Damien Carignan, Brandon Morales, Philippe Després, William Foster, André-Guy Martin, Eric Vigneault
Purpose: We report outcomes of high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients, initially classified according to a 3-tier NCCN classification system, treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost (HDR-BT). Patients were analyzed based on a re-stratification of their risk grouping using CAPRA score and a newer 5-tier NCCN classification.
Material and methods: 471 high-risk PCa patients treated with EBRT, HDR-BT, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) between 1999 and 2018 were included. Competing risk survival analyses to compare individuals with CAPRA scores < 6 vs. ≥ 6 for biochemical relapse (BCR) and metastasis incidence were conducted. Also, overall survival (OS) for both groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis was assessed. The same analyses were repeated using a 5-tier NCCN stratification comparing those classified as high-risk vs. very high-risk patients.
Results: The median age was 71 years, and the median follow-up period was 72 months. The whole cohort received an EQD2 of 74 Gy or greater, with a median EQD2 of 106.89 Gy. Both a CAPRA score ≥ 6 and belonging to the NCCN very high-risk group were associated with BCR, with subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) of 3.04 (p = 0.015) and 2.53 (p = 0.013), respectively. For metastasis incidence, both the CAPRA and NCCN groups had similar sHRs of 2.60 (p = 0.094) and 2.71 (p = 0.037), respectively. For 10-year OS, patients with CAPRA score ≥ 6 and belonging to the NCCN very high-risk group presented similar HRs of 2.11 (p = 0.005) and 2.10 (p = 0.002).
Conclusions: We showed that high-risk PCa patients classified according to the 3-tier NCCN system benefit from further stratification using the CAPRA score or the 5-tier NCCN stratification method. Patients with a CAPRA score ≥ 6 or classified as very high-risk demonstrate a higher hazard of BCR, metastasis, and death. These patients might benefit from further intensification of their investigations and treatment, based on ongoing research.
{"title":"Differential outcomes of re-stratified high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiation therapy plus high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost","authors":"Damien Carignan, Brandon Morales, Philippe Després, William Foster, André-Guy Martin, Eric Vigneault","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139277","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>We report outcomes of high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients, initially classified according to a 3-tier NCCN classification system, treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost (HDR-BT). Patients were analyzed based on a re-stratification of their risk grouping using CAPRA score and a newer 5-tier NCCN classification.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>471 high-risk PCa patients treated with EBRT, HDR-BT, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) between 1999 and 2018 were included. Competing risk survival analyses to compare individuals with CAPRA scores < 6 vs. ≥ 6 for biochemical relapse (BCR) and metastasis incidence were conducted. Also, overall survival (OS) for both groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis was assessed. The same analyses were repeated using a 5-tier NCCN stratification comparing those classified as high-risk vs. very high-risk patients.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>The median age was 71 years, and the median follow-up period was 72 months. The whole cohort received an EQD<sub>2</sub> of 74 Gy or greater, with a median EQD<sub>2</sub> of 106.89 Gy. Both a CAPRA score ≥ 6 and belonging to the NCCN very high-risk group were associated with BCR, with subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) of 3.04 (<i>p</i> = 0.015) and 2.53 (<i>p</i> = 0.013), respectively. For metastasis incidence, both the CAPRA and NCCN groups had similar sHRs of 2.60 (<i>p</i> = 0.094) and 2.71 (<i>p</i> = 0.037), respectively. For 10-year OS, patients with CAPRA score ≥ 6 and belonging to the NCCN very high-risk group presented similar HRs of 2.11 (<i>p</i> = 0.005) and 2.10 (<i>p</i> = 0.002).<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>We showed that high-risk PCa patients classified according to the 3-tier NCCN system benefit from further stratification using the CAPRA score or the 5-tier NCCN stratification method. Patients with a CAPRA score ≥ 6 or classified as very high-risk demonstrate a higher hazard of BCR, metastasis, and death. These patients might benefit from further intensification of their investigations and treatment, based on ongoing research.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Few studies have focused on the management of inoperable ampullary carcinoma (AC), and patients with jaundice suffer from biliary stents replacement frequently. Iodine-125 (125I) brachytherapy has been used in the treatment of malignant tumors owing to its curative effect, minimal surgical trauma, and tolerable complications. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of 125I seed implantation in patients with unresectable ampullary carcinoma after relief of obstructive jaundice.
Material and methods: A total of 44 patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from unresectable ampullary carcinoma from January 1, 2010 to October 31, 2020 were enrolled in the study. Eleven patients underwent implantation of 125I seeds under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) after receiving biliary stent placement via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (treatment group), and 33 patients received a stent alone via ERCP (control group). Cox regression model was applied in this single-center retrospective comparison study.
Results: The median maximum intervention interval for biliary obstruction was 381 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 204-419 days) in the treatment group and 175 days (IQR: 126-274 days) in the control group (p < 0.05). Stent occlusion rates at 90 and 180 days in the control group were 12.9% and 51.6%, respectively. No stent occlusion occurred in the treatment group. Patients in the treatment group obtained longer survival time (median, 26 vs. 13 months; p < 0.01) and prolonged duodenal obstruction (median, 20.5 vs. 11 months; p < 0.05). No brachytherapy-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were observed.
Conclusions: Longer intervention interval for biliary obstruction and survival as well as better stent patency and prolonged time to duodenal obstruction could be achieved by implanting 125I seeds combined with biliary stent in patients with unresectable ampullary cancer.
{"title":"The role of EUS-guided iodine-125 seed implantation in patients with unresectable ampullary cancer after relief of obstructive jaundice","authors":"Ting-ting Cui, Xin-xiang Guo, Bai-rong Li, Zi-Kai Wang, Nian-Jun Xiao, Fang Liu, Xiang-Dong Wang, Wen Li","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139279","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>Few studies have focused on the management of inoperable ampullary carcinoma (AC), and patients with jaundice suffer from biliary stents replacement frequently. Iodine-125 (<sup>125</sup>I) brachytherapy has been used in the treatment of malignant tumors owing to its curative effect, minimal surgical trauma, and tolerable complications. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of <sup>125</sup>I seed implantation in patients with unresectable ampullary carcinoma after relief of obstructive jaundice.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>A total of 44 patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from unresectable ampullary carcinoma from January 1, 2010 to October 31, 2020 were enrolled in the study. Eleven patients underwent implantation of <sup>125</sup>I seeds under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) after receiving biliary stent placement <i>via</i> endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (treatment group), and 33 patients received a stent alone <i>via</i> ERCP (control group). Cox regression model was applied in this single-center retrospective comparison study.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>The median maximum intervention interval for biliary obstruction was 381 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 204-419 days) in the treatment group and 175 days (IQR: 126-274 days) in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Stent occlusion rates at 90 and 180 days in the control group were 12.9% and 51.6%, respectively. No stent occlusion occurred in the treatment group. Patients in the treatment group obtained longer survival time (median, 26 vs. 13 months; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and prolonged duodenal obstruction (median, 20.5 vs. 11 months; <i>p</i> < 0.05). No brachytherapy-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were observed.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>Longer intervention interval for biliary obstruction and survival as well as better stent patency and prolonged time to duodenal obstruction could be achieved by implanting <sup>125</sup>I seeds combined with biliary stent in patients with unresectable ampullary cancer.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ben G.L. Vanneste, Basile Skouteris, Luis Campos Pinheiro, Robert Voncken, Evert J. Van Limbergen, Ludy Lutgens, Valérie Fonteyne, Charles Van Praet, Nicolaas Lumen, Rendi Sheu, Richard Stock, Nelson N. Stone
Purpose: To develop an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer using one platform for fusion biopsy, followed by focal gland ablation utilizing permanent prostate brachytherapy with and without a rectal spacer.
Material and methods: Prostate phantoms containing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) regions of interest (ROI) underwent fusion biopsy, followed by image co-registration of positive sites to a treatment planning brachytherapy program. A partial hemi-ablation and both posterior lobes using a Mick applicator and linked stranded seeds were simulated. Dummy sources were modeled as iodine-125 (125I) with a prescribed dose of at least 210 Gy to gross tumor (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV), as defined by mpMRI visible ROI and surrounding negative biopsy sites. Computer tomograms (CT) were performed post-implant prior to and after rectal spacer insertion. Different prostate and rectal constraints were compared with and without the spacer.
Results: The intra-operative focal volumes of CTV ranged from 6.2 to 14.9 cc (mean, 11.3 cc), and the ratio of focal volume/whole prostate volume ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 (mean, 0.31). The intra- and post-operative mean focal D90 of GTV, CTV, and for the entire prostate gland was 265 Gy and 235 Gy, 214 Gy and 213 Gy, and 66.1 Gy and 57 Gy, respectively. On average, 13 mm separation was achieved between the prostate and the rectum (range, 12-14 mm) on post-operative CT. The mean doses in Gy to 2 cc of the rectum (D2cc) without spacer vs. with spacer were 39.8 Gy vs. 32.6 Gy, respectively.
Conclusions: Doses above 200 Gy and the implantation of seeds in clinically significant region for focal therapy in phantoms are feasible. All rectal dosimetric parameters improved for the spacer implants, as compared with the non-spacer implants. Further validation of this concept is warranted in clinical trials.
{"title":"A unified strategy to focal brachytherapy incorporating transperineal biopsy, image fusion, and real-time implantation with and without rectal spacer simulated in prostate phantoms","authors":"Ben G.L. Vanneste, Basile Skouteris, Luis Campos Pinheiro, Robert Voncken, Evert J. Van Limbergen, Ludy Lutgens, Valérie Fonteyne, Charles Van Praet, Nicolaas Lumen, Rendi Sheu, Richard Stock, Nelson N. Stone","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139280","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>To develop an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer using one platform for fusion biopsy, followed by focal gland ablation utilizing permanent prostate brachytherapy with and without a rectal spacer.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>Prostate phantoms containing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) regions of interest (ROI) underwent fusion biopsy, followed by image co-registration of positive sites to a treatment planning brachytherapy program. A partial hemi-ablation and both posterior lobes using a Mick applicator and linked stranded seeds were simulated. Dummy sources were modeled as iodine-125 (<sup>125</sup>I) with a prescribed dose of at least 210 Gy to gross tumor (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV), as defined by mpMRI visible ROI and surrounding negative biopsy sites. Computer tomograms (CT) were performed post-implant prior to and after rectal spacer insertion. Different prostate and rectal constraints were compared with and without the spacer.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>The intra-operative focal volumes of CTV ranged from 6.2 to 14.9 cc (mean, 11.3 cc), and the ratio of focal volume/whole prostate volume ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 (mean, 0.31). The intra- and post-operative mean focal D<sub>90</sub> of GTV, CTV, and for the entire prostate gland was 265 Gy and 235 Gy, 214 Gy and 213 Gy, and 66.1 Gy and 57 Gy, respectively. On average, 13 mm separation was achieved between the prostate and the rectum (range, 12-14 mm) on post-operative CT. The mean doses in Gy to 2 cc of the rectum (D<sub>2cc</sub>) without spacer vs. with spacer were 39.8 Gy vs. 32.6 Gy, respectively.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>Doses above 200 Gy and the implantation of seeds in clinically significant region for focal therapy in phantoms are feasible. All rectal dosimetric parameters improved for the spacer implants, as compared with the non-spacer implants. Further validation of this concept is warranted in clinical trials.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141153944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breanna Fang, Philip McGeachy, Siraj Husain, Tyler Meyer, Kundan Thind, Kevin Martell
Purpose: Isolated intra-prostatic recurrence of prostate adenocarcinoma after definitive radiotherapy presents a challenging clinical scenario. Salvage options require specialized expertise and pose risks of harm. This study aimed to present the acute toxicity results from using salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy (sHDR-BT) as treatment in locally recurrent prostate cancer cases.
Material and methods: Seventeen consecutive patients treated with sHDR-BT between 2019 and 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. Eligible patients had to have received curative intent prostate radiotherapy previously, and showed evidence of new biochemical failure. Evaluation with American Urological Association (AUA) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) symptom assessments were performed for each case.
Results: The median (inter-quartile range) age prior to salvage treatment was 68 (66-74) years. The median post-sHDR-BT follow-up time was 20 (13-24) months. At baseline prior to sHDR-BT, 8 (47%) patients had significant lower urinary tract symptoms. The median AUA score prior to sHDR-BT was 7 (3-18). Three (18%) patients reported irregular bowel function and 2 (12%) reported hematochezia prior to sHDR-BT. One-month post-treatment, the median AUA score was 13 (8-21, p = 0.21). Using CTCAE scoring, there were no cases of grade 2+ bowel or rectal toxicity, and no cases of grade 3+ urinary toxicity. Reported grade 2 urinary toxicities included 10 (59%) cases of bladder spasms, 2 (12%) cases of incontinence, 1 (6%) urinary obstruction, and 4 (24%) reports of urinary urgency. All these adverse events were temporary.
Conclusions: This study adds to the existing literature by demonstrating that the acute toxicity profile of sHDR-BT is acceptable even without intra-operative magnetic resonance (MR) guidance or image registration. Further study is ongoing to determine long-term efficacy and toxicity of treatment.
{"title":"Acute toxicity outcomes from salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after prior radiotherapy","authors":"Breanna Fang, Philip McGeachy, Siraj Husain, Tyler Meyer, Kundan Thind, Kevin Martell","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139278","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>Isolated intra-prostatic recurrence of prostate adenocarcinoma after definitive radiotherapy presents a challenging clinical scenario. Salvage options require specialized expertise and pose risks of harm. This study aimed to present the acute toxicity results from using salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy (sHDR-BT) as treatment in locally recurrent prostate cancer cases.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>Seventeen consecutive patients treated with sHDR-BT between 2019 and 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. Eligible patients had to have received curative intent prostate radiotherapy previously, and showed evidence of new biochemical failure. Evaluation with American Urological Association (AUA) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) symptom assessments were performed for each case.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>The median (inter-quartile range) age prior to salvage treatment was 68 (66-74) years. The median post-sHDR-BT follow-up time was 20 (13-24) months. At baseline prior to sHDR-BT, 8 (47%) patients had significant lower urinary tract symptoms. The median AUA score prior to sHDR-BT was 7 (3-18). Three (18%) patients reported irregular bowel function and 2 (12%) reported hematochezia prior to sHDR-BT. One-month post-treatment, the median AUA score was 13 (8-21, <i>p</i> = 0.21). Using CTCAE scoring, there were no cases of grade 2+ bowel or rectal toxicity, and no cases of grade 3+ urinary toxicity. Reported grade 2 urinary toxicities included 10 (59%) cases of bladder spasms, 2 (12%) cases of incontinence, 1 (6%) urinary obstruction, and 4 (24%) reports of urinary urgency. All these adverse events were temporary.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>This study adds to the existing literature by demonstrating that the acute toxicity profile of sHDR-BT is acceptable even without intra-operative magnetic resonance (MR) guidance or image registration. Further study is ongoing to determine long-term efficacy and toxicity of treatment.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The benefit of intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) or locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) lie in its ability to provide high-dose of radiation to limited at-risk volume, thereby eliminating microscopic disease and decreasing toxicity. A comparative study between high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, named intra-operative brachytherapy (IOBT), and intra-operative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) was performed showing favorable LRFS after IOBT, possibly due to a higher surface dose that is inherent in IOBT technique. The IOERT technique in Catharina Hospital Eindhoven was adapted to increase the surface dose, aiming to improve local control. Post-operative complications due to an increased radiation dose remain the matter of concern. This retrospective study was performed to compare complication rates before and after adapted IOERT dose.
Material and methods: All patients undergoing surgery with IOERT for LARC or LRRC from September 2019 until July 2023, were considered. Patients selected until August 31, 2021 were included in control cohort (n = 108), and those chosen from September 1, 2021 onwards were included in intervention cohort (n = 92). Perioperative and (major) post-operative complications were classified retrospectively, during admission, at 30 days, and at 90 days.
Results: In LARC patients, a decrease in post-operative complications was observed (p = 0.009). 19% of LARC patients experienced major post-operative surgical complications, i.e., Clavien-Dindo grade 3b-5, regardless of treatment group. No difference in major 90-day complications was noted (p = 0.142). In LRRC patients, the use of induction chemotherapy decreased from 78% to 29% (p < 0.001), which complicated comparison. However, no difference in major post-operative complications was observed at 30 days (p = 0.222) or 90 days (p = 0.977) after surgery.
Conclusions: Increased surface dose of IOERT does not seem to lead to an increase in post-operative complications. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of dose adaptation in IOERT to improve local oncological control rates. Routine evaluation of CTCAE scores in follow-up will help uncover possible long-term radiation-induced toxicity.
{"title":"Post-operative complications following dose adaptation of intra-operative electron beam radiation therapy in locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer","authors":"Floor Piqeur, Heike M.U. Peulen, Jeltsje S. Cnossen, Cathryn C.A. Huibregtse Bimmel-Nagel, Harm J.T. Rutten, Jacobus W.A. Burger, An-Sofie E. Verrijssen","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139276","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>The benefit of intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) or locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) lie in its ability to provide high-dose of radiation to limited at-risk volume, thereby eliminating microscopic disease and decreasing toxicity. A comparative study between high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, named intra-operative brachytherapy (IOBT), and intra-operative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) was performed showing favorable LRFS after IOBT, possibly due to a higher surface dose that is inherent in IOBT technique. The IOERT technique in Catharina Hospital Eindhoven was adapted to increase the surface dose, aiming to improve local control. Post-operative complications due to an increased radiation dose remain the matter of concern. This retrospective study was performed to compare complication rates before and after adapted IOERT dose.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>All patients undergoing surgery with IOERT for LARC or LRRC from September 2019 until July 2023, were considered. Patients selected until August 31, 2021 were included in control cohort (<i>n</i> = 108), and those chosen from September 1, 2021 onwards were included in intervention cohort (<i>n</i> = 92). Perioperative and (major) post-operative complications were classified retrospectively, during admission, at 30 days, and at 90 days.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>In LARC patients, a decrease in post-operative complications was observed (<i>p</i> = 0.009). 19% of LARC patients experienced major post-operative surgical complications, i.e., Clavien-Dindo grade 3b-5, regardless of treatment group. No difference in major 90-day complications was noted (<i>p</i> = 0.142). In LRRC patients, the use of induction chemotherapy decreased from 78% to 29% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), which complicated comparison. However, no difference in major post-operative complications was observed at 30 days (<i>p</i> = 0.222) or 90 days (<i>p</i> = 0.977) after surgery.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>Increased surface dose of IOERT does not seem to lead to an increase in post-operative complications. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of dose adaptation in IOERT to improve local oncological control rates. Routine evaluation of CTCAE scores in follow-up will help uncover possible long-term radiation-induced toxicity.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ngu Wah Than, Mark Pritchard, Carrie. A. Duckworth, David M. Hughes, Helen Wong, Rajaram Sripadam, Arthur Sun Myint
Purpose: A watch-and-wait approach is an alternative to surgery for rectal cancer patients who have achieved a clinical complete response (cCR) following neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy. However, approximately 25-38% of patients experience subsequent local tumor re-growth that requires salvage surgery. We evaluated the effectiveness of contact X-ray brachytherapy (CXB) as an alternative method of salvage therapy for those patients who were either unfit for or refused surgery. Oncological outcomes, tolerability, and feasibility of subsequent surgery for local treatment failure following CXB were reported.
Material and methods: From 2009-2021, all patients treated with CXB as salvage therapy for local rectal cancer re-growth after watch-and-wait approach at our center were analyzed.
Results: Contact X-ray brachytherapy as a salvage treatment (range, 90-110 Gy) was offered to 56 patients who experienced tumor re-growth following (chemo)radiation and watch-and-wait protocol. Median age was 76 (IQR = 66-83) years. Most patients (82%) had early-stage re-growth (ycT1/ycT2, ycN0), and 18% had more advanced stages (ycT3/ycT4, ycN0). After a median of 37-month follow-up (IQR = 19-53), 48% of patients who had early-stage re-growth achieved a sustained complete remission after CXB compared with 20% of those who had more advanced tumor stages. Disease-free and overall survivals for the whole cohort were 69% and 100% at 1-year, 51% and 82% at 3-year, and 51% and 65% at 5-years. CXB effectively controlled local re-growth-related symptoms. Mild post-CXB side effects occurred in 18% of cases. All (100%) eight patients who developed further local relapse, and 29% of those who had residual disease post-CXB salvage were successfully managed with subsequent surgery.
Conclusions: Contact X-ray brachytherapy offers a new treatment option for patients in this situation whose other therapy options are not suitable for or refused initial surgery. Early local tumor re-growth responded best with minimal treatment-related toxicity and excellent symptom control. Disease-free and overall survival rates were acceptable, and delaying surgical salvage for local re-growth did not compromise patients’ eventual long-term outcomes.
{"title":"Contact X-ray brachytherapy (CXB) as a salvage treatment for rectal cancer patients who developed local tumor re-growth after watch-and-wait approach","authors":"Ngu Wah Than, Mark Pritchard, Carrie. A. Duckworth, David M. Hughes, Helen Wong, Rajaram Sripadam, Arthur Sun Myint","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139049","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>A watch-and-wait approach is an alternative to surgery for rectal cancer patients who have achieved a clinical complete response (cCR) following neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy. However, approximately 25-38% of patients experience subsequent local tumor re-growth that requires salvage surgery. We evaluated the effectiveness of contact X-ray brachytherapy (CXB) as an alternative method of salvage therapy for those patients who were either unfit for or refused surgery. Oncological outcomes, tolerability, and feasibility of subsequent surgery for local treatment failure following CXB were reported.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>From 2009-2021, all patients treated with CXB as salvage therapy for local rectal cancer re-growth after watch-and-wait approach at our center were analyzed.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>Contact X-ray brachytherapy as a salvage treatment (range, 90-110 Gy) was offered to 56 patients who experienced tumor re-growth following (chemo)radiation and watch-and-wait protocol. Median age was 76 (IQR = 66-83) years. Most patients (82%) had early-stage re-growth (ycT1/ycT2, ycN0), and 18% had more advanced stages (ycT3/ycT4, ycN0). After a median of 37-month follow-up (IQR = 19-53), 48% of patients who had early-stage re-growth achieved a sustained complete remission after CXB compared with 20% of those who had more advanced tumor stages. Disease-free and overall survivals for the whole cohort were 69% and 100% at 1-year, 51% and 82% at 3-year, and 51% and 65% at 5-years. CXB effectively controlled local re-growth-related symptoms. Mild post-CXB side effects occurred in 18% of cases. All (100%) eight patients who developed further local relapse, and 29% of those who had residual disease post-CXB salvage were successfully managed with subsequent surgery.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>Contact X-ray brachytherapy offers a new treatment option for patients in this situation whose other therapy options are not suitable for or refused initial surgery. Early local tumor re-growth responded best with minimal treatment-related toxicity and excellent symptom control. Disease-free and overall survival rates were acceptable, and delaying surgical salvage for local re-growth did not compromise patients’ eventual long-term outcomes.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trudy C. Wu, Alan Lee, Robert Suh, Talia C. Oughourlian, Fereidoun Abtin, Mary Ann Hagio, Sang-June Park, Albert J. Chang, Drew Moghanaki
Patients with primary tumor progression after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a second chance at complete tumor eradication with salvage local therapies, including lung resection, repeat course of SBRT, and percutaneous ablative therapies. In this paper, we presented our institution’s initial experience with percutaneous high-dose-rate (HDR) brachyablation for a relapsed stage I NSCLC that had been treated with SBRT 4.3 years earlier. Lung tumor measuring approximately 5 cm in maximum tumor dimension at the time of relapse was histopathologically confirmed to be persistent squamous cell carcinoma, and successfully treated with a single fraction of 24 Gy with HDR brachyablation. Treatment was delivered via two percutaneous catheters inserted under CT-guidance, and treated in less than 20 minutes. The patient was discharged home later the same day without the need for a chest tube, and has been monitored with serial surveillance scans every 3 to 6 months without evidence of further lung cancer progression or complications at 2.8 years post-HDR brachyablation procedure and 7.8 years after initial SBRT.
{"title":"Salvage percutaneous high-dose-rate brachyablation after stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer","authors":"Trudy C. Wu, Alan Lee, Robert Suh, Talia C. Oughourlian, Fereidoun Abtin, Mary Ann Hagio, Sang-June Park, Albert J. Chang, Drew Moghanaki","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.139103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.139103","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with primary tumor progression after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a second chance at complete tumor eradication with salvage local therapies, including lung resection, repeat course of SBRT, and percutaneous ablative therapies. In this paper, we presented our institution’s initial experience with percutaneous high-dose-rate (HDR) brachyablation for a relapsed stage I NSCLC that had been treated with SBRT 4.3 years earlier. Lung tumor measuring approximately 5 cm in maximum tumor dimension at the time of relapse was histopathologically confirmed to be persistent squamous cell carcinoma, and successfully treated with a single fraction of 24 Gy with HDR brachyablation. Treatment was delivered via two percutaneous catheters inserted under CT-guidance, and treated in less than 20 minutes. The patient was discharged home later the same day without the need for a chest tube, and has been monitored with serial surveillance scans every 3 to 6 months without evidence of further lung cancer progression or complications at 2.8 years post-HDR brachyablation procedure and 7.8 years after initial SBRT.","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatih Biltekin, Husnu Akyol, Melis Gultekin, Melek Yilmaz, Ferah Yildiz
Purpose: To compare the dosimetric performance of vaginal intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IM-BRT) applicator and single- (SC-BRT) and multi-channel brachytherapy (MC-BRT) applicators for vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VC-BRT).
Material and methods: Fifteen patients with uterine-confined endometrium cancer who received adjuvant VC-BRT were included in this study. IM-BRT, SC-BRT, and MC-BRT treatment plans were created for two different clinical target volume (CTV) definitions: 1. Standard CTV, called CTVs; and 2. Virtually defined CTV, called CTVv, with asymmetrical tumor extension > 5 mm in thickness. Plan comparison was performed using dose-volume histogram (DVH) and treatment planning parameters.
Results: According to DVH analysis, D98 for CTVv and D2 for both CTVs and CTVv showed statistically significant differences between IM-BRT and SC-BRT plans, but there was no significant difference between IM-BRT and MC-BRT plans in terms of D98 and D2 for both CTVs and CTVv. Additionally, for CTVv plans, IM-BRT was found to be significantly superior to SC-BRT for the rectum (D2cc, V5Gy, and V7Gy), bladder (D2cc and V7Gy), and small bowel (D2cc, V5Gy, and V7Gy). On the other hand, DVH parameters of the sigmoid showed large difference between IM-BRT and SC-BRT plans, but it was not statistically significant. Similarly, the use of IM-BRT applicator demonstrated a noticeable dose reduction in all defined OARs when compared with MC-BRT applicator, but statistically significant for the rectum V7Gy (p = 0.03) only.
Conclusions: While the IM-BRT applicator is still in pre-clinical phase, our investigation demonstrated the proof-of-concept in real patient treatment plans with promising dosimetric results compared with SC-BRT and MC-BRT plans in selected patient group.
{"title":"Intensity-modulated vaginal brachytherapy applicator and single- and multi-channel applicators in vaginal cuff brachytherapy","authors":"Fatih Biltekin, Husnu Akyol, Melis Gultekin, Melek Yilmaz, Ferah Yildiz","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.138979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.138979","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>To compare the dosimetric performance of vaginal intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IM-BRT) applicator and single- (SC-BRT) and multi-channel brachytherapy (MC-BRT) applicators for vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VC-BRT).<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>Fifteen patients with uterine-confined endometrium cancer who received adjuvant VC-BRT were included in this study. IM-BRT, SC-BRT, and MC-BRT treatment plans were created for two different clinical target volume (CTV) definitions: 1. Standard CTV, called CTVs; and 2. Virtually defined CTV, called CTVv, with asymmetrical tumor extension > 5 mm in thickness. Plan comparison was performed using dose-volume histogram (DVH) and treatment planning parameters.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>According to DVH analysis, D<sub>98</sub> for CTVv and D2 for both CTVs and CTVv showed statistically significant differences between IM-BRT and SC-BRT plans, but there was no significant difference between IM-BRT and MC-BRT plans in terms of D<sub>98</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> for both CTVs and CTVv. Additionally, for CTVv plans, IM-BRT was found to be significantly superior to SC-BRT for the rectum (D<sub>2cc</sub>, V<sub>5Gy</sub>, and V<sub>7Gy</sub>), bladder (D<sub>2cc</sub> and V<sub>7Gy</sub>), and small bowel (D<sub>2cc</sub>, V<sub>5Gy</sub>, and V<sub>7Gy</sub>). On the other hand, DVH parameters of the sigmoid showed large difference between IM-BRT and SC-BRT plans, but it was not statistically significant. Similarly, the use of IM-BRT applicator demonstrated a noticeable dose reduction in all defined OARs when compared with MC-BRT applicator, but statistically significant for the rectum V<sub>7Gy</sub> (<i>p</i> = 0.03) only.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>While the IM-BRT applicator is still in pre-clinical phase, our investigation demonstrated the proof-of-concept in real patient treatment plans with promising dosimetric results compared with SC-BRT and MC-BRT plans in selected patient group.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Approximately 20% of women worldwide have a retroverted uterus. A retroverted uterus is closer to the rectum and may cause toxicity during brachytherapy. Upon manipulation, a small percentage turn anteverted. Conventional brachytherapy applicators are designed for an anteverted uterus and can pose issues during insertion. Modified Fletcher suit and ring applicators have major differences in their geometry to achieve similar target coverage, and were analyzed in this study with respect to immediate adverse events and dosimetry.
Material and methods: Three hundred seventy-four consecutive applications performed over a 20-month period were studied retrospectively to identify intra-cavitary applications (ICAs) in retroverted uteri. Cases were divided into 2 groups: modified Fletcher suit applicator with hemi-ovoids (group A) and ring applicator (group B). D2cc for bladder and rectum were noted, and acute adverse events were recorded.
Results: Seventy-five applications were identified, out of which 47 cases used Fletcher suit applicator, and 28 cases used ring applicator. The median bladder D2cc for group A and B were 5.98 Gy and 6.3 Gy, respectively, and the median rectum D2cc was 5.27 Gy and 3.68 Gy, respectively; the median dose prescribed to point A was 6 Gy (range, 5.5-9.0 Gy). All patients had a point A coverage between 97% and 102%. Eighteen cases in both groups complained of pain requiring analgesics. Twenty-five cases (53.2%) and 20 cases (71.4%) in group A and B, respectively, required dose optimization, which was statistically insignificant (p > 0.11). A significant difference was identified (p < 0.00001) in rectal doses. A higher reported pain was noted in ring applicator group (p < 0.03). No patient experienced a profuse bleeding.
Conclusions: In most parameters, the two applicators demonstrated comparable results. The control of rectal dosage is superior in the ring applicator at the cost of higher pain incidence. Patient’s comfort and rectal dose in EBRT should be taken into consideration, with preference given to the ring applicator.
{"title":"Fletcher suit or ring: A comparison of Fletcher suit and ring applicators for retroverted uteri","authors":"Vrushab Rao, Bhooshan Zade, Soumya Singh, Sathiya Narayanan, Pooja Moundekar, Medical Physicist","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.138840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.138840","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Purpose:</b><br/>Approximately 20% of women worldwide have a retroverted uterus. A retroverted uterus is closer to the rectum and may cause toxicity during brachytherapy. Upon manipulation, a small percentage turn anteverted. Conventional brachytherapy applicators are designed for an anteverted uterus and can pose issues during insertion. Modified Fletcher suit and ring applicators have major differences in their geometry to achieve similar target coverage, and were analyzed in this study with respect to immediate adverse events and dosimetry.<br/><br/><b>Material and methods:</b><br/>Three hundred seventy-four consecutive applications performed over a 20-month period were studied retrospectively to identify intra-cavitary applications (ICAs) in retroverted uteri. Cases were divided into 2 groups: modified Fletcher suit applicator with hemi-ovoids (group A) and ring applicator (group B). D<sub>2cc</sub> for bladder and rectum were noted, and acute adverse events were recorded.<br/><br/><b>Results:</b><br/>Seventy-five applications were identified, out of which 47 cases used Fletcher suit applicator, and 28 cases used ring applicator. The median bladder D<sub>2cc</sub> for group A and B were 5.98 Gy and 6.3 Gy, respectively, and the median rectum D<sub>2cc</sub> was 5.27 Gy and 3.68 Gy, respectively; the median dose prescribed to point A was 6 Gy (range, 5.5-9.0 Gy). All patients had a point A coverage between 97% and 102%. Eighteen cases in both groups complained of pain requiring analgesics. Twenty-five cases (53.2%) and 20 cases (71.4%) in group A and B, respectively, required dose optimization, which was statistically insignificant (<i>p</i> > 0.11). A significant difference was identified (<i>p</i> < 0.00001) in rectal doses. A higher reported pain was noted in ring applicator group (<i>p</i> < 0.03). No patient experienced a profuse bleeding.<br/><br/><b>Conclusions:</b><br/>In most parameters, the two applicators demonstrated comparable results. The control of rectal dosage is superior in the ring applicator at the cost of higher pain incidence. Patient’s comfort and rectal dose in EBRT should be taken into consideration, with preference given to the ring applicator.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michal Poltorak, Pawel Banatkiewicz, Lukasz Poltorak, Piotr Sobolewski, Damian Zimon, Maciej Szwast, Irena Walecka
Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy, in which a radiation source is placed directly or close to a tumor. It is commonly used to treat skin cancer, and enables precise irradiation treatment of affected area (planning target volume – PTV) while minimizing exposure dose to surrounding healthy tissue (organs at risk – OARs). Recently, the use of 3D printing has begun revolutionizing brachytherapy, as it allows manufacturing of custom-designed applicators for unique shape of skin topography, tumor, and surrounding tissues. Outcome of the combination of 3D printing and brachytherapy has several advantages over traditional treatment planning methods. Some of the advantages are intuitive, whereas others can be concluded from a literature overview as follows: 1) Possibility of developing patient-specific applicators that precisely match the shape of tumor area; 2) Reduction of the time required for applicator production, especially when custom-made devices are needed; 3) Reduction of manufacturing costs; 4) Treatment procedures improvement; 5) Improvement of safety measures accelerated by the development of smart materials (e.g., polymer filaments with admixture of heavy elements); 6) Possibility of nearly instant adjustment into tumor treatment (applicators can be changed as the tumor is changing its shape); and 7) Applicators designed to securely fit to treatment area to hold radioactive source always in the same place for each fraction. Consequently, tumor-provided dose is accurate and leads to effective treatment. In this review paper, we investigated the current state-of-the-art of the application of 3D printing in brachytherapy. A number of existing reports were chosen and reviewed in terms of printing technology, materials used, treatment effectiveness, and fabrication protocols. Furthermore, the development of future directions that should be considered by collaborative teams bridging different fields of science, such as medicine, physics, chemistry, and material science were summarized. With the indicated topics, we hope to stimulate the innovative progress of 3D printing technology in brachytherapy.
近距离放射治疗是一种将放射源直接或靠近肿瘤的放射治疗方法。它通常用于治疗皮肤癌，可对受影响区域（计划目标体积 - PTV）进行精确照射治疗，同时最大限度地减少对周围健康组织（危险器官 - OAR）的照射剂量。最近，3D 打印技术的使用开始对近距离放射治疗产生革命性影响，因为它可以根据皮肤地形、肿瘤和周围组织的独特形状制造定制设计的涂抹器。与传统的治疗规划方法相比，3D 打印和近距离放射治疗的结合具有多种优势。其中一些优势是直观的，而另一些优势则可以通过文献综述总结如下：1) 可以开发出精确匹配肿瘤区域形状的患者专用涂抹器；2) 减少涂抹器生产所需的时间，尤其是在需要定制设备时；3) 降低制造成本；4) 改进治疗程序；5) 通过开发智能材料（例如，掺有聚合物的丝材）加速改进安全措施、6）几乎可即时调整肿瘤治疗（涂抹器可随着肿瘤形状的改变而改变）；以及 7）涂抹器的设计可牢固地贴合治疗区域，使放射源在每一部分的治疗中始终保持在同一位置。因此，肿瘤提供的剂量是准确的，并能带来有效的治疗。在这篇综述论文中，我们研究了目前近距离放射治疗中应用 3D 打印技术的最新进展。我们从打印技术、所用材料、治疗效果和制造方案等方面选择了一些现有报告并进行了回顾。此外，我们还总结了连接医学、物理学、化学和材料科学等不同科学领域的合作团队应考虑的未来发展方向。我们希望通过上述主题，推动近距离治疗领域 3D 打印技术的创新发展。
{"title":"Brachytherapy and 3D printing for skin cancer: A review paper","authors":"Michal Poltorak, Pawel Banatkiewicz, Lukasz Poltorak, Piotr Sobolewski, Damian Zimon, Maciej Szwast, Irena Walecka","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2024.137357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2024.137357","url":null,"abstract":"Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy, in which a radiation source is placed directly or close to a tumor. It is commonly used to treat skin cancer, and enables precise irradiation treatment of affected area (planning target volume – PTV) while minimizing exposure dose to surrounding healthy tissue (organs at risk – OARs). Recently, the use of 3D printing has begun revolutionizing brachytherapy, as it allows manufacturing of custom-designed applicators for unique shape of skin topography, tumor, and surrounding tissues. Outcome of the combination of 3D printing and brachytherapy has several advantages over traditional treatment planning methods. Some of the advantages are intuitive, whereas others can be concluded from a literature overview as follows: 1) Possibility of developing patient-specific applicators that precisely match the shape of tumor area; 2) Reduction of the time required for applicator production, especially when custom-made devices are needed; 3) Reduction of manufacturing costs; 4) Treatment procedures improvement; 5) Improvement of safety measures accelerated by the development of smart materials (e.g., polymer filaments with admixture of heavy elements); 6) Possibility of nearly instant adjustment into tumor treatment (applicators can be changed as the tumor is changing its shape); and 7) Applicators designed to securely fit to treatment area to hold radioactive source always in the same place for each fraction. Consequently, tumor-provided dose is accurate and leads to effective treatment. In this review paper, we investigated the current state-of-the-art of the application of 3D printing in brachytherapy. A number of existing reports were chosen and reviewed in terms of printing technology, materials used, treatment effectiveness, and fabrication protocols. Furthermore, the development of future directions that should be considered by collaborative teams bridging different fields of science, such as medicine, physics, chemistry, and material science were summarized. With the indicated topics, we hope to stimulate the innovative progress of 3D printing technology in brachytherapy.","PeriodicalId":51305,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141148622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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