Andrew J Ross, Elizabeth D Handley, Sheree L Toth, Dante Cicchetti
Despite findings that developmental timing of maltreatment is a critical factor in predicting subsequent outcomes, children's developmental stage is understudied in maltreatment research. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with social cognition identified as a process underlying this risk. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine the impact of developmental timing of maltreatment (i.e., infancy through preschool versus elementary and middle school years) on psychopathology via negative perceptions of peer relationships. Multi-informant methods were used to assess 680 socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Results did not support differential effects of early versus later maltreatment on children's internalizing symptomatology or disruptive behavior, but indicated that chronic maltreatment, relative to episodic maltreatment, has more severe consequences for children's internalizing symptomatology. Results further support the mediating role of children's perceptions of relationships in the effect of maltreatment on negative developmental outcomes.
{"title":"Negative Perceptions of Peer Relationships as Mechanisms in the Association Between Maltreatment Timing and the Development of Psychopathology.","authors":"Andrew J Ross, Elizabeth D Handley, Sheree L Toth, Dante Cicchetti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite findings that developmental timing of maltreatment is a critical factor in predicting subsequent outcomes, children's developmental stage is understudied in maltreatment research. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with social cognition identified as a process underlying this risk. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine the impact of developmental timing of maltreatment (i.e., infancy through preschool versus elementary and middle school years) on psychopathology via negative perceptions of peer relationships. Multi-informant methods were used to assess 680 socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Results did not support differential effects of early versus later maltreatment on children's internalizing symptomatology or disruptive behavior, but indicated that chronic maltreatment, relative to episodic maltreatment, has more severe consequences for children's internalizing symptomatology. Results further support the mediating role of children's perceptions of relationships in the effect of maltreatment on negative developmental outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10564383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41219747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2023.a909257
Heather A. Yarger, Deena Shariq, Alexandra C. Hickey, Elizabeth Giacobbe, Sarah L. Dziura, Elizabeth Redcay
Abstract: The current study characterized the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders on adolescents' internalizing symptoms and assessed predictors of adolescents' internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. Seventy-nine adolescents (18 autistic, 61 nonautistic) and their parents who participated in a previous study and were at least 10 years old ( M = 13.8, SD = 1.7) were invited to participate in three online follow-up surveys post-stay-at-home order (May through November 2020). Measures of children's anxiety and depressive symptoms, parenting practices, family togetherness, conflict, financial problems, and parental mental health during the pandemic were collected. Nonautistic adolescents experienced a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms across the beginning of the pandemic and a significant increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-stay-at-home order. Permissive parenting and financial problems predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms. Parental mental health difficulties and permissive parenting predicted adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Results underscore the need to support parents and youth.
{"title":"Examining Adolescents' Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Heather A. Yarger, Deena Shariq, Alexandra C. Hickey, Elizabeth Giacobbe, Sarah L. Dziura, Elizabeth Redcay","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2023.a909257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2023.a909257","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The current study characterized the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders on adolescents' internalizing symptoms and assessed predictors of adolescents' internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. Seventy-nine adolescents (18 autistic, 61 nonautistic) and their parents who participated in a previous study and were at least 10 years old ( M = 13.8, SD = 1.7) were invited to participate in three online follow-up surveys post-stay-at-home order (May through November 2020). Measures of children's anxiety and depressive symptoms, parenting practices, family togetherness, conflict, financial problems, and parental mental health during the pandemic were collected. Nonautistic adolescents experienced a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms across the beginning of the pandemic and a significant increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-stay-at-home order. Permissive parenting and financial problems predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms. Parental mental health difficulties and permissive parenting predicted adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Results underscore the need to support parents and youth.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136305546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2023.a909258
Andrew J Ross, Elizabeth D Handley, Sheree L Toth, Dante Cicchetti
Despite findings that developmental timing of maltreatment is a critical factor in predicting subsequent outcomes, children's developmental stage is understudied in maltreatment research. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with social cognition identified as a process underlying this risk. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine the impact of developmental timing of maltreatment (i.e., infancy through preschool versus elementary and middle school years) on psychopathology via negative perceptions of peer relationships. Multi-informant methods were used to assess 680 socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Results did not support differential effects of early versus later maltreatment on children's internalizing symptomatology or disruptive behavior, but indicated that chronic maltreatment, relative to episodic maltreatment, has more severe consequences for children's internalizing symptomatology. Results further support the mediating role of children's perceptions of relationships in the effect of maltreatment on negative developmental outcomes.
{"title":"Negative Perceptions of Peer Relationships as Mechanisms in the Association Between Maltreatment Timing and the Development of Psychopathology","authors":"Andrew J Ross, Elizabeth D Handley, Sheree L Toth, Dante Cicchetti","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2023.a909258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2023.a909258","url":null,"abstract":"Despite findings that developmental timing of maltreatment is a critical factor in predicting subsequent outcomes, children's developmental stage is understudied in maltreatment research. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with social cognition identified as a process underlying this risk. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine the impact of developmental timing of maltreatment (i.e., infancy through preschool versus elementary and middle school years) on psychopathology via negative perceptions of peer relationships. Multi-informant methods were used to assess 680 socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Results did not support differential effects of early versus later maltreatment on children's internalizing symptomatology or disruptive behavior, but indicated that chronic maltreatment, relative to episodic maltreatment, has more severe consequences for children's internalizing symptomatology. Results further support the mediating role of children's perceptions of relationships in the effect of maltreatment on negative developmental outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2023.a909256
Abstract:The current study characterized the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders on adolescents' internalizing symptoms and assessed predictors of adolescents' internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. Seventy-nine adolescents (18 autistic, 61 nonautistic) and their parents who participated in a previous study and were at least 10 years old (M = 13.8, SD = 1.7) were invited to participate in three online follow-up surveys post-stay-at-home order (May through November 2020). Measures of children's anxiety and depressive symptoms, parenting practices, family togetherness, conflict, financial problems, and parental mental health during the pandemic were collected. Nonautistic adolescents experienced a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms across the beginning of the pandemic and a significant increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-stay-at-home order. Permissive parenting and financial problems predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms. Parental mental health difficulties and permissive parenting predicted adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Results underscore the need to support parents and youth.
{"title":"Consulting Editors April 1, 2022, through July 1, 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2023.a909256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2023.a909256","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The current study characterized the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders on adolescents' internalizing symptoms and assessed predictors of adolescents' internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. Seventy-nine adolescents (18 autistic, 61 nonautistic) and their parents who participated in a previous study and were at least 10 years old (M = 13.8, SD = 1.7) were invited to participate in three online follow-up surveys post-stay-at-home order (May through November 2020). Measures of children's anxiety and depressive symptoms, parenting practices, family togetherness, conflict, financial problems, and parental mental health during the pandemic were collected. Nonautistic adolescents experienced a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms across the beginning of the pandemic and a significant increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-stay-at-home order. Permissive parenting and financial problems predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms. Parental mental health difficulties and permissive parenting predicted adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Results underscore the need to support parents and youth.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136305541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2023.a909260
Kathryn A. Kerns, Logan B. Kochendorfer, Carli A. Obeldobel, Laura E. Brumariu
Abstract: Parent–child attachment is robustly associated with typical patterns of emotion regulation but rarely examined in relation to changes in emotion in response to events. We studied how attachment is related to emotion reactivity to positive and negative events and to immediate and delayed emotion recovery from social exclusion. The sample (78% White, 46% girls) included 110 children (9–12 years). Children completed a story stem measure that was scored for security, avoidance, ambivalence, and disorganization. Emotion reactivity and recovery were assessed with child-reported and observer positive affect and negative affect ratings. Parents rated child temperament. More avoidant children showed dampened emotion responding (low reactivity and recovery), whereas more ambivalent children showed heightened emotion responding (high reactivity and recovery). Attachment security, disorganization, and temperament were not consistently related to emotion reactivity or recovery. The findings highlight that emotion regulation occurs in response to contextual changes and is related to attachment.
{"title":"Parent-Child Attachment and Emotion Regulation Dynamics in Late Middle Childhood","authors":"Kathryn A. Kerns, Logan B. Kochendorfer, Carli A. Obeldobel, Laura E. Brumariu","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2023.a909260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2023.a909260","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Parent–child attachment is robustly associated with typical patterns of emotion regulation but rarely examined in relation to changes in emotion in response to events. We studied how attachment is related to emotion reactivity to positive and negative events and to immediate and delayed emotion recovery from social exclusion. The sample (78% White, 46% girls) included 110 children (9–12 years). Children completed a story stem measure that was scored for security, avoidance, ambivalence, and disorganization. Emotion reactivity and recovery were assessed with child-reported and observer positive affect and negative affect ratings. Parents rated child temperament. More avoidant children showed dampened emotion responding (low reactivity and recovery), whereas more ambivalent children showed heightened emotion responding (high reactivity and recovery). Attachment security, disorganization, and temperament were not consistently related to emotion reactivity or recovery. The findings highlight that emotion regulation occurs in response to contextual changes and is related to attachment.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2023.a909259
Megan Conrad, Raghad Hassabelnaby, Stuart Marcovitch, Janet Boseovski
Abstract: Animal fears are common, emerging in early childhood and often continuing into adulthood. This study explores the outcomes of positive and negative storybooks about animals on children's attitudes and behaviors. Ninety-six children (ages 4–8 years) were exposed to either negative or positive information about two animals (snakes and frogs) via age-appropriate storybooks, and fear beliefs and avoidance behaviors were then measured. Our results suggest that prior knowledge influences learning and behavior, with children exhibiting more fear towards snakes than frogs, regardless of condition. Accordingly, children who showed fewer fear beliefs were more likely to reach for the animals. In addition, storybook information impacts learning and fear, with children exhibiting more fear in the negative storybook conditions than positive storybook conditions. Storybook information also influenced behavioral avoidance, especially for snakes, with more children reaching for the snake when they received positive information rather than negative information. Additionally, across negative conditions, more children reached for the frog compared to the snake. Finally, parental and child characteristics were associated with more both self-reported fear and observed fear. Implications for parents and educators are discussed.
{"title":"Scary Snakes and Cuddly Frogs: Exploring the Role of Storybooks in Children's Fear and Behavioral Avoidance of Animals","authors":"Megan Conrad, Raghad Hassabelnaby, Stuart Marcovitch, Janet Boseovski","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2023.a909259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2023.a909259","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Animal fears are common, emerging in early childhood and often continuing into adulthood. This study explores the outcomes of positive and negative storybooks about animals on children's attitudes and behaviors. Ninety-six children (ages 4–8 years) were exposed to either negative or positive information about two animals (snakes and frogs) via age-appropriate storybooks, and fear beliefs and avoidance behaviors were then measured. Our results suggest that prior knowledge influences learning and behavior, with children exhibiting more fear towards snakes than frogs, regardless of condition. Accordingly, children who showed fewer fear beliefs were more likely to reach for the animals. In addition, storybook information impacts learning and fear, with children exhibiting more fear in the negative storybook conditions than positive storybook conditions. Storybook information also influenced behavioral avoidance, especially for snakes, with more children reaching for the snake when they received positive information rather than negative information. Additionally, across negative conditions, more children reached for the frog compared to the snake. Finally, parental and child characteristics were associated with more both self-reported fear and observed fear. Implications for parents and educators are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136305545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2022.a905889
{"title":"Consulting Editors January 1, 2022, through April 1, 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2022.a905889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2022.a905889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44518996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2022.a905090
Nicole A. Telfer, N. Else-Quest
Abstract:Amid ethnic/racial stratification and oppression, parents’ engagement in ethnic/racial socialization (ERS) practices foster resilience and positive outcomes in youth. Research has found inconsistent effects of ERS practices on adolescent academic outcomes and has neglected the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and gender. Using an intersectional approach and longitudinal design, we explored how N = 358 parents’ ERS practices (cultural socialization, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust) predicted academic outcomes among male and female Black/African American, Asian American, Latinx, and White/European American high schoolers 1 year later. Ethnic/racial group differences in ERS practices were consistent across youth gender. Our intersectional approach revealed that cultural socialization predicted Asian American boys’ academic achievement and that preparation for bias predicted Black/African American boys’ academic achievement. Future studies should continue to explore the gendered construction of ERS messages and how they shape academic outcomes differently across diverse samples.
{"title":"An Intersectional Approach to Parental Ethnic/Racial Socialization Practices and Adolescent Academic Outcomes","authors":"Nicole A. Telfer, N. Else-Quest","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2022.a905090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2022.a905090","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Amid ethnic/racial stratification and oppression, parents’ engagement in ethnic/racial socialization (ERS) practices foster resilience and positive outcomes in youth. Research has found inconsistent effects of ERS practices on adolescent academic outcomes and has neglected the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and gender. Using an intersectional approach and longitudinal design, we explored how N = 358 parents’ ERS practices (cultural socialization, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust) predicted academic outcomes among male and female Black/African American, Asian American, Latinx, and White/European American high schoolers 1 year later. Ethnic/racial group differences in ERS practices were consistent across youth gender. Our intersectional approach revealed that cultural socialization predicted Asian American boys’ academic achievement and that preparation for bias predicted Black/African American boys’ academic achievement. Future studies should continue to explore the gendered construction of ERS messages and how they shape academic outcomes differently across diverse samples.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"68 1","pages":"368 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43539105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1353/mpq.2022.a905089
C. Weems, Bethany H. McCurdy, Mikaela D. Scozzafava, A. Pina, R. Varela, Nicole A. Telfer, N. Else-Quest, Zhangjing Luo, A. Lahat, M. Perlman, Nina Howe, H. Recchia, W. Bukowski, H. Ross, Lindsay N. Gabel, Andrew R. Daoust, T. Olino, Jessica A. Grahn, C. Durbin, E. Hayden
Abstract:This systematic review synthesizes studies that used experimental designs to evaluate techniques theorized to foster the development of antiracism among youth in school settings (19 published reports; 23 independent studies; participant ages 3–19 years old, primarily White). Our goal herein was to identify unique program components, design elements, and outcome measures; and to critically evaluate the existing studies in terms of potential public health impact. A number of specific programming elements were distilled that may be included in future interventions. Overall, interventions that leveraged cognitive and educational components to help increase positive outgroup contact seemed most promising. However, most of the studies testing such programs lacked methodological robustness (e.g., probable gaps in internal validity from the absence of intervention manuals or equivalent, fidelity checks, reliance on outcome measures with unknown psychometric properties, and follow-up designs). Future research would benefit from establishing adherence to implementation (fidelity to protocol), including pre, post, and follow-up assessments, as well as using outcome measures appropriate for determining both short-term and long-term change. There is a clear need for the funding of technique development, manualized programming for delivery, rigorous evaluation of these with standardized outcome measures, and adequately powered studies testing outcomes across development.
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies Evaluating Antiracist Program Techniques for Children and Adolescents","authors":"C. Weems, Bethany H. McCurdy, Mikaela D. Scozzafava, A. Pina, R. Varela, Nicole A. Telfer, N. Else-Quest, Zhangjing Luo, A. Lahat, M. Perlman, Nina Howe, H. Recchia, W. Bukowski, H. Ross, Lindsay N. Gabel, Andrew R. Daoust, T. Olino, Jessica A. Grahn, C. Durbin, E. Hayden","doi":"10.1353/mpq.2022.a905089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2022.a905089","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This systematic review synthesizes studies that used experimental designs to evaluate techniques theorized to foster the development of antiracism among youth in school settings (19 published reports; 23 independent studies; participant ages 3–19 years old, primarily White). Our goal herein was to identify unique program components, design elements, and outcome measures; and to critically evaluate the existing studies in terms of potential public health impact. A number of specific programming elements were distilled that may be included in future interventions. Overall, interventions that leveraged cognitive and educational components to help increase positive outgroup contact seemed most promising. However, most of the studies testing such programs lacked methodological robustness (e.g., probable gaps in internal validity from the absence of intervention manuals or equivalent, fidelity checks, reliance on outcome measures with unknown psychometric properties, and follow-up designs). Future research would benefit from establishing adherence to implementation (fidelity to protocol), including pre, post, and follow-up assessments, as well as using outcome measures appropriate for determining both short-term and long-term change. There is a clear need for the funding of technique development, manualized programming for delivery, rigorous evaluation of these with standardized outcome measures, and adequately powered studies testing outcomes across development.","PeriodicalId":51470,"journal":{"name":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly-Journal of Developmental Psychology","volume":"68 1","pages":"323 - 367 - 368 - 400 - 401 - 436 - 437 - 477 - 478 - 482 - i - i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48246606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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