Background: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus causes a hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) that is a major cause of death in juvenile Asian elephants with EEHV1 and EEHV4 being the most prevalent.
Aim: To perform a retrospective clinical data analysis.
Methods: Records of a total of 103 cases in Thailand confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood and/or tissue samples.
Results: The severity of clinical signs varied among EEHV subtypes. EEHV1A was the most prevalent with 58%, followed by EEHV4 with 34%, EEHV1B with 5.8% and EEHV1&4 co-infection with 1.9%. Overall case fatality rate was 66%. When compared among subtypes, 100% case fatality rate was associated with EEHV1&4 co-infection, 83% with EEHV1B, 75% with EEHV1A, and the lowest at 40% for EEHV4. Calves 2- to 4-year old were in the highest age risk group and exhibited more severe clinical signs with the highest mortality. Majority of cases were found in weaned or trained claves and higher number of cases were observed in rainy season. A gender predilection could not be demonstrated. Severely affected elephants presented with thrombocytopenia, depletion of monocytes, lymphocytes and heterophils, a monocyte:heterophil (M:H) ratio lower than 2.37, hypoproteinemia (both albumin and globulin), severe grade of heterophil toxicity, and low red blood cell counts and pack cell volumes. Survival was not affected by antiviral drug treatment in the severely compromised animals.
Conclusion: Early detection by laboratory testing and aggressive application of therapies comprising of supportive and anti-viral treatment can improve survival outcomes of this disease.
{"title":"Clinical characteristics of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) cases in Asian elephants (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) in Thailand during 2006-2019.","authors":"Yaoprapa Yun, Supaphen Sripiboon, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Phongsakorn Chuammitri, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Khajohnpat Boonprasert, Pallop Tankaew, Taweepoke Angkawanish, Kittikul Namwongprom, Orapun Arjkumpa, Janine L Brown, Chatchote Thitaram","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1980633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1980633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus causes a hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) that is a major cause of death in juvenile Asian elephants with EEHV1 and EEHV4 being the most prevalent.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To perform a retrospective clinical data analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Records of a total of 103 cases in Thailand confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood and/or tissue samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The severity of clinical signs varied among EEHV subtypes. EEHV1A was the most prevalent with 58%, followed by EEHV4 with 34%, EEHV1B with 5.8% and EEHV1&4 co-infection with 1.9%. Overall case fatality rate was 66%. When compared among subtypes, 100% case fatality rate was associated with EEHV1&4 co-infection, 83% with EEHV1B, 75% with EEHV1A, and the lowest at 40% for EEHV4. Calves 2- to 4-year old were in the highest age risk group and exhibited more severe clinical signs with the highest mortality. Majority of cases were found in weaned or trained claves and higher number of cases were observed in rainy season. A gender predilection could not be demonstrated. Severely affected elephants presented with thrombocytopenia, depletion of monocytes, lymphocytes and heterophils, a monocyte:heterophil (M:H) ratio lower than 2.37, hypoproteinemia (both albumin and globulin), severe grade of heterophil toxicity, and low red blood cell counts and pack cell volumes. Survival was not affected by antiviral drug treatment in the severely compromised animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early detection by laboratory testing and aggressive application of therapies comprising of supportive and anti-viral treatment can improve survival outcomes of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8475116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39407700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1958393
Ana Izabel Passarella Teixeira
The characteristics of the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has puzzled researchers, especially in regards to its zoonotic potential. This paucity of information has driven me to pursue scientific discoveries on this topic. After reading the paper “SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications” by Dr. Sharun et al, I was very pleased with their results, and I would like to share some thoughts about their findings. The authors correctly pointed out that, besides mustelids, felids should also be considered as a matter of concern in terms of animal and public health. The COVID19 virus infects and multiplies within animal hosts; there is thus a need for surveillance to track virus prevalence and circulation and the possibility of a spillback to humans. The felid in close contact with humans is the domestic cat, and it has thus been the subject of several studies. However, the scientific evidence from these studies is conflicting and paradoxical. Some studies have shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and produce specific antibodies against the viral antigens. Cats can be infected by their owners, and cat-to-cat transmission has been demonstrated experimentally (Garigliany et al. 2020; Halfman et al. 2020; Sailleau et al. 2020; Shi et al. 2020). In experimental infections, most cats remain asymptomatic, even with high infective doses (Halfman et al. 2020; Shi et al. 2020). When symptoms develop, they are the general symptoms of viral infection. The most serious symptoms are similar to those of human cases of SARS-CoV-2. For example, in one report of a cat that lived with a human with COVID-19, the cat developed cough, difficulty breathing, and prostration, which evolved with spontaneous cure (Garigliany et al. 2020; Segal es et al. 2020). Another example is that of a cat in Italy with several comorbidities that lived with a human with COVID-19, who developed the ground-glass pattern in pulmonary images (Musso et al. 2020). Klaus et al. (2021) further reported the case of a cat with an intestinal lymphoma (a comorbidity) with symptomatic COVID-19, presenting with sneezing, coughing, and ocular discharge. In addition, Villanueva-Saz et al. (2021), duly quoted by Dr. Sharun, that SARS-CoV-2 cats were seropositive for another infectious disease that can cause immunosuppression. Therefore, the cases of COVID-19 that occur in cats are similar to those in humans. In surveys or other kinds of studies aiming to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 or antigens and to explore a possible epidemiological role in the epidemiological chain of transmission of this virus, there have been conflicting findings. In some studies, there was low prevalence or no detection. They inferred that the epidemiological role of cats should be none or rather limited (Temmam et al. 2020; Deng et al. 2020). However, other studies have shown that it must play a noteworthy epidemiological role.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 in animals: what about the cat?","authors":"Ana Izabel Passarella Teixeira","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1958393","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1958393","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has puzzled researchers, especially in regards to its zoonotic potential. This paucity of information has driven me to pursue scientific discoveries on this topic. After reading the paper “SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications” by Dr. Sharun et al, I was very pleased with their results, and I would like to share some thoughts about their findings. The authors correctly pointed out that, besides mustelids, felids should also be considered as a matter of concern in terms of animal and public health. The COVID19 virus infects and multiplies within animal hosts; there is thus a need for surveillance to track virus prevalence and circulation and the possibility of a spillback to humans. The felid in close contact with humans is the domestic cat, and it has thus been the subject of several studies. However, the scientific evidence from these studies is conflicting and paradoxical. Some studies have shown that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and produce specific antibodies against the viral antigens. Cats can be infected by their owners, and cat-to-cat transmission has been demonstrated experimentally (Garigliany et al. 2020; Halfman et al. 2020; Sailleau et al. 2020; Shi et al. 2020). In experimental infections, most cats remain asymptomatic, even with high infective doses (Halfman et al. 2020; Shi et al. 2020). When symptoms develop, they are the general symptoms of viral infection. The most serious symptoms are similar to those of human cases of SARS-CoV-2. For example, in one report of a cat that lived with a human with COVID-19, the cat developed cough, difficulty breathing, and prostration, which evolved with spontaneous cure (Garigliany et al. 2020; Segal es et al. 2020). Another example is that of a cat in Italy with several comorbidities that lived with a human with COVID-19, who developed the ground-glass pattern in pulmonary images (Musso et al. 2020). Klaus et al. (2021) further reported the case of a cat with an intestinal lymphoma (a comorbidity) with symptomatic COVID-19, presenting with sneezing, coughing, and ocular discharge. In addition, Villanueva-Saz et al. (2021), duly quoted by Dr. Sharun, that SARS-CoV-2 cats were seropositive for another infectious disease that can cause immunosuppression. Therefore, the cases of COVID-19 that occur in cats are similar to those in humans. In surveys or other kinds of studies aiming to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 or antigens and to explore a possible epidemiological role in the epidemiological chain of transmission of this virus, there have been conflicting findings. In some studies, there was low prevalence or no detection. They inferred that the epidemiological role of cats should be none or rather limited (Temmam et al. 2020; Deng et al. 2020). However, other studies have shown that it must play a noteworthy epidemiological role. ","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01652176.2021.1958393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39199139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Canine circovirus is reported in dogs in many countries, including the USA, China and Thailand. It has been detected in healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and vasculitis. It comprises five genotypes and is frequently found as a coinfection with canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2).
Aim: To characterize canine circovirus genotypes co-circulating with CPV-2 in Vietnam.
Method: PCR assessment of 81 CPV-2-positive fecal samples from Vietnamese diarrheic dogs up to seven months of age for other viral enteric pathogens, including canine bocavirus, canine adenovirus, paramyxovirus, canine coronavirus, porcine circovirus-3 and canine circovirus. In addition, eight selected full genome sequences of Vietnamese canine circovirus were analyzed and used for phylogeny.
Results: In total 19.8% of samples were found to be positive for canine circovirus. Phylogeny revealed that the Vietnamese canine circovirus strains were clustered in two different genotypes (genotype-1 and -3). The genetic diversity among Vietnamese canine circovirus was 86.0-87.2%. The nucleotide discrepancy among both genotypes altered the deduced amino acid sequence in 14 and ten residues of the replicase and capsid proteins, respectively. Genetic recombination analysis revealed that the Vietnamese canine circovirus-6 strain has the American and Chinese canine circovirus as its major and minor parents, respectively. Only a single dog revealed triple detections of CPV-2c, Canine circovirus and canine adenovirus (1.2%).
Conclusion: The co-circulation of two different genotypes of canine circovirus and CPV-2c in dogs in Vietnam has been illustrated.
Clinical relevance: The mortality rate with CPV-2 only (22%) doubled in dogs with canine circovirus and CPV-2 co-infection.
{"title":"Detection and molecular characterization of two canine circovirus genotypes co-circulating in Vietnam.","authors":"Nguyen Manh Tuong, Chutchai Piewbang, Anudep Rungsipipat, Somporn Techangamsuwan","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1967511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1967511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine circovirus is reported in dogs in many countries, including the USA, China and Thailand. It has been detected in healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and vasculitis. It comprises five genotypes and is frequently found as a coinfection with canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To characterize canine circovirus genotypes co-circulating with CPV-2 in Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>PCR assessment of 81 CPV-2-positive fecal samples from Vietnamese diarrheic dogs up to seven months of age for other viral enteric pathogens, including canine bocavirus, canine adenovirus, paramyxovirus, canine coronavirus, porcine circovirus-3 and canine circovirus. In addition, eight selected full genome sequences of Vietnamese canine circovirus were analyzed and used for phylogeny.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total 19.8% of samples were found to be positive for canine circovirus. Phylogeny revealed that the Vietnamese canine circovirus strains were clustered in two different genotypes (genotype-1 and -3). The genetic diversity among Vietnamese canine circovirus was 86.0-87.2%. The nucleotide discrepancy among both genotypes altered the deduced amino acid sequence in 14 and ten residues of the replicase and capsid proteins, respectively. Genetic recombination analysis revealed that the Vietnamese canine circovirus-6 strain has the American and Chinese canine circovirus as its major and minor parents, respectively. Only a single dog revealed triple detections of CPV-2c, Canine circovirus and canine adenovirus (1.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The co-circulation of two different genotypes of canine circovirus and CPV-2c in dogs in Vietnam has been illustrated.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The mortality rate with CPV-2 only (22%) doubled in dogs with canine circovirus and CPV-2 co-infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39301296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1961039
Etienne Côté, Rong-Mo Zhang, Nicole Kaiser, Dieter P Reinhardt, Chelsea K Martin
A 4 month-old, 14.8 kg, male Newfoundland dog was presented for cardiovascular evaluation following detection of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed enlargement of the sinuses of Valsalva and marked, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta (annuloaortic ectasia, AAE), with mild/equivocal subaortic stenosis (SAS). The dog was monitored over the duration of its lifetime, with serial echocardiograms performed at 5, 6, and 8 months and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 years demonstrating persistent, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta. The dog lived until it was 10 years old and died of metastatic carcinoma. Postmortem examination confirmed AAE and mild SAS. Hematoxylin and eosin and Weigert van Gieson stains were used to compare the ascending aorta to the descending aorta and left subclavian artery, and to compare aortic samples to those of three control dogs. Histopathologic evaluation revealed mild medial degeneration in the ascending aorta of all four dogs. Immunofluorescent microscopy was used for determining the deposition of proteins known to play a role in aortic aneurysms in humans: fibrillin-1 (FBN1), latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) and fibronectin. The ascending aorta of the AAE case demonstrated reduced deposition of FBN1, indicating that its loss may have contributed to aortic dilation. Diffuse, primary ascending aortic dilation is uncommonly reported in dogs; when it is, it carries a poor prognosis. This case provides an important example of marked dilation of the ascending aorta in a dog that lived with no associated adverse effects for 10 years.
一只4个月大,14.8公斤的雄性纽芬兰犬在检测到心脏杂音后进行了心血管评估。超声心动图显示Valsalva窦增大,升主动脉明显弥漫性扩张(主动脉环扩张,AAE),伴轻度/模棱两可的主动脉下狭窄(SAS)。在狗的一生中进行监测,在5、6和8个月以及1、2、3、4、8和10年进行连续超声心动图检查,显示持续的、弥漫性的升主动脉扩张。这只狗活到了10岁,死于转移性癌。尸检证实为AAE和轻度SAS。采用苏木精、伊红染色和Weigert van Gieson染色比较升主动脉、降主动脉和左锁骨下动脉,并将主动脉样本与三只对照犬的主动脉样本进行比较。组织病理学评估显示,所有4只狗的升主动脉均有轻度内侧变性。免疫荧光显微镜用于测定已知在人主动脉瘤中起作用的蛋白的沉积:纤维蛋白-1 (FBN1)、潜伏转化生长因子β结合蛋白4 (LTBP4)和纤维连接蛋白。AAE病例的升主动脉显示FBN1沉积减少,表明其丢失可能导致主动脉扩张。弥漫性,原发性升主动脉扩张是罕见的报道在狗;一旦发生,预后就很差。这个病例提供了一个重要的例子,在一个狗的显著扩张的升主动脉,没有相关的不良反应生活了10年。
{"title":"Annuloaortic ectasia in a four-month-old male Newfoundland dog: long-term follow-up and immunofluorescent study.","authors":"Etienne Côté, Rong-Mo Zhang, Nicole Kaiser, Dieter P Reinhardt, Chelsea K Martin","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1961039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1961039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 4 month-old, 14.8 kg, male Newfoundland dog was presented for cardiovascular evaluation following detection of a heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed enlargement of the sinuses of Valsalva and marked, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta (annuloaortic ectasia, AAE), with mild/equivocal subaortic stenosis (SAS). The dog was monitored over the duration of its lifetime, with serial echocardiograms performed at 5, 6, and 8 months and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 years demonstrating persistent, diffuse dilation of the ascending aorta. The dog lived until it was 10 years old and died of metastatic carcinoma. Postmortem examination confirmed AAE and mild SAS. Hematoxylin and eosin and Weigert van Gieson stains were used to compare the ascending aorta to the descending aorta and left subclavian artery, and to compare aortic samples to those of three control dogs. Histopathologic evaluation revealed mild medial degeneration in the ascending aorta of all four dogs. Immunofluorescent microscopy was used for determining the deposition of proteins known to play a role in aortic aneurysms in humans: fibrillin-1 (FBN1), latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) and fibronectin. The ascending aorta of the AAE case demonstrated reduced deposition of FBN1, indicating that its loss may have contributed to aortic dilation. Diffuse, primary ascending aortic dilation is uncommonly reported in dogs; when it is, it carries a poor prognosis. This case provides an important example of marked dilation of the ascending aorta in a dog that lived with no associated adverse effects for 10 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8526017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39485374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1987581
S Paudyal
Early detection of disease is the key to successful management of the dairy cattle which leads to timely treatment and prevention of costs associated with prolonged treatment and reduced milk yield. Electronic systems that allow for monitoring of physiological parameters like rumination, are now commercially available. This review paper discusses different aspects of rumination time that could be used to monitor the health and reproduction of dairy cattle. This review paper explored different areas where rumination time could be utilized in monitoring dairy cattle at calving, during the estrus period, during heat stressed conditions, and to detect diseases and transition cow disorders. In conclusion, rumination time could be used as an indicator of the health status in dairy cattle.
{"title":"Using rumination time to manage health and reproduction in dairy cattle: a review.","authors":"S Paudyal","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1987581","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1987581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early detection of disease is the key to successful management of the dairy cattle which leads to timely treatment and prevention of costs associated with prolonged treatment and reduced milk yield. Electronic systems that allow for monitoring of physiological parameters like rumination, are now commercially available. This review paper discusses different aspects of rumination time that could be used to monitor the health and reproduction of dairy cattle. This review paper explored different areas where rumination time could be utilized in monitoring dairy cattle at calving, during the estrus period, during heat stressed conditions, and to detect diseases and transition cow disorders. In conclusion, rumination time could be used as an indicator of the health status in dairy cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8547861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39467930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1992803
Radu Andrei Baisan, Cătălina Andreea Turcu, Eusebiu Ionuț Condurachi, Vasile Vulpe
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiac disease in dogs. The association of QRS notching (nQRS) or fragmentation (fQRS) with disease severity is currently unknown. The study objective was to assess the prevalence of nQRS and fQRS in dogs with MMVD and its severity according to ACVIM classification and to compare the results with a group of healthy dogs. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 34 healthy control dogs and 155 dogs with spontaneous MMVD (42% of dogs in class B1, 23% in class B2 and 35% in class C). fQRS was defined as nQRS complexes in two contiguous leads in the frontal plane (leads I and aVL) and (II, III or aVF). A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to assess the differences in continuous data between control and MMVD groups. Of the MMVD group, 58% showed nQRS in at least one lead and 27% presented fQRS. There was no difference between the number of leads with a nQRS and disease severity (p = 0.75) nor did the number of leads with a nQRS correlate with left atrial size (r = 0.48; p = 0.5). The number of dogs with fQRS did not differ among classes of MMVD (p = 0.21). nQRS and fQRS were more prevalent in dogs with MMVD compared to control dogs (p < 0.01). This study did not identify any relationship between the number of leads with a nQRS and disease severity. However, dogs with MMVD had a higher prevalence of nQRS and fQRS compared to control group.
{"title":"Retrospective evaluation of notched and fragmented QRS complex in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease.","authors":"Radu Andrei Baisan, Cătălina Andreea Turcu, Eusebiu Ionuț Condurachi, Vasile Vulpe","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1992803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1992803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiac disease in dogs. The association of QRS notching (nQRS) or fragmentation (fQRS) with disease severity is currently unknown. The study objective was to assess the prevalence of nQRS and fQRS in dogs with MMVD and its severity according to ACVIM classification and to compare the results with a group of healthy dogs. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 34 healthy control dogs and 155 dogs with spontaneous MMVD (42% of dogs in class B1, 23% in class B2 and 35% in class C). fQRS was defined as nQRS complexes in two contiguous leads in the frontal plane (leads I and aVL) and (II, III or aVF). A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to assess the differences in continuous data between control and MMVD groups. Of the MMVD group, 58% showed nQRS in at least one lead and 27% presented fQRS. There was no difference between the number of leads with a nQRS and disease severity (<i>p</i> = 0.75) nor did the number of leads with a nQRS correlate with left atrial size (<i>r</i> = 0.48; <i>p</i> = 0.5). The number of dogs with fQRS did not differ among classes of MMVD (<i>p</i> = 0.21). nQRS and fQRS were more prevalent in dogs with MMVD compared to control dogs (<i>p</i> < 0.01). This study did not identify any relationship between the number of leads with a nQRS and disease severity. However, dogs with MMVD had a higher prevalence of nQRS and fQRS compared to control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8547883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39513012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1923085
Shaydee J Budel, Marloes M Penning, Louis C Penning
The Hippo pathway is a highly conserved kinase cascade in mammals with the proteins YAP and TAZ as its most important downstream effectors that shuttle between cytoplasma and nucleus. It has a crucial role in processes such as embryogenesis, organ size control, homeostasis and tissue regeneration, where mechanosensing and/or cell-cell interactions are involved. As the pathway is associated with many essential functions in the body, its dysregulation is related to many diseases. In contrast to human pathology, a PubMed-search on Hippo, YAP/TAZ and companion animals (horse, equine, dog, canine, cat, feline) retrieved few publications. Because of its high level of functional conservation, it is anticipated that also in veterinary sciences aberrant Hippo YAP/TAZ signaling would be implicated in animal pathologies. Publications on Hippo YAP/TAZ in companion animals are mainly in cats and dogs and related to oncology. Here, we emphasize the important role of YAP/TAZ in liver diseases. First the liver has a remarkable regeneration capacity and a strict size control and the liver has a moderate liver cell renewal (homeostasis). The last years numerous papers show the importance of YAP/TAZ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatocyte differentiation and bile duct epithelial (BEC) cell survival. YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in activation of hepatic stellate cells crucial in fibrogenesis. The availability of drugs (e.g. verteporfin) targeting the YAP/TAZ pathway are described as is their potential usage in veterinary medicine. The aim of this overview is to stimulate researchers' and clinicians' interest in the potential role of Hippo YAP/TAZ signaling in veterinary medicine.
{"title":"Hippo signaling pathway in companion animal diseases, an under investigated signaling cascade.","authors":"Shaydee J Budel, Marloes M Penning, Louis C Penning","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1923085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1923085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hippo pathway is a highly conserved kinase cascade in mammals with the proteins YAP and TAZ as its most important downstream effectors that shuttle between cytoplasma and nucleus. It has a crucial role in processes such as embryogenesis, organ size control, homeostasis and tissue regeneration, where mechanosensing and/or cell-cell interactions are involved. As the pathway is associated with many essential functions in the body, its dysregulation is related to many diseases. In contrast to human pathology, a PubMed-search on Hippo, YAP/TAZ and companion animals (horse, equine, dog, canine, cat, feline) retrieved few publications. Because of its high level of functional conservation, it is anticipated that also in veterinary sciences aberrant Hippo YAP/TAZ signaling would be implicated in animal pathologies. Publications on Hippo YAP/TAZ in companion animals are mainly in cats and dogs and related to oncology. Here, we emphasize the important role of YAP/TAZ in liver diseases. First the liver has a remarkable regeneration capacity and a strict size control and the liver has a moderate liver cell renewal (homeostasis). The last years numerous papers show the importance of YAP/TAZ in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatocyte differentiation and bile duct epithelial (BEC) cell survival. YAP/TAZ signaling is involved in activation of hepatic stellate cells crucial in fibrogenesis. The availability of drugs (e.g. verteporfin) targeting the YAP/TAZ pathway are described as is their potential usage in veterinary medicine. The aim of this overview is to stimulate researchers' and clinicians' interest in the potential role of Hippo YAP/TAZ signaling in veterinary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01652176.2021.1923085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38947293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1995909
Shruti Pyasi, Advika Gupta, Nagendra R Hegde, Debasis Nayak
Background: Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a re-emerging disease caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Although it poses a huge economic threat to the livestock sector, complete viral genome information from any South Asian country, including India, lacks.
Aim: Genome characterization of the first Indian BEFV isolate and to evaluate its genetic diversity by characterizing genomic mutations and their associated protein dynamics.
Materials and methods: Of the nineteen positive blood samples collected from BEF symptomatic animals during the 2018-19 outbreaks in India, one random sample was used to amplify the entire viral genome by RT-PCR. Utilizing Sanger sequencing and NGS technology, a complete genome was determined. Genome characterization, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses were explored by comparing the results with available global isolates. Additionally, unique genomic mutations within the Indian isolate were investigated, followed by in-silico assessment of non-synonymous (NS) mutations impacts on corresponding proteins' secondary structure, solvent accessibility and dynamics.
Results: The complete genome of Indian BEFV has 14,903 nucleotides with 33% GC with considerable genetic diversity. Its sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relatedness to the Middle Eastern lineage. Genome-wide scanning elucidated 30 unique mutations, including 10 NS mutations in the P, L and GNS proteins. The mutational impact evaluation confirmed alterations in protein structure and dynamics, with minimal effect on solvent accessibility. Additionally, alteration in the interatomic interactions was compared against the wild type.
Conclusion: These findings extend our understanding of the BEFV epidemiological and pathogenic potential, aiding in developing better therapeutic and preventive interventions.
{"title":"Complete genome sequencing and assessment of mutation-associated protein dynamics of the first Indian bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) isolate.","authors":"Shruti Pyasi, Advika Gupta, Nagendra R Hegde, Debasis Nayak","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1995909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1995909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a re-emerging disease caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Although it poses a huge economic threat to the livestock sector, complete viral genome information from any South Asian country, including India, lacks.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Genome characterization of the first Indian BEFV isolate and to evaluate its genetic diversity by characterizing genomic mutations and their associated protein dynamics.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Of the nineteen positive blood samples collected from BEF symptomatic animals during the 2018-19 outbreaks in India, one random sample was used to amplify the entire viral genome by RT-PCR. Utilizing Sanger sequencing and NGS technology, a complete genome was determined. Genome characterization, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses were explored by comparing the results with available global isolates. Additionally, unique genomic mutations within the Indian isolate were investigated, followed by <i>in-silico</i> assessment of non-synonymous (NS) mutations impacts on corresponding proteins' secondary structure, solvent accessibility and dynamics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The complete genome of Indian BEFV has 14,903 nucleotides with 33% GC with considerable genetic diversity. Its sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relatedness to the Middle Eastern lineage. Genome-wide scanning elucidated 30 unique mutations, including 10 NS mutations in the <i>P, L</i> and <i>G<sub>NS</sub></i> proteins. The mutational impact evaluation confirmed alterations in protein structure and dynamics, with minimal effect on solvent accessibility. Additionally, alteration in the interatomic interactions was compared against the wild type.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings extend our understanding of the BEFV epidemiological and pathogenic potential, aiding in developing better therapeutic and preventive interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8567923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39531531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311
Khan Sharun, Kuldeep Dhama, Abhijit M Pawde, Christian Gortázar, Ruchi Tiwari, D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales, José de la Fuente, Izabela Michalak, Youssef A Attia
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in China from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that cat-to-cat and ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place via contact and air. However, natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported only in pet dogs and cats, tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, and gorillas at zoos, and farmed mink and ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has been reported at several instances, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals-to-humans has only been reported from mink-to-humans in mink farms. Following the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the mink population, a new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged that was identified in both humans and mink. The increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 in carnivores indicate the higher susceptibility of animal species belonging to this order. The sporadic reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animal species require further investigation to determine if SARS-CoV-2 or related Betacoronaviruses can get established in kept, feral or wild animal populations, which may eventually act as viral reservoirs. This review analyzes the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in domestic and wild animal species and their possible implications on public health.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications.","authors":"Khan Sharun, Kuldeep Dhama, Abhijit M Pawde, Christian Gortázar, Ruchi Tiwari, D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales, José de la Fuente, Izabela Michalak, Youssef A Attia","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in China from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus <i>Rhinolophus</i>. Following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that cat-to-cat and ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place via contact and air. However, natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported only in pet dogs and cats, tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, and gorillas at zoos, and farmed mink and ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has been reported at several instances, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals-to-humans has only been reported from mink-to-humans in mink farms. Following the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the mink population, a new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged that was identified in both humans and mink. The increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 in carnivores indicate the higher susceptibility of animal species belonging to this order. The sporadic reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animal species require further investigation to determine if SARS-CoV-2 or related Betacoronaviruses can get established in kept, feral or wild animal populations, which may eventually act as viral reservoirs. This review analyzes the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in domestic and wild animal species and their possible implications on public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01652176.2021.1921311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38902878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1970279
Faraja E Kiula, Eblate E Mjingo, Alex R Mremi, Jaffu O Chilongola, Linus K Munishi
Abstract Background Masai Giraffes have declined dramatically in recent decades due to loss of habitat and illegal hunting. Hence, it is critically important that the epidemiology and etiology of so-called giraffe skin disease (GSD) is understood well. Aim To assess the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of GSD in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem (TME), northern Tanzania. Methods The study used road transects to gather field information on GSD. Eighty-four giraffes were sighted by systematic random sampling in the six study sites. Examination of giraffes involved body distribution of lesions, severity of the lesions and whether they were associated with age and sex of the affected giraffes. Five giraffes with GSD were immobilized for tissue collection and histopathological analysis. Results Prevalence among adults was 79%. Affected animals typically had 1–5 lesions which were mostly moderate and were predominantly observed on the forelegs. GSD positivity rate was higher among females versus males, whereas males had a higher rate of severe lesions and generally had more lesions than females. Calves showed no lesions. All tissue sections from five affected giraffes showed the presence of large quantities of fungal elements (hyphae and spores) that involved hair shafts and sub-cutaneous tissue after staining with Grocott Methenamine Silver as special fungal staining technique. Conclusions Our findings suggest the involvement of fungal infection in GSD pathogenesis. Clinical relevance We recommend further characterization of the lesions using modern molecular techniques and culture to identify primary and secondary or opportunistic etiologies, and the order in which the pathogens occur in the lesions.
{"title":"Prevalence and histopathological characterization of Masai Giraffe (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi</i>) skin disease in Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Northern Tanzania.","authors":"Faraja E Kiula, Eblate E Mjingo, Alex R Mremi, Jaffu O Chilongola, Linus K Munishi","doi":"10.1080/01652176.2021.1970279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1970279","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Masai Giraffes have declined dramatically in recent decades due to loss of habitat and illegal hunting. Hence, it is critically important that the epidemiology and etiology of so-called giraffe skin disease (GSD) is understood well. Aim To assess the prevalence and histopathological characteristics of GSD in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem (TME), northern Tanzania. Methods The study used road transects to gather field information on GSD. Eighty-four giraffes were sighted by systematic random sampling in the six study sites. Examination of giraffes involved body distribution of lesions, severity of the lesions and whether they were associated with age and sex of the affected giraffes. Five giraffes with GSD were immobilized for tissue collection and histopathological analysis. Results Prevalence among adults was 79%. Affected animals typically had 1–5 lesions which were mostly moderate and were predominantly observed on the forelegs. GSD positivity rate was higher among females versus males, whereas males had a higher rate of severe lesions and generally had more lesions than females. Calves showed no lesions. All tissue sections from five affected giraffes showed the presence of large quantities of fungal elements (hyphae and spores) that involved hair shafts and sub-cutaneous tissue after staining with Grocott Methenamine Silver as special fungal staining technique. Conclusions Our findings suggest the involvement of fungal infection in GSD pathogenesis. Clinical relevance We recommend further characterization of the lesions using modern molecular techniques and culture to identify primary and secondary or opportunistic etiologies, and the order in which the pathogens occur in the lesions.","PeriodicalId":51207,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8405113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39321711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}