A. Mônico, Miquéias Ferrão, J. C. Chaparro, Antoine Fouquet, A. Lima
Pristimantis is already the most speciose genus among vertebrates, yet the current number of species remains largely underestimated. A member of the P. unistrigatus species group from the Guiana Shield has been historically misidentified as P. ockendeni, a species described from southern Peru. We combined mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (RAG1) loci, external morphology, skull osteology (μ-CT scan), vocalization (advertisement and courtship calls), geographic distribution and natural history data to differentiate the Guiana Shield populations from P. ockendeni, and describe them as a new species. The new species is crepuscular and nocturnal and inhabits the understory of unflooded (terra firme) forests in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname. It is phylogenetically related to P. ardalonychus, P. martiae and undescribed species from Brazilian Amazonia. The new species notably differs from P. ockendeni and its congeners in the P. unistrigatus species group occurring in the Guiana Shield by the combination of the following characters: absence of dentigerous processes of vomers, presence of vocal slits in males, body size (SVL 16.2–20.7 mm in males and 21.4–25.7 mm in females), advertisement call (call with 4–6 notes, call duration of 158–371 ms and dominant frequency of 3,466–4,521 Hz) and translucent groin coloration in life. To facilitate the recognition and description of cryptic species previously hidden under the name P. ockendeni, we provide an amended diagnosis of this taxon based on external morphology and advertisement call of specimens recently collected nearby the type locality and additional localities in southwestern Amazonia.
{"title":"A new species of rain frog (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) from the Guiana Shield and amended diagnosis of P. ockendeni (Boulenger, 1912)","authors":"A. Mônico, Miquéias Ferrão, J. C. Chaparro, Antoine Fouquet, A. Lima","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e90435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e90435","url":null,"abstract":"Pristimantis is already the most speciose genus among vertebrates, yet the current number of species remains largely underestimated. A member of the P. unistrigatus species group from the Guiana Shield has been historically misidentified as P. ockendeni, a species described from southern Peru. We combined mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (RAG1) loci, external morphology, skull osteology (μ-CT scan), vocalization (advertisement and courtship calls), geographic distribution and natural history data to differentiate the Guiana Shield populations from P. ockendeni, and describe them as a new species. The new species is crepuscular and nocturnal and inhabits the understory of unflooded (terra firme) forests in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname. It is phylogenetically related to P. ardalonychus, P. martiae and undescribed species from Brazilian Amazonia. The new species notably differs from P. ockendeni and its congeners in the P. unistrigatus species group occurring in the Guiana Shield by the combination of the following characters: absence of dentigerous processes of vomers, presence of vocal slits in males, body size (SVL 16.2–20.7 mm in males and 21.4–25.7 mm in females), advertisement call (call with 4–6 notes, call duration of 158–371 ms and dominant frequency of 3,466–4,521 Hz) and translucent groin coloration in life. To facilitate the recognition and description of cryptic species previously hidden under the name P. ockendeni, we provide an amended diagnosis of this taxon based on external morphology and advertisement call of specimens recently collected nearby the type locality and additional localities in southwestern Amazonia.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48638164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teddy Angarita-Sierra, S. D. Cubides-Cubillos, J. P. Hurtado-Gómez
Bothrocophias microphthalmus (Cope, 1875) currently comprises most mid- to highland populations of the genus Bothrocophias in the eastern versant of the Andes. We describe two new species of Bothrocophias from the highlands of the Colombian Andes previously referred to as B. microphthalmus based on morphological and genetic evidence. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. micropthalmus as currently recognized is paraphyletic with respect to B. hyoprora, and the two new taxa are sister lineages. These new toadheaded pitvipers can be morphologically distinguished from their congeners based on the presence of contact between the internasal scales, the number of prefoveal scales, the presence of a lacunolabial scale, the arrangement of supralabial scales, ventral scale counts, the color pattern of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body and tail, and hemipenial morphology. We discuss some possible taxonomic scenarios for the lineages found within the B. microphthalmus species complex but refrain from making additional taxonomic changes given our reduced sampling of the southern lineages.
{"title":"Hidden in the highs: Two new species of the enigmatic toadheaded pitvipers of the genus Bothrocophias","authors":"Teddy Angarita-Sierra, S. D. Cubides-Cubillos, J. P. Hurtado-Gómez","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e87313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e87313","url":null,"abstract":"Bothrocophias microphthalmus (Cope, 1875) currently comprises most mid- to highland populations of the genus Bothrocophias in the eastern versant of the Andes. We describe two new species of Bothrocophias from the highlands of the Colombian Andes previously referred to as B. microphthalmus based on morphological and genetic evidence. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. micropthalmus as currently recognized is paraphyletic with respect to B. hyoprora, and the two new taxa are sister lineages. These new toadheaded pitvipers can be morphologically distinguished from their congeners based on the presence of contact between the internasal scales, the number of prefoveal scales, the presence of a lacunolabial scale, the arrangement of supralabial scales, ventral scale counts, the color pattern of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body and tail, and hemipenial morphology. We discuss some possible taxonomic scenarios for the lineages found within the B. microphthalmus species complex but refrain from making additional taxonomic changes given our reduced sampling of the southern lineages.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42849573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species-level phylogeny and especially phylogeography of African chelonians is a comparatively under-studied field of research. We review the current knowledge of phylogeny and phylogeography, highlight congruence of spatial phylogeographic patterns amongst chelonians and other taxa and suggest future research directions to address gaps in knowledge. Our review shows that phylogeographic and phylogenetic investigations have led to unexpected findings. For example, for Pelomedusa, a putatively wide-ranging monotypic terrapin genus, cryptic diversity was revealed, with more than ten species being uncovered. The formerly recognized tortoise genus Homopus sensu lato was found to be paraphyletic with respect to Chersina. To resolve this situation, Homopus was restricted to the four-toed species H. areolatus and H. femoralis and the genus Chersobius was resurrected for the five-toed species C. boulengeri, C. signatus, and C. solus. Three previously recognized taxa were shown to be invalid, viz. the putatively extinct terrapin species Pelusios seychellensis and the tortoise subspecies Chersobius signatus cafer and Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki. Together with taxonomy, the knowledge of phylogeographic structuring sets a solid foundation for conservation measures and allows the identification of Management and Conservation Units. However, the current legislation, in particular the enforcement of the Nagoya Protocol under the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), has largely halted research on widely distributed taxa and turned the well-intended concept of Access and Benefit Sharing into a major impediment for conservation and research. The current situation leads for many species to a continued usage of outdated and incorrect taxonomic classifications resulting in an error cascade of conservation decisions. This is counterproductive to the aims of the CBD, that is, the protection of biodiversity. Sequencing historical DNA from museum specimens using aDNA approaches could be a short-term approach to mitigate, but not solve, this impediment.
{"title":"Phylogeny and phylogeography of chelonians from sub-Saharan Africa—A review of current knowledge in tribute to Margaretha D. Hofmeyr","authors":"U. Fritz, K. Tolley, M. Vamberger, F. Ihlow","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e95681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e95681","url":null,"abstract":"Species-level phylogeny and especially phylogeography of African chelonians is a comparatively under-studied field of research. We review the current knowledge of phylogeny and phylogeography, highlight congruence of spatial phylogeographic patterns amongst chelonians and other taxa and suggest future research directions to address gaps in knowledge. Our review shows that phylogeographic and phylogenetic investigations have led to unexpected findings. For example, for Pelomedusa, a putatively wide-ranging monotypic terrapin genus, cryptic diversity was revealed, with more than ten species being uncovered. The formerly recognized tortoise genus Homopus sensu lato was found to be paraphyletic with respect to Chersina. To resolve this situation, Homopus was restricted to the four-toed species H. areolatus and H. femoralis and the genus Chersobius was resurrected for the five-toed species C. boulengeri, C. signatus, and C. solus. Three previously recognized taxa were shown to be invalid, viz. the putatively extinct terrapin species Pelusios seychellensis and the tortoise subspecies Chersobius signatus cafer and Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki. Together with taxonomy, the knowledge of phylogeographic structuring sets a solid foundation for conservation measures and allows the identification of Management and Conservation Units. However, the current legislation, in particular the enforcement of the Nagoya Protocol under the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), has largely halted research on widely distributed taxa and turned the well-intended concept of Access and Benefit Sharing into a major impediment for conservation and research. The current situation leads for many species to a continued usage of outdated and incorrect taxonomic classifications resulting in an error cascade of conservation decisions. This is counterproductive to the aims of the CBD, that is, the protection of biodiversity. Sequencing historical DNA from museum specimens using aDNA approaches could be a short-term approach to mitigate, but not solve, this impediment.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43891844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erasmo Cázares-Hernández, H. D. Jimeno-Sevilla, S. Rovito, M. A. López-Luna, L. Canseco-Márquez
We describe a new species of plethodontid salamander of the genus Pseudoeurycea from the Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico. The new species is distinguished from all other species in the genus by morphological and genetic features and by coloration. Based on a mtDNA phylogeny, the new species belongs to the Pseudoeurycea juarezi group and is most closely related to P. ruficauda from the Sierra Mazateca in northern Oaxaca. The newly described salamander increases the number of species of plethodontid salamanders from Veracruz to 43 and those recognized from Mexico to 140.
报道了墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯州Sierra de Zongolica地区多齿蝾螈属一新种。这个新种在形态和遗传特征以及颜色上区别于所有其他属的物种。根据mtDNA系统发育，该新种属于juarezi Pseudoeurycea类群，与来自瓦哈卡北部Sierra Mazateca的P. ruficauda亲缘关系最近。新发现的蝾螈使韦拉克鲁斯州的多齿蝾螈物种增加到43种，墨西哥的多齿蝾螈物种增加到140种。
{"title":"A new arboreal Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico","authors":"Erasmo Cázares-Hernández, H. D. Jimeno-Sevilla, S. Rovito, M. A. López-Luna, L. Canseco-Márquez","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e87275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e87275","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new species of plethodontid salamander of the genus Pseudoeurycea from the Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico. The new species is distinguished from all other species in the genus by morphological and genetic features and by coloration. Based on a mtDNA phylogeny, the new species belongs to the Pseudoeurycea juarezi group and is most closely related to P. ruficauda from the Sierra Mazateca in northern Oaxaca. The newly described salamander increases the number of species of plethodontid salamanders from Veracruz to 43 and those recognized from Mexico to 140.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44242686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Therapsids covered the entire spectrum of terrestrial locomotion from sprawling to parasagittal. Switching between sprawling and more erect locomotion may have been possible in earlier taxa. First, the axial skeleton shows little regionalization and allows lateral undulation, evolving then increasingly towards regionalization enabling dorsoventral swinging. During terrestrial locomotion, every step invokes a ground reaction force and functional loadings which the musculoskeletal system needs to accomodate. First insights into the functional loading regime of the fore- and hindlimb skeleton and the body stem of therapsids presented herein are based on the assessment and preliminary measurements of the historical collection of therapsids exhibited in the Paleontological Collection of Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany. The specimens included are the archosaur Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis, the early synapsid Dimetrodon limbatus for comparison, and the therapsids Keratocephalus moloch, Sauroctonus parringtoni, Tetragonias njalilus, and Belesodon magnificus. The vertebral columns and ribs of the mounts were carefully assessed for original fossil material and, when preserved, ribs, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae were measured. The body of a tetrapod is exposed to forces as well as bending and torsional moments. To resist these functional stresses, certain musculoskeletal specializations evolved. These include: 1) compression resistant plate-like pectoral and pelvic girdle bones, 2) a vertebral column combined with tendinous and muscular structures to withstand compressive and tensile forces and moments, and 3) ribs and intercostal muscles to resist the transverse forces and torsional moments. The legs are compressive stress-resistant, carry the body weight, and support the body against gravity. Tail reduction leads to restructuring of the musculoskeletal system of the pelvic girdle.
兽脚类涵盖了从匍匐爬行到拟矢状爬行的整个陆地运动范围。在早期的分类群中，在伸展运动和直立运动之间转换是可能的。首先，轴向骨架显示出很少的区域化，允许横向波动，然后逐渐向区域化发展，从而实现背腹侧摆动。在地面运动中，每一步都需要地面反作用力和肌肉骨骼系统需要适应的功能负荷。本文提出的兽脚类前肢、后肢骨骼和躯干的功能负荷机制的首次见解是基于对德国Eberhard Karls Universität tbingen古生物收藏馆展出的兽脚类历史藏品的评估和初步测量。标本包括三juanhyperodapedon sanjuanensis、早期新齿目Dimetrodon limbatus、兽脚目Keratocephalus moloch、Sauroctonus parringtoni、Tetragonias njalilus和Belesodon magnificus。对坐骑的脊柱和肋骨进行了仔细的原始化石材料评估，当保存下来时，测量了肋骨、骶骨和前尾椎。四足动物的身体暴露于力以及弯曲和扭转的时刻。为了抵抗这些功能压力，某些肌肉骨骼特化进化了。这些包括:1)抗压板状胸骨盆带骨，2)与肌腱和肌肉结构结合的脊柱，以承受压缩和拉伸力和力矩，以及3)肋骨和肋间肌，以抵抗横向力和扭转力矩。腿是抗压应力，承载身体的重量，并支持身体对抗重力。尾巴的减少导致骨盆带肌肉骨骼系统的重组。
{"title":"From sprawling to parasagittal locomotion in Therapsida: A preliminary study of historically collected museum specimens","authors":"H. Preuschoft, Anna Krahl, I. Werneburg","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e85989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e85989","url":null,"abstract":"Therapsids covered the entire spectrum of terrestrial locomotion from sprawling to parasagittal. Switching between sprawling and more erect locomotion may have been possible in earlier taxa. First, the axial skeleton shows little regionalization and allows lateral undulation, evolving then increasingly towards regionalization enabling dorsoventral swinging. During terrestrial locomotion, every step invokes a ground reaction force and functional loadings which the musculoskeletal system needs to accomodate. First insights into the functional loading regime of the fore- and hindlimb skeleton and the body stem of therapsids presented herein are based on the assessment and preliminary measurements of the historical collection of therapsids exhibited in the Paleontological Collection of Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany. The specimens included are the archosaur Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis, the early synapsid Dimetrodon limbatus for comparison, and the therapsids Keratocephalus moloch, Sauroctonus parringtoni, Tetragonias njalilus, and Belesodon magnificus. The vertebral columns and ribs of the mounts were carefully assessed for original fossil material and, when preserved, ribs, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae were measured. The body of a tetrapod is exposed to forces as well as bending and torsional moments. To resist these functional stresses, certain musculoskeletal specializations evolved. These include: 1) compression resistant plate-like pectoral and pelvic girdle bones, 2) a vertebral column combined with tendinous and muscular structures to withstand compressive and tensile forces and moments, and 3) ribs and intercostal muscles to resist the transverse forces and torsional moments. The legs are compressive stress-resistant, carry the body weight, and support the body against gravity. Tail reduction leads to restructuring of the musculoskeletal system of the pelvic girdle.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41489949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bony labyrinth (inner ear) of mammals reveals systematic as well as morphofunctional information. However, detailed knowledge of bony labyrinth morphology and ontogeny in Pantherinae, that comprise some of the most iconic mammals, is still pending. Hence, we present the first comparative description of the bony labyrinth in all extant species of Panthera and Neofelis some of which are represented by several postnatal stages; particular focus is set on Panthera leo. Our study is based on µCT scans and virtual 3D reconstructions and accompanied by selected morphometric measurements. Even though quite similar in morphology, both genera as well as their species can be distinguished by several features, e.g., shape and relative size of the semicircular canals and presence or absence of an osseous secondary crus commune. In case of the latter, P. pardus shows some intraspecific variation. We also traced the reduction of the fossa subarcuata during ontogeny in P. leo which conforms with previous studies. Negative allometry of the bony labyrinth in relation to skull basal length can be observed during ontogeny as demonstrated by P. leo as well as between different sized species. Although not correlated with the length of the cochlear canal, the number of cochlear turns is higher in captive non-adult P. leo and P. tigris, but lower in adult captive P. pardus. If these intraspecific differences are related to captivity or represent an ontogenetic pattern, needs to be evaluated in future studies based on larger samples.
{"title":"Comparative morphology and postnatal ontogeny of the bony labyrinth in Pantherinae (Felidae, Carnivora) with special emphasis on the lion","authors":"Mathias Wirkner, Katharina Heyder, I. Ruf","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e82874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e82874","url":null,"abstract":"The bony labyrinth (inner ear) of mammals reveals systematic as well as morphofunctional information. However, detailed knowledge of bony labyrinth morphology and ontogeny in Pantherinae, that comprise some of the most iconic mammals, is still pending. Hence, we present the first comparative description of the bony labyrinth in all extant species of Panthera and Neofelis some of which are represented by several postnatal stages; particular focus is set on Panthera leo. Our study is based on µCT scans and virtual 3D reconstructions and accompanied by selected morphometric measurements. Even though quite similar in morphology, both genera as well as their species can be distinguished by several features, e.g., shape and relative size of the semicircular canals and presence or absence of an osseous secondary crus commune. In case of the latter, P. pardus shows some intraspecific variation. We also traced the reduction of the fossa subarcuata during ontogeny in P. leo which conforms with previous studies. Negative allometry of the bony labyrinth in relation to skull basal length can be observed during ontogeny as demonstrated by P. leo as well as between different sized species. Although not correlated with the length of the cochlear canal, the number of cochlear turns is higher in captive non-adult P. leo and P. tigris, but lower in adult captive P. pardus. If these intraspecific differences are related to captivity or represent an ontogenetic pattern, needs to be evaluated in future studies based on larger samples.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41844142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Ito, Ryo Kodeara, Kazuhiko Koyasu, Quentin Martinez, D. Koyabu
The phylogenetic relationships of major groups within the Order Eulipotyphla was once highly disputed, but the advent of molecular studies has greatly improved our understanding about the diversification history of talpids, soricids, erinaceids, and solenodontids. Their resolved phylogenetic relationships now allow us to revisit the turbinal and lamina evolution of this group. The inner structure of the nasal cavity of mammals is highly complicated and the homologies of the turbinals among mammalian species are still largely unsettled. In this regard, investigation on fetal anatomy and ontogenetic changes of the nasal capsule allows us to evaluate the homologies of the turbinals and laminae. We observed various fetuses and adults of talpids and soricids using high-resolution diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and reviewed previous reports on erinaceids, solenodontids, and other laurasiatherians. Although the turbinal and lamina morphology was previsouly considered to be similar among eulipotyphlans, we found phylogenetic patterns for talpids and soricids. The nasoturbinal of the common ancestor of talpids and soricids was most likely rostrocaudally elongated. The epiturbinal at the ethmoturbinal II disappeared in soricids independently. Finally, we propose two possible scenarios for the maxilloturbinal development: 1) the maxilloturbinal of talpids and soricids became small independently with a limited number of lamellae as a result of convergent evolution, or 2) the common ancestor of talpids and soricids already had a small and simple maxilloturbinal.
{"title":"The development of nasal turbinal morphology of moles and shrews","authors":"Kai Ito, Ryo Kodeara, Kazuhiko Koyasu, Quentin Martinez, D. Koyabu","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e85466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e85466","url":null,"abstract":"The phylogenetic relationships of major groups within the Order Eulipotyphla was once highly disputed, but the advent of molecular studies has greatly improved our understanding about the diversification history of talpids, soricids, erinaceids, and solenodontids. Their resolved phylogenetic relationships now allow us to revisit the turbinal and lamina evolution of this group. The inner structure of the nasal cavity of mammals is highly complicated and the homologies of the turbinals among mammalian species are still largely unsettled. In this regard, investigation on fetal anatomy and ontogenetic changes of the nasal capsule allows us to evaluate the homologies of the turbinals and laminae. We observed various fetuses and adults of talpids and soricids using high-resolution diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and reviewed previous reports on erinaceids, solenodontids, and other laurasiatherians. Although the turbinal and lamina morphology was previsouly considered to be similar among eulipotyphlans, we found phylogenetic patterns for talpids and soricids. The nasoturbinal of the common ancestor of talpids and soricids was most likely rostrocaudally elongated. The epiturbinal at the ethmoturbinal II disappeared in soricids independently. Finally, we propose two possible scenarios for the maxilloturbinal development: 1) the maxilloturbinal of talpids and soricids became small independently with a limited number of lamellae as a result of convergent evolution, or 2) the common ancestor of talpids and soricids already had a small and simple maxilloturbinal.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42321280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Here, we build on earlier work concerning notions of engineering design and investigate their conceptual connection to evolutionary biology. The basis for this work is an engineering design schema covering the central concepts of function, working principle and construction. Its relevance for evolutionary biology is explored by connecting these concepts to the so-called design space that is used in engineering optimisation. This tool makes it possible to distinguish various optima of performance and to visualise their robustness with respect to disturbances or changes in parameters. The robustness of morphological ‘constructions’ with regard to changes of shape is shown by means of examples from engineering and biology. The characteristics of various ‘landscapes’ in the design space is then related to the concept of evolvability, whereby we explore analogies between systems biology and morphology. A general property of phenotypes from the molecular to the organismal level seems to be that their ‘construction’ facilitates both their robustness and their exploration of the design space while maintaining the performance of the relevant functions at a high level.
{"title":"A technomorphic conceptualisation of biological ‘constructions’ and their evolution","authors":"M. Drack, O. Betz","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e86968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e86968","url":null,"abstract":"Here, we build on earlier work concerning notions of engineering design and investigate their conceptual connection to evolutionary biology. The basis for this work is an engineering design schema covering the central concepts of function, working principle and construction. Its relevance for evolutionary biology is explored by connecting these concepts to the so-called design space that is used in engineering optimisation. This tool makes it possible to distinguish various optima of performance and to visualise their robustness with respect to disturbances or changes in parameters. The robustness of morphological ‘constructions’ with regard to changes of shape is shown by means of examples from engineering and biology. The characteristics of various ‘landscapes’ in the design space is then related to the concept of evolvability, whereby we explore analogies between systems biology and morphology. A general property of phenotypes from the molecular to the organismal level seems to be that their ‘construction’ facilitates both their robustness and their exploration of the design space while maintaining the performance of the relevant functions at a high level.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70428505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe a new species of small-sized (SVL 24.6–28.8 mm) rupicolous Cnemaspis from the Biligirirangan Hills (BR Hills), Karnataka based on morphology and molecular (mitochondrial 16S and ND2) data. The new species is nested within the monticola, mysoriensis and gracilis clades, where it is basal to monticola and gracilis clades in the Maximum Likelihood analysis and is basal to the monticola clade in the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis.
{"title":"A new species of rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Biligirirangan Hills of Southern India","authors":"S. Narayanan, Aravind Na","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e89324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e89324","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new species of small-sized (SVL 24.6–28.8 mm) rupicolous Cnemaspis from the Biligirirangan Hills (BR Hills), Karnataka based on morphology and molecular (mitochondrial 16S and ND2) data. The new species is nested within the monticola, mysoriensis and gracilis clades, where it is basal to monticola and gracilis clades in the Maximum Likelihood analysis and is basal to the monticola clade in the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47563299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A literature review showed that there is not a defined consensus on what specimens belong to Plateosaurus in current phylogenetic analyses, and after the assignation of SMNS 13200 as the neotype for Plateosaurus, the specimen composition of Plateosaurus as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) needs to be addressed in further iterations of phylogenetic analyses. At least one of the specimens used to illustrate plateosaurian anatomy contains several characters identified in more derived sauropodomorphs commonly referred to as massopodans. This partial skeleton, traditionally known as specimen ‘GPIT IV’, was found in the lower dinosaur bone bed of the Obere Mühle, a Trossingen Formation outcrop, during an excavation in 1922 near the city of Tübingen, Germany. The holotype of Plateosaurus trossingensis and several other specimens referred to as this species were found in this level, which was initially interpreted as a synchronic deposit of animals. However, the current understanding of the Trossingen Formation indicates that this bed was probably a constant accumulation of carcasses through miring and transport down a river for hundreds of years. In this work, a framework to compare phylogenetic signals with morphological and histological data is provided to help in the species delineation of Plateosaurus, and support is found to refer the historic specimen ‘GPIT IV’ as a new genus and a new species.
{"title":"A new massopodan sauropodomorph from Trossingen Formation (Germany) hidden as ‘ Plateosaurus’ for 100 years in the historical Tübingen collection","authors":"O. Fernández, I. Werneburg","doi":"10.3897/vz.72.e86348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e86348","url":null,"abstract":"A literature review showed that there is not a defined consensus on what specimens belong to Plateosaurus in current phylogenetic analyses, and after the assignation of SMNS 13200 as the neotype for Plateosaurus, the specimen composition of Plateosaurus as an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) needs to be addressed in further iterations of phylogenetic analyses. At least one of the specimens used to illustrate plateosaurian anatomy contains several characters identified in more derived sauropodomorphs commonly referred to as massopodans. This partial skeleton, traditionally known as specimen ‘GPIT IV’, was found in the lower dinosaur bone bed of the Obere Mühle, a Trossingen Formation outcrop, during an excavation in 1922 near the city of Tübingen, Germany. The holotype of Plateosaurus trossingensis and several other specimens referred to as this species were found in this level, which was initially interpreted as a synchronic deposit of animals. However, the current understanding of the Trossingen Formation indicates that this bed was probably a constant accumulation of carcasses through miring and transport down a river for hundreds of years. In this work, a framework to compare phylogenetic signals with morphological and histological data is provided to help in the species delineation of Plateosaurus, and support is found to refer the historic specimen ‘GPIT IV’ as a new genus and a new species.","PeriodicalId":51290,"journal":{"name":"Vertebrate Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44924796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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