elevated temperature improves the sealing efficiency of a VRBOP valve because of the higher flexibility of the elastomer at elevated temperatures. Likewise, the wellbore pressure also improves the sealing efficiency. However, all these improvements in sealing pressure come with the risk of a higher probability of material failure.
可变闸板防喷阀(VRBOP)是一种基于弹性材料的流量控制装置,用于海上石油钻井应用,作为应对高井筒压力紧急情况的主要安全机制。在操作过程中,弹性体会发生大范围变形和变形,从而在钻杆周围形成紧密密封。由于弹性体的大变形和畸变,开发一个基于拉格朗日的有限元分析模型来模拟VRBOP阀的运行是非常具有挑战性的。拉格朗日有限元网格的有限元在质量上会降低,因为当变形变得过大时,它们会随材料变形。这导致数值解的收敛性较差。在这项研究中,我们首先证明了数值收敛问题可以通过使用一套建模技术来解决:显式积分方案、弹性体的Ogden二阶超弹性本构模型,以及选择适当的单元尺寸和其他建模参数值。在解决收敛问题后,我们使用该模型研究了在两种不同操作温度和钻杆直径下VRBOP阀的密封效率和材料失效。使用两个性能标准来研究密封效率:钻杆周围密封压力的均匀性和弹性体整体变形的大小。对于弹性体的材料失效分析,我们使用了多种失效标准。这项研究的结果提供了许多新的见解,有可能改进VRBOP阀门的设计。例如,结果表明,升高的温度提高了VRBOP阀的密封效率,因为弹性体在升高的温度下具有更高的柔性。同样,井筒压力也提高了密封效率。然而,密封压力的所有这些改进都伴随着材料失效概率更高的风险。
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引用次数: 1
Well Shear Associated with Conventional and Unconventional Operations: Diagnosis and Mechanisms 与常规和非常规作业相关的井剪切:诊断和机制
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2118/205007-PA
R. Ewy
Wells are sometimes deformed due to geomechanical shear slip, which occurs on a localized slip surface, such as a bedding plane, fault, or natural fracture. This can occur in the overburden above a conventional reservoir (during production) or within an unconventional reservoir (during completion operations). Shear slip will usually deform the casing into a recognizable shape, with lateral offset and two opposite-trending bends, and ovalized cross sections. Multifinger casing caliper tools have a recognizable response to this shape and are especially useful for diagnosing well shear. Certain other tools can also provide evidence for shear deformation. Shear deformations above a depleting, compacting reservoir are usually due to slip on bedding planes. They usually occur at multiple depths and are driven by overburden bending in response to reservoir differential compaction. Shear deformations in unconventional reservoirs, for the examples studied, have been found to be caused by slip on bedding planes and natural fractures. In both cases, models, field data, and physical reasoning suggest that slip occurs primarily due to fluid pressurization of the interface. In the case of bedding plane slip, fracturing pressure greater than the vertical stress (in regions where the vertical stress is the intermediate stress) could lead to propagation of a horizontal fracture, which then slips in shear.
井有时会因地质力学剪切滑移而变形,这种滑移发生在局部滑移面上,如层理面、断层或天然裂缝。这可能发生在常规油藏的上覆层(在生产过程中),也可能发生在非常规油藏的上覆层(在完井作业中)。剪切滑移通常会使套管变形为可识别的形状,具有横向偏移和两个相反走向的弯曲,以及椭圆形截面。多指套管测径器对这种形状有明显的响应,对于诊断井内剪切尤其有用。某些其他工具也可以提供剪切变形的证据。在枯竭、压实的储层上发生剪切变形通常是由于层理面的滑动造成的。它们通常发生在多个深度,并由储层压实差异引起的覆盖层弯曲驱动。研究发现,非常规储层中的剪切变形是由层理面滑移和天然裂缝引起的。在这两种情况下,模型、现场数据和物理推理都表明,滑移的发生主要是由于界面的流体增压。在层理平面滑移的情况下,压裂压力大于垂直应力(在垂直应力为中间应力的区域)可能导致水平裂缝的扩展,然后发生剪切滑移。
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引用次数: 3
Measurement of Mud Motor Back-Drive Dynamics, Associated Risks, and Benefits of Real-Time Detection and Mitigation Measures 泥浆马达反向驱动动力学的测量、相关风险以及实时检测和缓解措施的好处
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2118/204032-PA
J. Sugiura, Steve Jones
North American shale drilling is a fast-paced environment where downhole drilling equipment is pushed to the limits for the maximum rate of penetration (ROP). Downhole mud motor power sections have rapidly advanced to deliver more horsepower and torque, resulting in different downhole dynamics that have not been identified in the past. High-frequency (HF) compact drilling dynamics recorders embedded in the drill bit, mud motor bit box, and motor top subassembly (top-sub) provide unique measurements to fully understand the reaction of the steerable-motor power section under load relative to the type of rock being drilled. Three-axis shock, gyro, and temperature sensors placed above and below the power section measure the dynamic response of power transfer to the bit and associated losses caused by back-drive dynamics. Detection of back-drive from surface measurements is not possible, and many measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems do not have the measurement capability to identify the problem. Motor back-drive dynamics severity is dependent on many factors, including formation type, bit type, power section, weight on bit, and drillpipe size. The torsional energy stored and released in the drillstring can be high because of the interaction between surface rotation speed/torque output and mud motor downhole rotation speed/torque. Torsional drillstring energy wind-up and release results in variable power output at the bit, inconsistent rate of penetration, rapid fatigue on downhole equipment, and motor or drillstring backoffs and twistoffs. A new mechanism of motor back-drive dynamics caused by the use of an MWD pulser above a steerable motor has been discovered. HF continuous gyro sensors and pressure sensors were deployed to capture the mechanism in which a positive mud pulser reduces as much as one-third of the mud flow in the motor and bit rotation speed, creating a propensity for a bit to come to a complete stop in certain conditions and for the motor to rotate the drillstring backward. We have observed the backward rotation of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit during severe stick-slip and back-drive events (−50 rev/min above the motor), confirming that the bit rotated backward for 9 milliseconds (ms) every 133.3 ms (at 7.5 Hz), using a 1,000-Hz continuous sampling/recording in-bit gyro. In one field test, multiple drillstring dynamics recorders were used to measure the motor back-drive severity along the drillstring. It was discovered that the back-drive dynamics are worse at the drillstring, approximately 1,110 ft behind the bit, than these measured at the motor top-sub position. These dynamics caused drillstring backoffs and twistoffs in a particular field. A motor back-drive mitigation tool was used in the field to compare the runs with and without the mitigation tool while keeping the surface drilling parameters nearly the same. The downhole drilling dynamics sensors were used to confirm that the mitigation tool signif
北美页岩钻井是一个快节奏的环境,井下钻井设备被推到最大钻速(ROP)的极限。井下泥浆马达动力部分已迅速推进,以提供更多的马力和扭矩,从而产生了过去未发现的不同井下动力学。嵌入钻头、泥浆马达钻头盒和马达顶部组件(顶部接头)中的高频(HF)紧凑型钻井动态记录仪提供了独特的测量,以充分了解可操纵马达动力段在负载下相对于所钻岩石类型的反应。放置在功率段上方和下方的三轴冲击、陀螺仪和温度传感器测量功率传输到钻头的动态响应以及由后驱动力引起的相关损失。从表面测量中检测反向驱动是不可能的,并且许多随钻测量(MWD)系统不具有识别问题的测量能力。马达反驱动动力学的严重程度取决于许多因素,包括地层类型、钻头类型、功率段、钻头重量和钻杆尺寸。由于地面转速/扭矩输出与泥浆马达井下转速/扭矩之间的相互作用,储存和释放在钻柱中的扭转能量可能很高。扭转钻柱能量的卷起和释放导致钻头的功率输出可变、穿透率不一致、井下设备快速疲劳以及电机或钻柱后退和扭转。发现了一种由在可转向电机上方使用MWD脉冲发生器引起的电机反向驱动动力学的新机制。HF连续陀螺仪传感器和压力传感器被部署来捕捉这样一种机制,即正泥浆脉冲发生器减少了马达中多达三分之一的泥浆流量和钻头转速,从而使钻头在某些条件下完全停止,并使马达向后旋转钻柱。我们观察到,在严重的粘滑和反向驱动事件中(电机上方−50转/分钟),聚晶金刚石钻头向后旋转,证实钻头每133.3毫秒(7.5 Hz),使用1000Hz连续采样/记录在位陀螺仪。在一次现场测试中,使用了多个钻柱动力学记录仪来测量沿钻柱的电机反驱动严重程度。研究发现,钻柱的反向驱动动力学较差,约为1110 ft,比在电机顶部子位置测得的要高。这些动力学导致特定油田的钻柱后退和扭曲。现场使用了电机反驱动缓解工具来比较有缓解工具和没有缓解工具的运行情况,同时保持地面钻井参数几乎相同。井下钻井动力学传感器用于确认缓解工具在相同深度段内显著减少了粘滑并消除了电机反向驱动动力学。HF嵌入式井下传感器数据的详细分析提供了对泥浆马达反向驱动动力学的深入理解。可以确定原因、严重程度、钻井性能降低和事故风险,从而实现性能和成本收益。本文将详细介绍理解和减少电机反向驱动动力学的优势,这是一个过去不常讨论的话题。
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引用次数: 4
Quantifying Global and Random Uncertainties in High Resolution Global Geomagnetic Field Models Used for Directional Drilling 用于定向钻井的高分辨率全球地磁场模型中全局和随机不确定性的量化
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2118/204038-PA
C. Beggan, S. Macmillan, W. Brown, S. Grindrod
Total field strength, declination, and dip angle of the Earth's magnetic field, in conjunction with gravity, are used by magnetic-survey tools to determine a wellbore's location. Magnetic field values may be obtained from global models that, depending on the model, have a wide range of spatial resolution at the Earth's surface from large scale (3000 km) to small scale (28 km). The magnetic field varies continuously in both time and space, so no model can fully capture the complexity of all sources; hence, there are uncertainties associated with the values provided. The SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section/Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Surveying Accuracy (ISCWSA) published their original measurement-while-drilling (MWD) error model in 2000. Such models and uncertainties define positional error ellipsoids along the wellbore, which assist the driller in achieving their geological target, in addition to aiding collision avoidance. With the recent update to Revision 5 of the ISCWSA error model, we have reassessed the uncertainties associated with our latest high-resolution global magnetic field model. We describe the derivation of location-specific global and random uncertainties for use with predicted geomagnetic values from high-resolution models within magnetic MWD survey-tool-error models. We propose a sophisticated approach to provide realistic values at different locations around the globe; for example, we determine separate errors for regions where the models have high spatial resolution from aeromagnetic data compared to regions where only satellite data are available. The combined uncertainties are freely available via a web service with which the user can also see how they vary with time. The use of the revised uncertainty values in the MWD-error model, in most cases, reduces the positional error ellipsoids and allows better use of the increased accuracy from recent improvements in geomagnetic modeling. This is demonstrated using the new uncertainty values in the MWD-error model for three standard ISCWSA well profiles. A fourth theoretical well offshore Brazil where the vertical magnetic field is weak shows that with drillstring interference correction relying on the more uncertain magnetic dip, the positional error ellipsoids can increase. This is clearly of concern for attaining geological targets and collision avoidance.
磁测量工具利用地球磁场的总场强、赤纬和倾角以及重力来确定井眼的位置。磁场值可以从全球模式中获得,根据模式的不同,这些模式在地球表面的空间分辨率范围很广,从大尺度(3000公里)到小尺度(28公里)。磁场在时间和空间上都是连续变化的,因此没有一个模型可以完全捕捉所有源的复杂性;因此,存在与所提供的值相关的不确定性。SPE井筒定位技术部/井筒测量精度行业指导委员会(ISCWSA)于2000年发布了原始的随钻测量(MWD)误差模型。这些模型和不确定性定义了沿井筒的位置误差椭球,除了有助于避免碰撞外,还有助于司钻实现其地质目标。随着最近对ISCWSA误差模型修订版5的更新,我们重新评估了与最新的高分辨率全球磁场模型相关的不确定性。我们描述了特定位置的全球和随机不确定性的推导,用于在磁性随钻测量工具误差模型中使用高分辨率模型预测地磁值。我们提出了一种复杂的方法,在全球不同的地点提供现实的价值;例如,与只有卫星数据可用的地区相比,我们确定了模型具有高空间分辨率航磁数据的地区的单独误差。综合的不确定性可以通过网络服务免费获得,用户还可以看到它们是如何随时间变化的。在大多数情况下,在mwd误差模型中使用修正的不确定性值可以减少位置误差椭球,并可以更好地利用最近地磁建模改进所提高的精度。在三个标准ISCWSA井剖面的mwd误差模型中,新的不确定性值证明了这一点。在巴西海上垂直磁场较弱的第四口理论井中,钻柱干扰校正依赖于更不确定的磁倾角,这可能会增加椭球的位置误差。这显然关系到实现地质目标和避免碰撞。
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引用次数: 3
Experimental Evaluation of a New Nonaromatic Nonionic Surfactant for Deep Carbonate Stimulation 一种新型非芳香族非离子表面活性剂用于深层碳酸盐岩增产的实验评价
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2118/193596-PA
Khatere Sokhanvarian, C. Stanciu, Jorge Fernandez, A. Ibrahim, H. Kumar, H. Nasr-El-Din
Matrix acidizing improves productivity in oil and gas wells. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), because of its many advantages such as its effectiveness, availability, and low cost, has been a typical first-choice fluid for acidizing operations. However, HCl in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells can be problematic because of its high reactivity, resulting in face dissolution, high corrosion rates, and high corrosion inhibition costs. Several alternatives to HCl have been tested; among them, emulsified acid is a favorable choice because of its inherent low corrosion rate, deeper penetration into the reservoir, fewer asphaltene/sludge problems, and better acid distribution due to its higher viscosity. The success of the new system is dependent upon the stability of the emulsion, especially at high temperatures. The emulsified acid must be stable until it is properly placed, and it must also be compatible with other additives in an acidizing package. This study develops a stable, emulsified acid system at 300°F using aliphatic nonionic surfactants. This paper introduces a new nonaromatic, nonionic surfactant to form an emulsified acid for HP/HT wells. The type and quality of the emulsified acid were assessed through conductivity measurements and drop tests. The thermal stability of the system was monitored as a function of time through the use of pressure tubes and a preheated oil bath at 300°F. A LUMisizer® (LUM GmbH, Berlin, Germany) and Turbiscan® (Formulaction, S. A., L’Union, France) were used to determine the stability and the average droplet size of the emulsion, respectively. The viscosity of the emulsified acid was measured at different temperatures up to 300°F as a function of shear rate (1 to 1,000 s−1). The microscopy study was used to examine the shape and the distribution of acid droplets in diesel. Coreflood studies at low and high flow rates were conducted to determine the performance of the newly developed stable emulsified acid in creating wormholes in carbonate rocks. Inductively coupled plasma and computed tomography (CT) scans were used to determine the dissolved cations and wormhole propagation, respectively. Superior stimulation results with a low pore volume of acid to breakthrough (PVBT) were achieved at 300°F with the newly developed emulsified acid system. The wormhole propagation was narrow and dominant compared to branched wormholes resulting from conventional emulsified acid systems. Results indicate that a nonionic surfactant with optimal chemistry, such as a suitable hydrophobe chain length and structure, can form a stable emulsified acid. In this study we introduce a new and effective aliphatic nonionic surfactant to create a stable emulsified acid system for matrix acidizing at HP/HT conditions, leading to a deeper penetration of acid with low pore volume to breakthrough. The successful core flood studies in the laboratory using carbonate cores suggest that the new emulsified acid system may efficiently stimula
基质酸化可提高油气井的产能。盐酸(HCl)由于其有效性、可用性和低成本等优点,一直是酸化作业的首选流体。然而,高压/高温(HP/HT)井中的HCl可能存在问题,因为其反应性高,导致表面溶解、高腐蚀速率和高缓蚀成本。已经测试了几种盐酸的替代品;其中,乳化酸是一种有利的选择,因为其固有的低腐蚀速率、更深的储层渗透、更少的沥青质/污泥问题以及由于其较高的粘度而更好的酸分布。新系统的成功取决于乳液的稳定性,尤其是在高温下。乳化酸在正确放置之前必须是稳定的,并且还必须与酸化包中的其他添加剂相容。本研究使用脂肪族非离子表面活性剂在300°F下开发了一种稳定的乳化酸体系。本文介绍了一种新型的非芳香、非离子表面活性剂,用于形成HP/HT井用乳化酸。乳化酸的类型和质量通过电导率测量和跌落试验进行评估。通过使用压力管和在300°F下预热的油浴,监测系统的热稳定性作为时间的函数。使用LUMisizer®(德国柏林LUM GmbH公司)和Turbiscan®(法国L’Union公司Formula ction公司)分别测定乳液的稳定性和平均液滴尺寸。乳化酸的粘度是在高达300°F的不同温度下测量的,作为剪切速率(1至1000 s−1)的函数。用显微镜研究了柴油中酸液滴的形状和分布。在低流速和高流速下进行岩心驱替研究,以确定新开发的稳定乳化酸在碳酸盐岩中形成虫洞的性能。分别使用电感耦合等离子体和计算机断层扫描(CT)来确定溶解阳离子和虫洞传播。使用新开发的乳化酸系统,在300°F下获得了低孔体积酸穿透(PVBT)的优异增产效果。与传统乳化酸系统产生的分支虫洞相比,虫洞的传播是窄的并且占主导地位。结果表明,非离子表面活性剂只要具有合适的疏水链长度和结构,就可以形成稳定的乳化酸。在本研究中,我们引入了一种新的有效的脂族非离子表面活性剂,以创建一种稳定的乳化酸体系,用于HP/HT条件下的基质酸化,从而使低孔体积的酸渗透更深。在实验室中使用碳酸盐岩心进行的成功岩心驱替研究表明,新的乳化酸系统可以有效地刺激高压/高温碳酸盐岩储层。
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引用次数: 2
Simulating Drillstring Dynamics Motion and Post-Buckling State with Advanced Transient Dynamics Model 利用先进的瞬态动力学模型模拟钻柱动态运动和后屈曲状态
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, PETROLEUM Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.2118/199557-PA
Wei Chen, Yuelin Shen, Rongbing Chen, Zhengxin Zhang, S. Rawlins
As drilling sections become deeper and longer, transferring more weight downhole to improve rate of penetration is the primary concern for the operator. Drillstring dynamics and buckling are some primary limiters for drilling efficiency. Aggressive drilling parameters may lead to severe downhole dynamics, which leads to cutter breakage and tool damage. When axial compression exceeds a certain threshold, the drillstring buckles sinusoidally inside the wellbore first, followed by helical buckling. Buckling leads to accelerated joint wear, tool fatigue failures, and lower drilling efficiency. To better manage drillstring dynamics and buckling, we propose a method of simulating drillstring dynamics motion and postbuckling state using an advanced transient dynamics model. An analysis methodology was developed on the basis of the finite element transient dynamics model. The model captures the enriched physics of drillstring dynamics and loading: the large deformation of buckled drillstring, the strong nonlinearity of contact and friction forces, and the dynamically triggered instability caused by drilling rotation. Transient dynamics simulations are conducted for drillstring with the actual well trajectory and rotation speed. The weight on bit (WOB) is ramped up gradually, and the drillstring deformation is monitored to detect the onset of buckling or dynamics instability. To conduct the model validation, the buckling inception loads predicted by the model are compared against the analytical equation of critical buckling loads. A field extended reach drilling (ERD) job was simulated by the model. The downhole weight and torque data from the measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool was used to validate the weight transfer prediction by the model. Most existing buckling theories use the analytical equations of critical buckling load, which were normally derived on the basis of the idealized assumptions, such as perfect wellbore shape and uniform tubular geometry. The proposed method simulates the drillstring behaviors in the field drilling conditions and aims to capture effects of wellbore friction and string rotation. The transient dynamics model is capable of simulating drillstring dynamics movement (whirling and snaking) and weight lockup under severe helical buckling. An automatic method is proposed to interpret the drillstring behaviors from the simulation results. Using the transient dynamics model, the procedure presented in this article can simulate the dynamics and buckling behaviors of drillstring and help mitigate associated risks in well-planning and execution phases.
随着钻井段越来越深、越来越长,向井下转移更多的重量以提高钻速是操作员最关心的问题。钻井动力学和屈曲是钻井效率的一些主要限制因素。激进的钻井参数可能导致严重的井下动力学,从而导致刀具断裂和工具损坏。当轴向压缩超过一定阈值时,钻柱首先在井筒内正弦屈曲,然后是螺旋屈曲。屈曲会导致接头磨损加速、工具疲劳失效和钻井效率降低。为了更好地管理钻柱动力学和屈曲,我们提出了一种使用先进的瞬态动力学模型模拟钻柱动力学运动和屈曲后状态的方法。在有限元瞬态动力学模型的基础上,提出了一种分析方法。该模型捕捉到了钻柱动力学和载荷的丰富物理特性:屈曲钻柱的大变形、接触力和摩擦力的强非线性,以及钻井旋转引起的动态触发不稳定性。利用实际井眼轨迹和旋转速度对钻柱进行了瞬态动力学模拟。钻头上的重量(WOB)逐渐增加,并监测钻柱变形,以检测屈曲或动力学不稳定性的开始。为了进行模型验证,将模型预测的屈曲起始载荷与临界屈曲载荷的解析方程进行比较。利用该模型模拟了油田大位移钻井作业。利用随钻测量工具的井下重量和扭矩数据验证了该模型的重量传递预测。大多数现有的屈曲理论都使用临界屈曲载荷的解析方程,这些方程通常是在理想化假设的基础上推导出来的,例如完美的井筒形状和均匀的管几何形状。该方法模拟了现场钻井条件下的钻柱行为,旨在捕捉井筒摩擦和钻柱旋转的影响。瞬态动力学模型能够模拟严重螺旋屈曲下的钻柱动力学运动(旋转和蛇形)和重量锁定。提出了一种从模拟结果中自动解释钻柱行为的方法。使用瞬态动力学模型,本文中提出的程序可以模拟钻柱的动力学和屈曲行为,并有助于减轻井规划和执行阶段的相关风险。
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引用次数: 3
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SPE Drilling & Completion
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