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Reducing Justice System Inequality: Introducing the Issue 减少司法系统不平等:介绍问题
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0000
J. Laub
VOL. 28 / NO. 1 / SPRING 2018 3 John H. Laub is Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland, College Park. The topic of inequality in the United States has become virtually impossible to ignore, and the justice system is an important part of the discussion. Witness the recent National Research Council report on the causes and consequences of the country’s high rates of incarceration, especially for minority offenders.1 We’ve also heard heated debates about the stop, question, and frisk policies followed by police in New York City and elsewhere.2 More broadly, legal scholar Michelle Alexander has referred to mass incarceration and other justice system policies as “the New Jim Crow” in America.3
第28卷/第28号John H. Laub是马里兰大学帕克分校犯罪学和刑事司法系的杰出大学教授。在美国,不平等的话题已经变得几乎无法忽视,而司法系统是讨论的重要组成部分。请看最近国家研究委员会关于该国高监禁率的原因和后果的报告,特别是对少数族裔罪犯我们也听到了关于纽约市和其他地方警察所遵循的拦截、询问和搜身政策的激烈辩论更广泛地说,法律学者米歇尔·亚历山大把大规模监禁和其他司法系统政策称为美国的“新吉姆·克劳”
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引用次数: 5
Decriminalizing Racialized Youth through Juvenile Diversion 通过青少年转移使种族化的青少年去罪化
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0003
Traci Schlesinger
Summary:In the context of juvenile justice, writes Traci Schlesinger, diversion can mean two things. Informal diversion includes police officers' decisions to warn and release, probation officers' decisions not to report violations, prosecutors' decisions not to prosecute, and judges' decisions to dismiss cases. Informal diversion sends youth out of the system, lets them remain at home, and asks nothing further of them. Formal diversion includes decisions by intake workers—including police, school resource officers, probation officers, and sometimes prosecutors or judges—to move cases away from formal court processing to programs that provide services but also include requirements.Because diversion can keep young people from deeper involvement with the juvenile justice system, it has the potential to ameliorate the processes through which racialized youth become criminalized at much higher rates than legally similar white youth. The research evidence, Schlesinger writes, offers clear suggestions in three areas: which youth should be diverted, which officials make good gatekeepers for diversion programs, and which implementation principles are most important. Her key recommendation is that jurisdictions should use informal diversion to decriminalize low-risk youth and formal diversion to keep high-risk youth away from court processing and in their communities.Schlesinger notes several challenges to making diversion policies successful. For one, she writes, jurisdictions must use risk assessments that don't replicate or exacerbate racial disparities. In addition, she says, formal diversion works best when youth can access services in the communities where they live, rather than in the justice system. This condition is becoming more difficult to achieve as cities and states have increasingly chosen to spend their limited funds on facilities within punitive systems rather than within communities, for example, by closing community-based mental health centers and then opening new facilities in a local jail. Finally, jurisdictions must ensure that diversion programs are properly implemented and that the youth who begin diversion programs actually complete them.
摘要:Traci Schlesinger写道,在青少年司法的背景下,分流可能意味着两件事。非正式分流包括警察发出警告和释放的决定、缓刑监督官不报告违法行为的决定、检察官不起诉的决定以及法官驳回案件的决定。非正式的分流让年轻人离开体制,让他们留在家里,对他们没有任何要求。正式分流包括招生工作人员——包括警察、学校资源官、缓刑监督官,有时还有检察官或法官——决定将案件从正式的法庭处理转移到提供服务但也包括要求的项目。由于分流会使年轻人无法深入参与少年司法系统,因此有可能改善种族化青年被定罪的过程,因为与法律上相似的白人青年相比,种族化青年的犯罪率要高得多。Schlesinger写道,研究证据在三个领域提供了明确的建议:哪些年轻人应该被分流,哪些官员是分流计划的好看门人,以及哪些实施原则最重要。她的主要建议是,司法管辖区应利用非正式分流将低风险青年非刑罪化,并利用正式分流使高风险青年远离法庭处理和社区。施莱辛格指出,要使分流政策取得成功,有几个挑战。她写道,首先,司法管辖区必须使用不会复制或加剧种族差异的风险评估。此外,她说,当年轻人能够在他们居住的社区获得服务,而不是在司法系统中获得服务时,正式分流效果最好。随着城市和州越来越多地选择将有限的资金用于惩罚系统内的设施,而不是社区内的设施上,这种情况变得越来越难以实现,例如,关闭社区心理健康中心,然后在当地监狱开设新的设施。最后,司法管辖区必须确保分流计划得到妥善实施,并确保开始分流计划的年轻人真正完成分流计划。
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引用次数: 25
"Kids Do Not So Much Make Trouble, They Are Trouble": Police-Youth Relations “孩子不制造麻烦,他们本身就是麻烦”:警察-青少年关系
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0004
Rod K. Brunson, Kashea N. Pegram
Summary:Young peoples encounters with the criminal justice system generally begin with the police. Officers' decisions about how to handle these encounters are affected by their on-the-spot assessments of young peoples proclivity for delinquency, prospects for rehabilitation, and overall moral character. And because most police-citizen interactions occur in public spaces, officers render these judgments with limited information, often falling back on racial and ethnic stereotypes. In this article, Rod Brunson and Kashea Pegram examine how police officers' decisions about which young people to watch, stop, search, and arrest contribute to historical and enduring justice system inequality.Research confirms that officers apply their discretion highly unevenly, Brunson and Pegram write, consistently exposing youth of color to a wide range of harms. Moreover, aggressive policing strategies such as stop-and-frisk disproportionately affect youths and communities of color. In many urban areas, they say, officers are a constant, inescapable, and unwelcome presence in the lives of black and Latino adolescents—especially males, who are disproportionately stopped, searched, and killed by police.Yet the authors find reason for optimism in efforts to improve trust in minority communities and end racially discriminatory policing through practices based on procedural justice principles—that is, whether citizens believe they're treated fairly and with respect during police encounters. Still, they acknowledge, racial disparities in policing mean that in many places, police-community relations have already suffered tremendous harm that will be extremely difficult to repair.
摘要:年轻人接触刑事司法系统通常是从警察开始的。官员们关于如何处理这些遭遇的决定受到他们对年轻人犯罪倾向、康复前景和整体道德品质的现场评估的影响。由于大多数警民互动都发生在公共场所,警察在做出这些判断时信息有限,往往会回到种族和族裔的刻板印象。在这篇文章中,Rod Brunson和Kashea Pegram研究了警察关于监视、拦截、搜查和逮捕哪些年轻人的决定如何导致历史上和持久的司法系统不平等。Brunson和Pegram写道,研究证实,警察运用自由裁量权的方式极不均衡,不断使有色人种青年受到广泛的伤害。此外,拦截和搜身等激进的警务策略对年轻人和有色人种社区的影响尤为严重。他们说,在许多城市地区,警察在黑人和拉丁裔青少年的生活中一直是一个不可避免、不受欢迎的存在,尤其是男性,他们被警察拦下、搜查和杀害的比例过高。然而,作者们找到了乐观的理由,通过基于程序正义原则的做法,即公民是否相信自己在遭遇警察时受到了公平和尊重,来提高对少数族裔社区的信任,结束种族歧视性警务。尽管如此,他们承认,警务工作中的种族差异意味着,在许多地方,警察与社区的关系已经遭受了巨大的伤害,极难修复。
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引用次数: 17
Can Foster Care Interventions Diminish Justice System Inequality? 寄养干预能减少司法系统的不平等吗?
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0002
Y. Yi, Christopher Wildeman
Summary:Children who experience foster care, write Youngmin Yi and Christopher Wildeman, are considerably more likely than others to have contact with the criminal justice system, both during childhood and as adults. And because children of color disproportionately experience foster care, improvements to the foster care system could reduce racial/ethnic justice system inequality. Yet the link between foster care and justice system inequality hasn't received the attention it deserves. This article represents the most comprehensive review to date on how foster care placement can affect children's risk of criminal justice contact.Yi and Wildeman review how children come to the attention of Child Protective Services (CPS), how they come to be placed in foster care, and the risks that children in foster care face. They also examine how the child welfare and criminal justice systems intersect, with special attention to the large racial/ethnic disparities in both CPS contact and foster care placement and experiences.The authors then examine strategies that might reduce inequality in criminal justice outcomes at two stages—during foster care placement, and after children age out of the system (that is, after they reach the age when they're no longer eligible to stay in foster care or receive attendant services). They highlight promising interventions that target five critical objectives: the promotion of stability and permanency in foster care placements; expanded and improved access to substance use treatment and mental health care services; provision of legal support for foster youth; extension of employment and educational support for late adolescents and young adults; and supports for securing housing and health care for youth who age out of foster care.
总结:Yi Youngmin和Christopher Wildman写道,经历寄养的儿童在童年和成年后都比其他人更有可能接触刑事司法系统。由于有色人种儿童不成比例地接受寄养,改善寄养系统可以减少种族/族裔司法系统的不平等。然而,寄养与司法系统不平等之间的联系并没有得到应有的关注。这篇文章是迄今为止关于寄养安置如何影响儿童刑事司法接触风险的最全面的综述。Yi和Wildman回顾了儿童是如何引起儿童保护服务机构(CPS)的注意的,他们是如何被安置在寄养中的,以及寄养儿童面临的风险。他们还研究了儿童福利和刑事司法系统是如何交叉的,特别关注CPS接触和寄养安置和经历中的巨大种族/民族差异。然后,作者在两个阶段研究了可能减少刑事司法结果不平等的策略——在寄养期间,以及在儿童脱离系统后(也就是说,在他们达到不再有资格留在寄养或接受伴随服务的年龄后)。它们强调了针对五个关键目标的有希望的干预措施:促进寄养安置的稳定性和永久性;扩大和改善获得药物使用治疗和心理保健服务的机会;为寄养青年提供法律支持;为晚期青少年和年轻人提供就业和教育支持;以及支持失去寄养的老年青年获得住房和医疗保健。
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引用次数: 17
Parental Incarceration and Children's Wellbeing 父母监禁与儿童福祉
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0007
Kristin Turney, R. Goodsell
Summary:A half Century ago, relatively few US children experienced the incarceration of a parent. In the decades since, incarceration rates rose rapidly (before leveling off more recently), and today a historically unprecedented number of children are exposed to parental incarceration. In this article, Kristin Turney and Rebecca Goodsell walk us through the evidence that parental incarceration impairs children's wellbeing throughout the life course. Given the fact that already vulnerable children are also the most likely to experience having a parent behind bars, they write, these trends increase inequality among children.After documenting the scope of parental incarceration, Turney and Goodsell review mechanisms that may link parental incarceration to children's wellbeing, such as the parent's physical absence, the trauma associated with the criminal justice process, and the stigma of having a parent in jail or prison. They also review research into how parental incarceration affects four aspects of children's wellbeing: behavior, education, health, and hardship and deprivation. In each of these areas, parental incarceration has detrimental consequences for children.The authors then turn to programs designed to improve the wellbeing of children of incarcerated parents. Interestingly, they note, despite the fact that fathers' rather than mothers' incarceration appears to have worse consequences for children, many such programs focus on incarcerated mothers—although some aim to treat both parents, or the family as a whole. Yet, they find, few such interventions have been conclusively shown to improve children's wellbeing during and after parental incarceration. Turney and Goodsell suggest three other types of interventions that might help reduce disparities among children of incarcerated parents: programs that strengthen parents' relationships, increase families' economic wellbeing, and treat parents' substance abuse.
摘要:半个世纪前,经历父母被监禁的美国儿童相对较少。自那以后的几十年里,监禁率迅速上升(最近趋于平稳),如今,面临父母监禁的儿童数量达到了历史上前所未有的水平。在这篇文章中,Kristin Turney和Rebecca Goodsell向我们介绍了父母监禁在整个生命过程中损害儿童健康的证据。他们写道,鉴于本已脆弱的儿童也最有可能经历父母入狱的经历,这些趋势加剧了儿童之间的不平等。在记录了父母监禁的范围后,Turney和Goodsell审查了可能将父母监禁与儿童福祉联系起来的机制,如父母的身体缺席、与刑事司法程序相关的创伤,以及父母入狱或入狱的耻辱。他们还回顾了父母监禁如何影响儿童幸福的四个方面的研究:行为、教育、健康、困难和剥夺。在这些领域中的每一个领域,父母被监禁都会对儿童产生不利影响。然后,作者转向旨在改善被监禁父母子女福祉的项目。有趣的是,他们注意到,尽管父亲而非母亲的监禁似乎对孩子的影响更大,但许多此类项目都关注被监禁的母亲——尽管有些项目旨在将父母双方或整个家庭视为一个整体。然而,他们发现,在父母监禁期间和之后,很少有这样的干预措施能最终改善儿童的健康。Turney和Goodsell提出了其他三种可能有助于减少被监禁父母子女之间差异的干预措施:加强父母关系、提高家庭经济福祉和治疗父母药物滥用的计划。
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引用次数: 100
The Role of Schools in Sustaining Juvenile Justice System Inequality 学校在维持青少年司法系统不平等中的作用
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0001
Paul J. Hirschfield
Summary:Childrens school experiences may contribute in many ways to disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile justice system, writes Paul Hirschfield. For example, research shows that black students who violate school rules are more often subject to out-of-school suspensions, which heighten their risk of arrest and increase the odds that once accused of delinquency, they'll be detained, formally processed, and institutionalized for probation violations.Hirschfield examines two types of processes through which schools may contribute to disproportionate minority contact with the justice system. Micro-level processes affect delinquents at the individual level, either because they're distributed unevenly by race/ethnicity or because they affect youth of color more adversely. For example, suspensions can be a micro-level factor if biased principals suspend more black youth than white youth. Macro-level processes, by contrast, operate at the classroom, school, or district level. For example, if predominantly black school districts are more likely than predominantly white districts to discipline students by suspending them, black students overall will be adversely affected, even if each district applies suspensions equitably within its own schools.Some policies and interventions, if properly targeted and implemented, show promise for helping schools reduce their role in justice system inequality, Hirschfield writes. One is school-based restorative justice practices like conferencing and peacemaking circles, which aim to reduce misbehaviors by resolving conflicts, improving students' sense of connection to the school community, and reinforcing the legitimacy of school authorities. Another is Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, a multi-tiered, team-based intervention framework that has proven to be effective in reducing disciplinary referrals and suspensions, particularly in elementary and middle schools. However, he notes, if successful programs like these are more accessible to well-off schools or to white students, they may actually exacerbate inequality, even as they reduce suspension for blacks.
总结:Paul Hirschfield写道,儿童的学校经历可能在很多方面导致少数族裔与青少年司法系统的接触不成比例。例如,研究表明,违反校规的黑人学生更经常被校外停课,这增加了他们被捕的风险,并增加了一旦被指控犯罪,他们将因违反缓刑而被拘留、正式处理和收容的可能性。赫希菲尔德研究了两种类型的程序,通过这两种程序,学校可能会导致少数族裔与司法系统的过度接触。微观层面的过程在个人层面影响犯罪者,要么是因为他们按种族/族裔分布不均,要么是由于他们对有色人种青年的影响更为不利。例如,如果有偏见的校长停职的黑人青年比白人青年多,那么停职可能是一个微观因素。相比之下,宏观层面的过程在课堂、学校或地区层面运作。例如,如果以黑人为主的学区比以白人为主的学区更有可能通过停课来惩罚学生,那么黑人学生总体上将受到不利影响,即使每个学区在自己的学校内公平地实施停课。赫希菲尔德写道,一些政策和干预措施,如果有针对性和实施得当,有望帮助学校减少在司法系统不平等中的作用。一种是以学校为基础的恢复性司法实践,如会议和建立和平圈,旨在通过解决冲突、提高学生与学校社区的联系感和加强学校当局的合法性来减少不当行为。另一个是积极行为干预和支持,这是一个多层次、基于团队的干预框架,已被证明在减少纪律转介和停课方面是有效的,尤其是在中小学。然而,他指出,如果像这样成功的项目更容易被富裕的学校或白人学生所接受,它们实际上可能会加剧不平等,即使它们会减少黑人的停学。
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引用次数: 26
Ending Mass Probation: Sentencing, Supervision, and Revocation 结束大规模缓刑:量刑、监督和撤销
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2018.0006
M. Phelps
Summary:The United States' high incarceration rate gets a lot of attention from scholars, policy makers, and the public. Yet, writes Michelle Phelps, the most common form of criminal justice supervision is not imprisonment but probation—and thats just as true for juveniles as for adults.Probation was originally promoted as an alternative to imprisonment that would spare promising individuals from the ravages of institutionalization, Phelps writes. But instead, it often serves as a net-widener, expanding formal supervision to low-level cases. Like mass incarceration, she demonstrates, mass probation is marked by deep racial and class disparities, and it can have devastating consequences for poor and minority communities.In her review, Phelps covers three aspects of probation supervision—who is sentenced to probation, what they experience, and when and why probation is revoked (that is, when probationers are sent to jail or prison for violating the terms of supervision). She then presents policy recommendations for each of these three stages that could reduce the harms of mass probation. They include scaling back the use of probation, offering probationers more meaningful help to improve their lives, and raising the bar for revoking probation. Though probation reform may not be a cure-all, she writes, it could reduce the scale of our criminal justice system and temper its detrimental effects.
摘要:美国的高监禁率引起了学者、政策制定者和公众的广泛关注。然而,米歇尔·菲尔普斯写道,刑事司法监督最常见的形式不是监禁,而是缓刑——这对青少年和成年人都是一样的。菲尔普斯写道,缓刑最初是作为监禁的一种替代方案而推广的,它可以使有前途的个人免受收容机构的摧残。但相反,它经常起到扩大监管范围的作用,将正式监管扩大到低级别案件。她指出,与大规模监禁一样,大规模缓刑也存在深刻的种族和阶级差异,可能对穷人和少数族裔社区造成毁灭性的后果。在她的评论中,菲尔普斯涵盖了缓刑监督的三个方面——谁被判缓刑,他们经历了什么,缓刑何时以及为什么被撤销(即,当缓刑犯因违反监督条款而被送进监狱或监狱时)。然后,她针对这三个阶段分别提出了政策建议,以减少大规模缓刑的危害。这些措施包括缩减缓刑的使用,为缓刑犯提供更有意义的帮助,以改善他们的生活,以及提高撤销缓刑的门槛。她写道,虽然缓刑改革可能不是万灵药,但它可以缩小我们刑事司法系统的规模,缓和其有害影响。
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引用次数: 21
Social and Emotional Learning: Introducing the Issue 社会与情感学习:问题简介
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2017.0000
Stephanie M. Jones, E. J. Doolittle
Stephanie Jones is the Marie and Max Kargman Associate Professor in Human Development and Urban Education at Harvard Graduate School of Education. Emily J. Doolittle is team lead for social behavioral research in the National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education. Research increasingly suggests that social and emotional learning (SEL) matters a great deal for important life outcomes like success in school, college entry and completion, and later earnings. This research also tells us that SEL can be taught and nurtured in schools so that students increase their ability to integrate thinking, emotions, and behavior in ways that lead to positive school and life outcomes. Although the term social and emotional learning has been around for 20 years, we’ve recently seen a rapid surge in interest in SEL among parents, educators, and policymakers. For example, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) is supporting 10 large school districts and 45 smaller ones through its Collaborating Districts Initiative as they begin to incorporate a variety of SEL programs and practices into their schools. CASEL also recently launched a Collaborating States Initiative to support states as they develop policies, standards, and guidelines for SEL in schools. All 50 states have SEL standards in place at the preschool level, and four (Illinois, Kansas, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania) have SEL standards for kindergarten through 12th grade. And the Aspen Institute recently launched a National Commission on Social, Emotional, and Academic Development to explore how schools can fully integrate SEL into policies and instruction that have traditionally emphasized academics. We also know that teachers believe SEL skills can be taught, although they may not always know the best way to do so in their classrooms.1
Stephanie Jones是哈佛大学教育研究生院人类发展与城市教育的Marie and Max Kargman副教授。Emily J.Doolittle是美国教育部教育科学研究所国家教育研究中心的社会行为研究团队负责人。研究越来越多地表明,社会和情感学习(SEL)对重要的生活结果非常重要,比如学业成功、大学入学和完成学业,以及以后的收入。这项研究还告诉我们,SEL可以在学校里教授和培养,这样学生就可以提高他们整合思维、情绪和行为的能力,从而获得积极的学校和生活成果。尽管社会和情感学习这个词已经存在了20年,但我们最近看到家长、教育工作者和政策制定者对SEL的兴趣迅速上升。例如,学术、社会和情感学习合作组织(CASEL)正在通过其合作学区倡议支持10个大学区和45个小学区,因为它们开始将各种SEL计划和实践纳入学校。CASEL最近还发起了一项合作州倡议,以支持各州制定学校SEL的政策、标准和指导方针。所有50个州都在学前阶段制定了SEL标准,其中四个州(伊利诺伊州、堪萨斯州、西弗吉尼亚州和宾夕法尼亚州)在幼儿园到12年级都有SEL标准。阿斯彭研究所最近成立了一个国家社会、情感和学术发展委员会,探讨学校如何将SEL完全融入传统上强调学术的政策和教学中。我们也知道,老师们相信SEL技能是可以教授的,尽管他们可能并不总是知道在课堂上这样做的最佳方式。1
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引用次数: 116
Promoting Social and Emotional Competencies in Elementary School 提升小学的社交和情感能力
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2017.0003
Stephanie M. Jones, Sophie P. Barnes, Rebecca F. Bailey, E. J. Doolittle
Summary:There's a strong case for making social and emotional learning (SEL) skills and competencies a central feature of elementary school. Children who master SEL skills get along better with others, do better in school, and have more successful careers and better mental and physical health as adults.But evidence from the most rigorous studies of elementary-school SEL programs is ambiguous. Some studies find few or no effects, while others find important and meaningful effects. Or studies find effects for some groups of students but not for others. What causes such variation isn't clear, making it hard to interpret and act on the evidence.What are the sources of variation in the impacts of SEL programs designed for the elementary years? To find out, Stephanie Jones, Sophie Barnes, Rebecca Bailey, and Emily Doolittle examine how the theories of change behind 11 widely used school-based SEL interventions align with the way those interventions measure outcomes. Their central conclusion is that what appears to be variation in impacts may instead stem from imprecise program targets misaligned with too-general measures of outcomes. That is to say, program evaluations often fail to measure whether students have mastered the precise skills the programs seek to impart.The authors make three recommendations for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers. The first is that we should focus more on outcomes at the teacher and classroom level, because teachers' own social-emotional competency and the quality of the classroom environment can have a huge effect on students' SEL. Second, because the elementary years span a great many developmental and environmental transitions, SEL programs should take care to focus on the skills appropriate to each grade and age, rather than taking a one-size-fits-all approach. Third, they write, measurement of SEL skills among children in this age range should grow narrower in focus but broader in context and depth.
总结:将社交和情感学习(SEL)技能和能力作为小学教育的核心特征是有充分理由的。掌握SEL技能的孩子与他人相处得更好,在学校表现更好,成年后事业更成功,身心更健康。但是,对小学SEL项目进行的最严格的研究得出的证据并不明确。一些研究发现很少或没有影响,而另一些研究发现了重要和有意义的影响。或者研究发现对某些学生群体有影响,但对其他学生群体没有影响。导致这种差异的原因尚不清楚,因此很难解释并根据证据采取行动。为小学设计的SEL项目影响的差异来源是什么?为了找到答案,Stephanie Jones, Sophie Barnes, Rebecca Bailey和Emily Doolittle研究了11种广泛使用的基于学校的SEL干预措施背后的变化理论是如何与这些干预措施衡量结果的方式相一致的。他们的中心结论是,看似影响的变化,实际上可能源于不精确的项目目标与过于笼统的结果衡量标准不一致。也就是说,课程评估常常无法衡量学生是否掌握了课程试图传授的精确技能。作者对政策制定者、从业者和研究人员提出了三点建议。首先,我们应该更多地关注教师和课堂层面的结果,因为教师自身的社会情感能力和课堂环境的质量会对学生的SEL产生巨大影响。其次,由于小学阶段跨越了许多发展和环境的转变,SEL项目应该注意关注适合每个年级和年龄的技能,而不是采取一种放之四海而皆准的方法。第三,他们写道,在这个年龄段的儿童中,SEL技能的测量应该在重点上缩小,但在背景和深度上扩大。
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引用次数: 102
SEL-Focused After-School Programs 以sel为中心的课后项目
4区 法学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-03-22 DOI: 10.1353/FOC.2017.0005
Noelle M. Hurd, Nancy L. Deutsch
Summary:After-school programs offer young people opportunities for self-expression, exploring their talents, and forming relationships with supportive adults. That is, after-school programs promote young people's social and emotional learning (SEL) skills—whether the programs use that term or not.Despite these programs' potential, Noelle Hurd and Nancy Deutsch write, they have yet to make a big impact on the field of SEL. One reason is that studying them poses many problems for researchers—for example, attendance isn't mandatory, meaning that it can be hard to separate a program's effects from young people's personal characteristics that led them to choose the program in the first place. Still, research shows that after-school programs can promote many desirable SEL outcomes, and Hurd and Deutsch outline the factors that make high-quality programs stand out.How could policy help after-school programs promote SEL more effectively? First, positive youth-staff relationships are crucial to effective programs, and competent adult staff are the linchpin of effective after-school programs targeting SEL outcomes. Yet the after-school work force is poorly paid, and turnover is high. Hurd and Deutsch suggest several ways to professionalize after-school work—for example, by boosting professional development and creating more opportunities for career advancement.Second, as schools have become more focused on standardized test scores, funders and policymakers have pushed after-school programs, too, to demonstrate their academic impact. Hurd and Deutsch write that this approach is misguided: overemphasizing academic outcomes leads to neglect of SEL outcomes that can help young people become productive and engaged citizens. They argue for expanding the criteria used to determine whether after-school programs are effective to include SEL. More broadly, they write, high-stakes evaluations create a disincentive for programs to undertake the difficult work of assessing and improving their own practices. A better approach to evaluation would focus less on whether programs "work" and instead seek ways to make them work better.
课外活动为年轻人提供了自我表达的机会,探索他们的才能,并与支持他们的成年人建立关系。也就是说,课后项目促进了年轻人的社会和情感学习(SEL)技能——不管这些项目是否使用这个术语。诺埃尔·赫德和南希·多伊奇写道,尽管这些项目很有潜力,但它们尚未对SEL领域产生重大影响。一个原因是,研究他们给研究人员带来了许多问题——例如,出勤率不是强制性的,这意味着很难将一个项目的影响与导致他们首先选择这个项目的年轻人的个人特征分开。尽管如此,研究表明,课后项目可以促进许多理想的SEL结果,赫德和多伊奇概述了使高质量项目脱颖而出的因素。政策如何帮助课后项目更有效地促进SEL ?首先,积极的青年与教师的关系对有效的项目至关重要,而称职的成人教师是针对SEL结果的有效课后项目的关键。然而,课后劳动力的收入很低,而且流动率很高。赫德和多伊奇提出了几种使课后工作专业化的方法,例如,通过促进职业发展和创造更多的职业发展机会。其次,随着学校越来越注重标准化考试成绩,资助者和政策制定者也在推动课外项目,以展示它们的学术影响。赫德和多伊奇写道,这种方法是错误的:过度强调学业成绩导致忽视了SEL的结果,而SEL可以帮助年轻人成为富有成效和积极参与的公民。他们主张扩大用于确定课外活动是否有效的标准,将SEL纳入其中。他们写道,更广泛地说,高风险的评估会阻碍项目承担评估和改进自身实践的艰巨工作。一个更好的评估方法是少关注项目是否“有效”,而是寻找方法使它们更好地工作。
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引用次数: 40
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Future of Children
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