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The Social Safety Net After Welfare Reform: Recent Developments and Consequences for Household Dynamics 福利改革后的社会安全网:最近的发展及其对家庭动态的影响
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-060116-053300
Laura Tach, K. Edin
The remarkable transformation of the American social safety net that began in the early 1990s has led to seismic shifts in who benefits and how. More than two decades later, how should these changes be judged? Expanding and updating prior influential reviews, we evaluate how the transformation of the safety net—broadly defined—has shaped economic and family dynamics within low-income households. Collectively, social safety net policies have expanded support for working poor parents quite dramatically, while the cash safety net for the nonworking poor has all but collapsed. Working poor families have come out ahead economically, with mounting evidence of positive long-term benefits for child health and development. At the same time, a substantial number of poor families have fallen through the cracks, disconnected from stable, adequate wage income and cash aid. A growing number report income so low that it can be tracked with indicators used to measure poverty in the developing world. Meanwhile, contrary t...
上世纪90年代初开始的美国社会保障体系的显著变革,导致了谁受益以及如何受益的巨大变化。二十多年后,我们该如何评判这些变化?扩大和更新先前有影响力的评论,我们评估了广义的安全网的转变如何影响低收入家庭的经济和家庭动态。总的来说,社会安全网政策极大地扩大了对有工作的贫困父母的支持,而对没有工作的贫困家庭的现金安全网几乎完全崩溃。有工作的贫困家庭在经济上取得了进步,越来越多的证据表明,这些家庭对儿童的健康和发展有积极的长期好处。与此同时,有相当数量的贫困家庭陷入困境,无法获得稳定、充足的工资收入和现金援助。越来越多的人报告收入太低,以至于可以用衡量发展中国家贫困程度的指标来追踪。与此同时,……
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引用次数: 52
Toward a Sociology of Privacy 走向隐私社会学
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-060116-053643
D. Anthony, Celeste Campos-Castillo, Christine Horne
What are, and what should be, the boundaries between self and society, individuals and groups? To address these questions, we synthesize research on privacy that is relevant for two foundational sociological issues: social order and inequality. By synthesizing work on a narrow yet fundamental set of issues, we aim to improve our understanding of privacy as well as provide a foundation for understanding contemporary privacy issues associated with information and communication technology. We explore the role of privacy in maintaining social order by examining the connections of privacy with social control and with group cohesion. We also discuss how inequality produces variation in privacy and how this variation in turn contributes to inequality. Throughout the review we identify potential directions for sociological research on privacy generally and in the context of new technologies. Our discussion highlights implications of privacy that extend beyond individual-level concerns to broader social, structura...
自我与社会、个人与群体之间的界限是什么,应该是什么?为了解决这些问题,我们综合了与两个基本社会学问题相关的隐私研究:社会秩序和不平等。通过对一系列狭窄但基本的问题进行综合研究,我们的目标是提高我们对隐私的理解,并为理解与信息和通信技术相关的当代隐私问题提供基础。我们通过研究隐私与社会控制和群体凝聚力的关系来探讨隐私在维持社会秩序中的作用。我们还讨论了不平等如何产生隐私的变化,以及这种变化如何反过来导致不平等。在整个综述中,我们确定了在新技术背景下对隐私进行社会学研究的潜在方向。我们的讨论强调了隐私的含义,它超越了个人层面的关注,延伸到了更广泛的社会、结构……
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引用次数: 43
Theorizing in Sociological Research: A New Perspective, a New Departure? 社会学研究的理论化:一个新的视角,一个新的起点?
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-060116-053604
R. Swedberg
During the last few years a number of articles and books have appeared that signal the emergence of a novel approach to the role of theory in sociology. Instead of equating theory with important studies, the main focus of this approach is how to use theory in ongoing empirical research and especially what happens before the presentation of the results. The key task is to empower the individual researcher to do better research. A word that keeps recurring, and that can also be said to summarize this approach, is theorizing. Three core ideas of this approach are discussed: Theorizing is of a practical nature, it draws on a number of basic theorizing tools (such as abduction, abstraction, and analogy), and the area covered by theorizing is considerably larger than that of conventional theory. If successful, the approach of theorizing would demand a much more active and central role for the theoretician in sociology.
在过去的几年里,出现了一些文章和书籍,表明出现了一种新的方法来研究理论在社会学中的作用。这种方法的主要焦点是如何在正在进行的实证研究中使用理论,特别是在结果呈现之前发生的事情,而不是将理论与重要的研究等同起来。关键任务是赋予研究者个人更好的研究能力。一个反复出现的词,也可以说是对这种方法的总结,就是理论化。讨论了该方法的三个核心思想:理论化具有实践性,它利用了许多基本的理论化工具(如溯因法、抽象和类比),并且理论化所涵盖的领域比传统理论要大得多。如果成功的话,理论化的方法将要求理论家在社会学中发挥更加积极和核心的作用。
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引用次数: 45
Replication in Social Science 社会科学中的复制
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-060116-053450
J. Freese, David Peterson
Across the medical and social sciences, new discussions about replication have led to transformations in research practice. Sociologists, however, have been largely absent from these discussions. The goals of this review are to introduce sociologists to these developments, synthesize insights from science studies about replication in general, and detail the specific issues regarding replication that occur in sociology. The first half of the article argues that a sociologically sophisticated understanding of replication must address both the ways that replication rules and conventions evolved within an epistemic culture and how those cultures are shaped by specific research challenges. The second half outlines the four main dimensions of replicability in quantitative sociology—verifiability, robustness, repeatability, and generalizability—and discusses the specific ambiguities of interpretation that can arise in each. We conclude by advocating some commonsense changes to promote replication while acknowled...
在整个医学和社会科学中,关于复制的新讨论导致了研究实践的转变。然而,社会学家基本上没有参与这些讨论。本综述的目的是向社会学家介绍这些发展,综合科学研究中关于一般复制的见解,并详细介绍社会学中发生的关于复制的具体问题。文章的前半部分认为,对复制的社会学复杂理解必须解决在认知文化中复制规则和惯例演变的方式,以及这些文化如何被特定的研究挑战所塑造。后半部分概述了定量社会学中可复制性的四个主要维度——可验证性、稳健性、可重复性和概括性——并讨论了在每个维度中可能出现的解释的具体含糊性。最后,我们提倡一些常识性的改变来促进复制,同时承认……
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引用次数: 177
「非人情な結束」としての「自費出版同盟」にみる〈社会運動〉構想――1920年代の雑誌『文党』のマニフェスト分析から―― 从作为“非人情的团结”的“自费出版同盟”来看“社会运动”构想——从20世纪20年代《文党》杂志的宣言分析——
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.5690/KANTOH.2017.122
Yuko Obi
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引用次数: 0
Transformation of Suburbs into a Space for Consumption: The Role of Knowledge Networks in the Suburbanization of Chain Stores in Japan 郊区向消费空间的转变:知识网络在日本连锁商店郊区化中的作用
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.5690/kantoh.2017.110
Ryo Hayashi
This paper explains the role of knowledge networks in the suburbanization of chain stores by focusing on the discourse in retail consultants’ contributions to trade magazines in the early 1960s. Previous studies had been unable to fully investigate processes that understood suburbs as fit spaces for the retail industry. This transformation occurred because of a network that was initiated by consultants, who insisted that suburban stores could be profitable. By sharing knowledge about controls in and visions about the ideal retail industry, these consultants presented solutions for retailers who were facing difficulties with management strategies. This was the trigger for the suburbanization of commercial accumulation.
本文通过关注20世纪60年代初零售顾问在贸易杂志上的贡献来解释知识网络在连锁店郊区化中的作用。以前的研究无法充分调查郊区作为零售行业适合空间的过程。这种转变的发生要归功于顾问们发起的一个网络,他们坚持认为郊区的商店是可以盈利的。通过分享关于控制的知识和关于理想零售业的愿景,这些顾问为面临管理策略困难的零售商提供了解决方案。这是商业集聚郊区化的导火索。
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引用次数: 0
Aestheticizing Old Buildings in New Shopping Streets 在新的购物街上美化旧建筑
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.5690/kantoh.2017.27
Y. Shimomura
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引用次数: 0
Ethnographies of Race, Crime, and Justice: Toward a Sociological Double-Consciousness 种族、犯罪和正义的民族志:走向社会学的双重意识
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-081715-074404
Victor M. Rios, Nikita Carney, Jasmine Kelekay
This review discusses contemporary developments in qualitative research on race, crime, and criminal justice, focusing on ethnographic studies of race and policing, criminal justice, prisons, and mass incarceration. These ethnographies inform us about the day-to-day contexts in which crime, law, and punishment are produced. They help to make visible structures of power that contribute to inequality, push for a more reflexive approach to ethnography, and sophisticate our understanding of culture. A methodological paradigm has emerged that informs the research process and helps us understand the root causes and consequences of some of the most pressing issues in the United States: race and racism in the justice system, police harassment, police violence, police–community relations, antiauthoritarian social movements, crime prevention, and reentry. This body of scholarship is collectively developing a more reflexive paradigm in ethnography, which we term the sociological double-consciousness approach.
这篇综述讨论了种族、犯罪和刑事司法定性研究的当代发展,重点是种族和警务、刑事司法、监狱和大规模监禁的民族志研究。这些民族志告诉我们犯罪、法律和惩罚产生的日常背景。它们有助于使导致不平等的权力结构变得可见,推动对民族志采取更自反的方法,并使我们对文化的理解更加复杂。一种方法论范式已经出现,它为研究过程提供了信息,并帮助我们理解美国一些最紧迫问题的根本原因和后果:司法系统中的种族和种族主义、警察骚扰、警察暴力、警察-社区关系、反专制社会运动、预防犯罪和重返社会。这些学者正在共同发展一种更具反身性的民族志范式,我们称之为社会学的双重意识方法。
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引用次数: 25
ノイズとしてのパブリックスペース――「空間争い」の時代に商店街を考える―― 作为噪音的公共空间——在“空间之争”的时代思考商店街——
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.5690/KANTOH.2017.3
Takashi Machimura
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引用次数: 0
Studying the Digital: Directions and Challenges for Digital Methods 研究数字化:数字化方法的方向与挑战
IF 10.5 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-SOC-060116-053505
Keith N. Hampton
The methodological tool chest available to those who study digital technologies ranges from those that are uniquely digital methods to approaches that are well established in the social sciences. This domain of work includes the application of methods to answer questions about the relationship between digital technologies and the social world, as well as the use of digital methods to answer questions about the offline world. New or old, quantitative or qualitative, the methods used to study the digital have strengths and weaknesses unique to this area of research. These issues include questions about the scope of cyberethnography, the validity of trace data, and the analytical division between on- and offline interaction. This review focuses on an overview of different methods, their history, and their strengths and weaknesses as applied to the study of digital technologies, including ethnographic approaches, interviews, surveys, time and media diaries, trace data, and online experiments.
研究数字技术的人可以使用的方法工具箱包括从独特的数字方法到在社会科学中已经建立的方法。这一领域的工作包括应用方法来回答有关数字技术与社会世界之间关系的问题,以及使用数字方法来回答有关离线世界的问题。新的或旧的,定量的或定性的,用于研究数字的方法在这个研究领域有其独特的优缺点。这些问题包括关于网络人种学的范围、追踪数据的有效性以及在线和离线交互之间的分析划分的问题。这篇综述着重概述了不同的方法,它们的历史,以及它们在数字技术研究中的优缺点,包括民族志方法、访谈、调查、时间和媒体日记、追踪数据和在线实验。
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引用次数: 71
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Annual Review of Sociology
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