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FILLERS IN ELON MUSK'S SPONTANEOUS SPEECHES 埃隆-马斯克自发演讲中的填充物
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8517
Ratya Khelin Tabitha, Barli Bram
Fillers are expressions to bridge the gap between thoughts when there is a pause in communication. This paper aims to discover the types and functions of fillers used by Elon Musk in his spontaneous speeches. The study was a descriptive qualitative study that applied discourse analysis. The data were Elon Musk's spontaneous speeches containing fillers collected from the transcripts of two interview videos. Two research questions were formulated, namely, first, what the types of fillers in Elon Musk's spontaneous speeches were and second, what the fillers functioned in the speeches. To answer the questions, the researchers used Rose's (1998) theory on the types of fillers, which incorporated a similar concept on the types and functions retrieved from Baalen (2001). The results showed 932 lexicalized and 430 unlexicalized fillers, and five functions in 13 kinds of fillers. The findings imply that it is vital to introduce the types and functions of fillers to increase learners' awareness of fillers when they hesitate in a foreign language, which is the essence of speaking.
填充语是在交流过程中出现停顿时,用来弥补思想之间差距的表达方式。本文旨在探究埃隆-马斯克在即兴演讲中使用的填充语的类型和功能。本研究是一项应用话语分析的描述性定性研究。研究数据是从两段采访视频的记录中收集的埃隆-马斯克包含填充语的即兴演讲。研究人员提出了两个研究问题,即:第一,埃隆-马斯克的即兴演讲中的填充物类型是什么;第二,填充物在演讲中的作用是什么。为了回答这些问题,研究人员使用了罗斯(1998 年)关于填充语类型的理论,其中包含了从 Baalen(2001 年)那里获得的关于填充语类型和功能的类似概念。结果显示,有 932 个词汇化填充语和 430 个非词汇化填充语,13 种填充语中有 5 种功能。研究结果表明,当学习者在外语中犹豫不决时,介绍填充语的类型和功能以增强学习者的填充语意识至关重要,而这正是口语的精髓所在。
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引用次数: 0
IDENTITY CRISIS IN PAUL KALANITHI’S NOVEL WHEN BREATH BECOMES AIR 保罗-卡拉尼提小说《当呼吸变成空气》中的身份危机
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8882
Sarwan Habib, S. Ekalestari
An identity crisis, a prevalent social phenomenon, can manifest in individuals at any stage of life within society. This study explores the protagonist's struggle with identity in Paul Kalanithi's When Breath Becomes Air, aiming to identify and elucidate the types of identity crises encountered. Drawing upon identity crisis theories proposed by Erikson and Baumeister, et al., the researchers employ descriptive qualitative analysis to examine and interpret the novel. The findings of the research reveal several facets of the protagonist's motivation crisis. Firstly, the causes of Paul's motivation crisis stem from his battle with liver cancer. Secondly, Paul undergoes a range of subjective experiences, including vacillating commitment, confusion about values, regular bouts of vagueness, feelings of emptiness, and self-unconsciousness, as well as anxiety. Furthermore, the study highlights various behaviors exhibited by Paul amidst his identity crisis. These include comparing his activities as a doctor and as a patient, viewing the world through the contrasting lenses of hope and death, and grappling with a sense of hopelessness as his dreams, hard work, and life choices are shattered. Overall, the research sheds light on the complexity of identity crises and their profound impact on individuals, as exemplified through the protagonist's journey in When Breath Becomes Air.
身份危机是一种普遍存在的社会现象,可以在社会中任何人生阶段的个人身上表现出来。本研究探讨了保罗-卡拉尼蒂的《当呼吸变成空气》中主人公与身份的抗争,旨在识别和阐明所遇到的身份危机类型。研究人员借鉴埃里克森和鲍迈斯特等人提出的身份危机理论,采用描述性定性分析方法对小说进行研究和阐释。研究结果揭示了主人公动机危机的几个方面。首先,保罗的动机危机源于他与肝癌的斗争。其次,保罗经历了一系列主观体验,包括承诺摇摆不定、价值观混乱、经常性的模糊、空虚感和自我意识以及焦虑。此外,研究还强调了保罗在身份危机中表现出的各种行为。这些行为包括比较自己作为医生和病人的活动,从希望和死亡的对比视角看待世界,以及当梦想、努力工作和人生选择破灭时的绝望感。总之,研究揭示了身份危机的复杂性及其对个人的深远影响,《当呼吸变成空气》中主人公的心路历程就是例证。
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引用次数: 0
THE STAGES OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: EARLY AGE LANGUAGE PRODUCTION 第二语言习得的各个阶段:早期语言生成
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8495
Chintia Dewi Sukri, Alemina Br. Perangin-Angin
Early second language (L2) development plays a crucial role in the academic advancement and social integration of culturally and linguistically diverse children. Particularly in Indonesia, where the dominant Bahasa language differs significantly from their native language (L1), these young learners often encounter challenges in acquiring L2 proficiency. Their language development in the early stages is heavily influenced by their environment and familial context. Despite these factors, lexical errors are commonplace during the initial phases of second language acquisition. This study aims to compare the stages of human language acquisition by analyzing the utterances of children aged two to three who are learning English as their L2 and Bahasa as their L1. The research methodology involved meticulous documentation of the children's speech patterns, with three participants contributing to the investigation. Utilizing tree diagrams, the collected data was meticulously examined to assess the children's language production abilities. The findings revealed that by the age of one, the children had begun acquiring their L2, demonstrating proficiency in both English and Bahasa. Moreover, they displayed the capacity to comprehend and communicate effectively in both languages within the context of their everyday educational experiences.
早期第二语言(L2)的发展对不同文化和语言的儿童的学业进步和社会融合起着至关重要的作用。特别是在印度尼西亚,主要的巴哈萨语与他们的母语(第一语言)差别很大,因此这些年轻的学习者在掌握第二语言能力方面经常遇到挑战。他们早期的语言发展在很大程度上受到环境和家庭背景的影响。尽管存在这些因素,但在第二语言学习的初始阶段,词汇错误还是司空见惯。本研究旨在通过分析以英语为第二语言和以国语为第一语言的两至三岁儿童的话语,对人类语言习得的各个阶段进行比较。研究方法包括细致记录儿童的说话模式,并由三名参与者参与调查。利用树状图,对收集到的数据进行细致检查,以评估儿童的语言表达能力。调查结果显示,孩子们在一岁时就已经开始学习第二语言,并熟练掌握了英语和国语。此外,他们还表现出了在日常教育经历中用两种语言进行有效理解和交流的能力。
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引用次数: 0
IMPACT OF THE PROTAGONIST'S DEPRESSION IN JAY ASHER’S NOVEL THIRTEEN REASONS WHY 杰-阿什的小说《十三个为什么》中主人公抑郁症的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8873
Nada Febriansyah Putri, Sri Wulan
This study delves into an analysis of depression portrayed in Jay Asher's novel Thirteen Reasons Why, with a focus on the protagonist, Hannah Baker. The aims of this study are twofold: to discern the type of depression experienced by the protagonist and to elucidate the impacts of this depression as depicted in the novel. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the analysis seeks to vividly describe and interpret the subject matter. The findings of this study reveal that the protagonist's depression falls within the category of severe depression, characterized by symptoms such as suicidal thoughts and actions. Furthermore, the analysis uncovers several impacts of the depression, including self-blame, feelings of inferiority, and persistent thoughts of death. The protagonist harbors self-reproach for negative events affecting her life and others, while also grappling with feelings of inferiority stemming from instances of bullying, betrayal, rape, and other traumatic experiences that mar her reputation. These experiences ultimately contribute to her belief that death is an escape from her overwhelming depression. By shedding light on the depiction of mental health, specifically depression, in this literary work, this study provides valuable insights. In conclusion, it underscores the importance of recognizing and addressing severe depression and its profound impacts.
本研究深入分析了杰伊-阿什的小说《十三个原因》中描写的抑郁症,重点是主人公汉娜-贝克。本研究的目的有二:一是揭示主人公所经历的抑郁类型,二是阐明小说中所描绘的抑郁所带来的影响。分析采用定性描述法,力求生动描述和诠释研究主题。研究结果表明,主人公的抑郁症属于重度抑郁症,表现为自杀念头和行为等症状。此外,分析还揭示了抑郁症的几种影响,包括自责、自卑感和持续的死亡念头。主人公对影响她生活和他人的负面事件怀有自责,同时也在努力克服因欺凌、背叛、强奸和其他损害她名誉的创伤经历而产生的自卑感。这些经历最终让她相信,死亡是对压抑的一种逃避。通过揭示这部文学作品中对心理健康,特别是抑郁症的描写,本研究提供了宝贵的见解。最后,它强调了认识和解决严重抑郁症及其深远影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
REVENGE IN EMILY BRONTË’S NOVEL WUTHERING HEIGHTS 艾米莉-布朗特小说《呼啸山庄》中的复仇
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8899
Lia Safitri, Asnani Asnani
The research seeks to uncover the causal factors and detrimental effects of revenge as depicted in Emily Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights. Given its focus on societal phenomena, the chosen methodology is the descriptive qualitative approach, aimed at elucidating these social dynamics. The analysis draws upon theories of revenge proposed by Barcaccia et al. and Schwartz, which respectively delve into the underlying elements of vengeance. Revenge arises from a potent desire to seek retribution for perceived injustices, often manifesting as the infliction of harm or suffering upon the perceived wrongdoer. However, rather than achieving justice, revenge often perpetuates a cycle of retaliation, as individual interpretations of moral equilibrium seldom align. Wuthering Heights serves as the primary source of data, with textual excerpts informing the analysis. The findings reveal three primary instigators of revenge: betrayal, injustice, and insult, with resultant negative impacts including depression and anxiety.
本研究试图揭示艾米莉-勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》中描写的复仇的因果关系和有害影响。鉴于研究的重点是社会现象,因此选择的方法是描述性定性方法,旨在阐明这些社会动态。分析借鉴了 Barcaccia 等人和 Schwartz 提出的复仇理论,这些理论分别探讨了复仇的基本要素。复仇源于为所认为的不公正行为寻求报复的强烈愿望,通常表现为对所认为的不法行为者造成伤害或痛苦。然而,复仇非但不能伸张正义,反而会使报复循环往复,因为个人对道德平衡的理解很少一致。呼啸山庄》是主要的数据来源,文本摘录为分析提供了信息。研究结果揭示了复仇的三个主要诱因:背叛、不公正和侮辱,以及由此产生的负面影响,包括抑郁和焦虑。
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引用次数: 0
EMOTIONAL INTIMACY IN DANIELLE STEEL'S NOVEL FINE THINGS 丹妮尔-斯蒂尔小说《美好的事物》中的情感亲密关系
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9114
Elvi Umami, Purwarno Purwarno, M. Manugeren
This qualitative study delves into the portrayal of emotional intimacy in Danielle Steel's novel, Fine Things using Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love as a theoretical framework. The research method involved textual analysis of excerpts from the novel, focusing on instances of emotional intimacy depicted among characters. The literature review section provides a comprehensive overview of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, emphasizing its three components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment. The analysis highlights the importance of emotional intimacy in various types of relationships, emphasizing its role in fostering closeness, understanding, and trust. The discussion section presents findings from the textual analysis, showcasing excerpts that illustrate the complexities of emotional intimacy among characters in the novel. Examples include moments of vulnerability, communication, and affection shared between romantic partners, family members, and friends. Key findings reveal the nuanced portrayal of emotional intimacy, ranging from expressions of love and support to instances of conflict and betrayal. The conclusion drawn from the analysis underscores the profound impact of emotional intimacy on individuals and their relationships, highlighting its role in shaping the dynamics of love, loss, and personal growth depicted in the novel. Implications of this study extend to a deeper understanding of emotional intimacy in fictional narratives and its relevance to real-life relationships. By applying Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love to literary analysis, this study contributes to the on-going discourse on the complexities of human emotions and intimate connections portrayed in literature.
本定性研究以罗伯特-斯特恩伯格(Robert Sternberg)的 "爱的三角理论"(Triangular Theory of Love)为理论框架,深入探讨了丹妮尔-斯蒂尔(Danielle Steel)的小说《美好的事物》(Fine Things)中对情感亲密关系的描写。研究方法包括对小说节选进行文本分析,重点关注人物之间情感亲密关系的描写。文献综述部分全面概述了斯特恩伯格的三角恋爱理论,强调了该理论的三个组成部分:亲密、激情和决定/承诺。分析强调了情感亲密在各种类型关系中的重要性,强调了情感亲密在促进亲近、理解和信任方面的作用。讨论部分介绍了文本分析的结果,展示了说明小说中人物情感亲密关系复杂性的节选。例子包括浪漫伴侣、家庭成员和朋友之间分享的脆弱时刻、交流和爱意。主要发现揭示了情感亲密关系的细微描写,既有爱和支持的表达,也有冲突和背叛的事例。分析得出的结论强调了情感亲密关系对个人及其人际关系的深远影响,突出了情感亲密关系在塑造小说中描绘的爱、失去和个人成长的动态过程中所起的作用。本研究的意义在于更深入地理解小说叙事中的情感亲密关系及其与现实生活关系的相关性。通过将斯特恩伯格的 "爱的三角理论 "应用于文学分析,本研究对文学作品中描绘的人类情感和亲密关系的复杂性的持续讨论做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
AMBITION IN LOVE IN NICHOLAS SPARKS’ NOVEL THE NOTEBOOK 尼古拉斯-火花的小说《笔记本》中的爱情野心
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8898
Jojo Krisman Laowo, P. Pardi
This article examines how the first character by the name of Noah Calhoun in Nicholas Sparks' novel, The Notebook, passionately pursues love-driven ambition. Ambition here means having strong determination to achieve personal goals. It is a central theme in the protagonist's journey. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study carefully looks at Noah's various efforts to find love, using ideas from Bridge and Krutus. He sees ambition as a powerful force that drives people to achieve great things. Through this method, the research explores how the protagonist's ambitions in love unfold, showing a deep dive into human hopes and emotions. The study reveals Noah 's ambitious actions in his pursuit of Allie. It shows how he writes letters to her, builds their dream home, and works to bring back her memories. Noah's unwavering dedication and determination showcase his strong love, leading to a heartwarming conclusion where love conquers all obstacles. Overall, this research sheds light on the role of ambition in romantic relationships, highlighting Noah's steadfast pursuit of love amidst life's challenges. His resilience reminds us of how ambition can shape our relationships and stories.
本文探讨了尼古拉斯-斯帕克斯(Nicholas Sparks)的小说《恋恋笔记本》(The Notebook)中第一个名叫诺亚-卡尔霍恩(Noah Calhoun)的人物如何热烈追求爱情驱动的野心。这里的 "野心 "是指实现个人目标的坚定决心。这是主人公人生旅途中的一个核心主题。本研究采用描述性定性方法,运用布里奇和克鲁图斯的观点,仔细研究了诺亚为寻找爱情所做的各种努力。他认为野心是推动人们成就大事的强大力量。通过这种方法,本研究探讨了主人公在爱情中的野心是如何展开的,展现了对人类希望和情感的深入挖掘。研究揭示了诺亚追求艾莉时的野心行动。它展示了诺亚如何给艾莉写信,如何建造他们的梦想家园,如何努力唤回艾莉的记忆。诺亚坚定不移的奉献精神和决心展示了他强烈的爱意,最终以爱战胜了一切障碍,取得了感人至深的结局。总之,这项研究揭示了野心在恋爱关系中的作用,突出了诺亚在生活的挑战中对爱的坚定追求。他的坚韧提醒我们,野心如何塑造我们的关系和故事。
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引用次数: 0
ANXIETY CAUSES AND FORMS IN OSAMU DAZAI’S NOVEL NO LONGER HUMAN 太宰治小说《不再是人》中的焦虑原因和形式
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8942
Ladya Cherilla, S. Ekalestari
This study analyses the various manifestations and determinants of the protagonist's anxiety. Anxiety, characterized by physiological responses such as increased heart rate, sweating, and breathing difficulties akin to fear, often arises spontaneously from unpredictable sources, distinct from the immediate nature of fears triggered by specific events. Within the spectrum of anxiety, there exists both typical apprehension and anxiety disorders, the latter representing a psychological condition stemming from uncontrolled fears that significantly disrupt an individual's life. To elucidate the protagonist's experiences, the researchers draw upon Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Savitri Ramaiah's insights into anxiety. Employing a qualitative descriptive design complemented by an analytical descriptive approach, the study addresses social issues and behaviors common across societies. The findings unveil three distinct forms of anxiety experienced by the protagonist: reality or objective anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. Moreover, the research identifies environmental triggers, repressed emotions, and physical factors as key contributors to the protagonist's anxiety.
本研究分析了主人公焦虑的各种表现和决定因素。焦虑的特征是类似于恐惧的心跳加快、出汗和呼吸困难等生理反应,它往往是由不可预测的来源自发产生的,有别于由特定事件引发的即时性恐惧。在焦虑的范围内,既有典型的忧虑,也有焦虑症,后者是一种心理疾病,源于无法控制的恐惧,严重扰乱了个人的生活。为了阐明主人公的经历,研究人员借鉴了弗洛伊德的精神分析理论和 Savitri Ramaiah 对焦虑的见解。本研究采用定性描述设计,辅以分析描述方法,探讨了不同社会中常见的社会问题和行为。研究结果揭示了主人公所经历的三种不同形式的焦虑:现实或客观焦虑、神经质焦虑和道德焦虑。此外,研究还发现环境诱因、压抑情绪和身体因素是导致主人公焦虑的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
PROMISCUITY IN EKA KURNIAWAN’S NOVEL LELAKI HARIMAU 埃卡-库尔尼亚万的小说《莱拉基-哈里茂》中的滥交
Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9257
N. Nurlaili, Sri Chairani, Purwarno Purwarno, M. Manugeren
Promiscuity, a recurring theme in literature, is examined through various lenses, reflecting the complexities of human relationships, societal norms, and cultural contexts. In Eka Kurniawan's novel Lelaki Harimau, promiscuity serves as a thematic lens through which Kurniawan explores the intricate interplay of desire, power, and societal expectations. This paper aims to delve into the portrayal of promiscuity in Lelaki Harimau, employing a sociology of literature approach combined with a qualitative descriptive method. Through close textual analysis and thematic exploration, the study seeks to unravel the cultural, social, and psychological dimensions of promiscuity as depicted in the novel. The research findings highlight the destructive consequences of unchecked hedonism, as exemplified by characters like Anwar Sadat and his daughter Laila. Furthermore, the study discusses how Kurniawan's narrative challenges entrenched notions of morality and sexuality, urging readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and societal constructs. Ultimately, Lelaki Harimau emerges not only as a compelling work of literature but also as a powerful commentary on the enduring relevance of literature in illuminating social issues and advocating for positive change.
滥交是文学作品中反复出现的主题,它通过各种视角进行审视,反映了人际关系、社会规范和文化背景的复杂性。在埃卡-库尔尼亚万(Eka Kurniawan)的小说《Lelaki Harimau》中,滥交作为一个主题视角,库尔尼亚万通过它探索了欲望、权力和社会期望之间错综复杂的相互作用。本文采用文学社会学的方法,结合定性描述的方法,旨在深入探讨《莱拉基-哈里茂》中对滥交的描写。通过仔细的文本分析和主题探索,本研究试图揭示小说中描写的滥交的文化、社会和心理层面。研究结果强调了无节制的享乐主义所带来的破坏性后果,安瓦尔-萨达特和他的女儿莱拉等人物就是例证。此外,研究还讨论了库尔尼亚万的叙事如何挑战根深蒂固的道德和性观念,敦促读者正视关于人性和社会结构的令人不安的真相。最终,《Lelaki Harimau》不仅是一部引人入胜的文学作品,也是对文学在揭示社会问题和倡导积极变革方面的持久意义的有力注解。
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引用次数: 0
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