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How unique are terrorist suspects? Investigating similarities and differences between terrorist suspects, their siblings, and other suspects 恐怖分子嫌疑人有多独特?调查恐怖分子嫌疑人、其兄弟姐妹和其他嫌疑人之间的异同
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221115166
F. Thijs, E. Rodermond, E. Kleemans, S. V. D. van de Weijer
This article contributes to the debate in terrorism research on how unique terrorist suspects (i.e. individuals suspected of crimes with terrorist intent) actually are and whether or not specific theories are necessary to explain their behavior. Our study compares terrorist suspects from the Netherlands with their siblings and nonterrorist suspects to find out whether and how terrorist suspects are unique. Inspired by criminological theories involving social bonds, regression analyses were conducted utilizing registry data on household compositions, socio-economic status (SES), and criminal histories. A key finding is that terrorist suspects seem to have more in common with other suspects than with their siblings; besides prior criminal involvement, no significant differences were found between terrorist suspects and other suspects. Terrorist suspects were significantly less often married, had a lower SES, and were more often previously suspected of crimes as compared to their siblings. Particularly, lacking employment is a differentiating factor for terrorist suspects and siblings. Our findings stress the necessity to investigate in-depth under what circumstances and how a disadvantaged background (e.g. lack of social bonds, criminal history) can lead to becoming a terrorist suspect.
这篇文章有助于恐怖主义研究中关于恐怖主义嫌疑人(即涉嫌具有恐怖主义意图的犯罪的个人)的独特性以及是否需要具体的理论来解释他们的行为的辩论。我们的研究将来自荷兰的恐怖分子嫌疑人与其兄弟姐妹和非恐怖分子嫌疑人进行了比较,以了解恐怖分子嫌疑人是否以及如何是独一无二的。受涉及社会纽带的犯罪学理论的启发,利用家庭组成、社会经济地位和犯罪史的登记数据进行了回归分析。一个关键的发现是,恐怖分子嫌疑人与其他嫌疑人的共同点似乎比他们的兄弟姐妹更多;除了先前的犯罪参与外,恐怖分子嫌疑人和其他嫌疑人之间没有发现显著差异。与兄弟姐妹相比,恐怖分子嫌疑人结婚的次数明显较少,社会经济地位较低,而且之前更经常被怀疑犯罪。特别是,缺乏就业是恐怖主义嫌疑人和兄弟姐妹的一个区别因素。我们的调查结果强调,有必要深入调查在什么情况下以及弱势背景(如缺乏社会纽带、犯罪史)如何导致成为恐怖嫌疑人。
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引用次数: 1
New patterns in residential burglary: The method of deadbolt lock picking 住宅盗窃的新模式:撬锁方法
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221115164
Boran Ali Mercan
This article examines the adaptability of burglars and tactical displacement in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, as part of an ‘arms race’ escalating in response to the sophistication of offensive and preventive measures. It describes the current method of picking deadbolt locks on steel doors inside apartment buildings, a procedure requiring a more complicated and collaborative effort. Following a Bourdieusian criminological reading determining the script and resources of a group of active offenders that function as criminal capital, this article reveals that recently, residential burglary has been displaced from the ‘outside’ to the ‘inside’ of multi-storey apartment buildings due to the proliferation of CCTV, alarm systems and spotlights. Ethnographic findings suggest that a decade ago burgling a residence was far easier for most offenders than it would be today, with numerous similarities in the script of offenders in the non-Western and Western contexts.
这篇文章探讨了土耳其首都安卡拉窃贼和战术流离失所的适应性,这是针对复杂的进攻和预防措施而升级的“军备竞赛”的一部分。它描述了目前在公寓楼的钢门上安装插销锁的方法,这一过程需要更复杂的协作。在对一组充当犯罪资本的活跃罪犯的剧本和资源进行布尔迪厄犯罪学解读后,本文揭示了最近,由于闭路电视、报警系统和聚光灯的普及,住宅入室盗窃已经从多层公寓楼的“外面”转移到了“里面”。民族志研究结果表明,十年前,对大多数罪犯来说,入室盗窃要比今天容易得多,在非西方和西方背景下,罪犯的脚本有很多相似之处。
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引用次数: 0
Does fear of migrant crime predict xenophobia: Evidence from three Russian cities 对移民犯罪的恐惧是否预示着仇外心理:来自俄罗斯三个城市的证据
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221102131
Anna Gurinskaya, Mahesh K. Nalla, Evgeniya Polyakova
In this study, we examine Russian millennials’ attitudes toward migrants—an estimated 10 million legal and four million illegal migrants, who work in construction, service, and retail industries. More specifically, we examine the influence of various factors such as perceived fear of migrant crime, economic, and cultural competition on explaining xenophobia measured by social distance and ethnic exclusionism. Drawing from a survey of 944 university students in St Petersburg, Vladivostok, and Rostov-on-Don, Russia, our findings suggest that fear of migrant crime along with perceived cultural threats are strong predictors of xenophobic attitudes toward migrants. However, the economic threat did not appear to be a strong predictor of xenophobia. Variations existed between cities on dimensions of a perceived threat from migrants, suggesting that geographic and city characteristics are important factors.
在这项研究中,我们调查了俄罗斯千禧一代对移民的态度——估计有1000万合法移民和400万非法移民,他们在建筑、服务和零售行业工作。更具体地说,我们研究了各种因素的影响,如对移民犯罪的感知恐惧、经济和文化竞争对解释由社会距离和种族排斥主义衡量的仇外心理的影响。根据对圣彼得堡、符拉迪沃斯托克和顿河畔罗斯托夫944名大学生的调查,我们的研究结果表明,对移民犯罪的恐惧以及感知到的文化威胁是对移民排外态度的有力预测因素。然而,经济威胁似乎并不是仇外心理的有力预测因素。不同城市对移民威胁的感知存在差异,这表明地理和城市特征是重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
RETRACTION NOTICE: Exploring cross-national variation in anomie and victimization 撤稿通知:探讨反常行为和受害行为的跨国差异
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1477370820920744
Michelle N. Harris, Brent Teasdale, Mindy S. Bradley
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the predictive validity of a risk assessment instrument for repeat victimization in the Netherlands using prior police contacts 评估在荷兰使用先前的警察接触重复受害的风险评估工具的预测有效性
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221105790
N. Raaijmakers, Roos Geurts, M. Delsing, A. Bosma, J. Wientjes, T. Spapens, R. Scholte
The current study examined to what extent a valid instrument that predicts repeat victimization can be based on a victim's prior police contacts. Police records between 2010 and 2017 were retrieved for a sample of 68,229 victims. The data was split into a training set (n = 34,224) and a test set (n = 34,005). Using logistic regression analyses in the training set, three models were developed linking prior police contacts to repeat victimization. The predictive validity was assessed in the test set. Results indicated that (a) prior police contacts as victims, suspects and witnesses were associated with an elevated risk of repeat victimization and (b) the model correctly classified a majority of both repeat victims and non-repeat victims across various cut-off points. Findings demonstrated moderate to acceptable predictive validity, thereby suggesting that there is considerable room for improvement.
目前的研究考察了在多大程度上一个有效的工具,可以预测重复受害可以基于受害者以前的警察接触。他们检索了2010年至2017年期间68229名受害者的警方记录。数据被分成训练集(n = 34,224)和测试集(n = 34,005)。在训练集中使用逻辑回归分析,开发了三个模型,将先前的警察接触与重复受害联系起来。在测试集中评估预测效度。结果表明:(a)先前作为受害者、嫌疑人和证人与警察接触与重复受害的风险增加有关;(b)该模型在不同的分界点上正确地分类了大多数重复受害者和非重复受害者。研究结果显示适度到可接受的预测效度,因此表明有相当大的改进空间。
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引用次数: 0
Homicide drop in seven European countries: General or specific across countries and crime types? 欧洲七国凶杀案下降:各国和犯罪类型的总体或具体情况?
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221103799
Karoliina Suonpää, Janne Kivivuori, P. Aarten, Andri Ahven, Sven Granath, Nora Markwalder, S. Skott, A. H. Thomsen, Simone Walser, M. Liem
This study examines homicide trends in seven European countries – Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland – all of which manifested a substantial drop in homicide mortality between 1990 and 2016. By using data from the European Homicide Monitor, a coding scheme created to enable cross-country comparisons, combined with the national cause-of-death statistics, we explore generality versus specificity of the homicide drop. We examine changes in the demographic structure of victims and offenders and disaggregate homicides by different subtypes of lethal incidents, such as family-related homicides referring to conflicts between family members, and criminal milieu homicides occurring in the context of robberies, gang-related conflicts or organised crime. Results point to the generality of the drop: in most of the countries studied, the declining trend included all homicide types. The overall decline in homicide mortality was driven mostly by the decline in male victimisation and offending. In most of the countries, the gender distribution of victims and offenders changed only slightly during the study period, whereas the development of the distribution of homicide types manifested greater diversity. Our findings illustrate the benefits of disaggregated analyses in comparative homicide research.
这项研究考察了丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、荷兰、苏格兰、瑞典和瑞士七个欧洲国家的凶杀趋势,所有这些国家的凶杀死亡率在1990年至2016年间都大幅下降。通过使用欧洲凶杀监测机构的数据,结合国家死因统计数据,我们探讨了凶杀下降的普遍性与特异性。我们研究了受害者和罪犯人口结构的变化,并按不同类型的致命事件对凶杀案进行了分类,例如与家庭成员之间冲突有关的凶杀案,以及抢劫、帮派冲突或有组织犯罪背景下发生的犯罪环境凶杀案。结果表明了下降的普遍性:在所研究的大多数国家,下降趋势包括所有凶杀类型。凶杀案死亡率的总体下降主要是由男性受害和犯罪率的下降推动的。在大多数国家,受害者和罪犯的性别分布在研究期间仅略有变化,而凶杀案类型分布的发展表现出更大的多样性。我们的研究结果说明了在比较凶杀研究中进行分类分析的好处。
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引用次数: 7
Out of prison, out of crime? The complex interplay between the process of desistance and severe resource disadvantages in women‘s post-release lives 出狱,犯罪?妇女获释后生活中的中止过程和严重的资源劣势之间的复杂相互作用
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-12 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221097667
E. Rodermond, S. V. D. van de Weijer, Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard, C. Bijleveld, A. Slotboom, C. Kruttschnitt
We examine the influence of social capital, subjective changes and post-release resource disadvantages on women‘s desistance and reentry pathways. Using a sample of 1478 formerly incarcerated women, we estimate logistic hybrid random-effects models to assess the influence of several factors on offending during a 7-year follow-up period. We use interviews with a subsample of women to explore the mechanisms underlying the quantitative findings. Results show that the effect of often-studied forms of social control are to a large degree dependent on (unmeasured) individual differences and circumstances, such as pre- and post-incarceration adversities, and the quality of forms of social control. A desire to desist from crime is often blocked by severe resource advantages.
我们考察了社会资本、主观变化和释放后资源劣势对女性戒除和再入途径的影响。使用1478名曾经被监禁的女性作为样本,我们估计了逻辑混合随机效应模型,以评估在7年的随访期间几个因素对犯罪的影响。我们使用对女性子样本的访谈来探索定量结果背后的机制。结果表明,经常被研究的社会控制形式的效果在很大程度上取决于(无法测量的)个体差异和环境,例如监禁前和监禁后的逆境,以及社会控制形式的质量。停止犯罪的愿望常常被严重的资源优势所阻碍。
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引用次数: 0
The persistent countervailing consequences of urbanization: A longitudinal study of homicide rates 城市化的持续抵消后果:谋杀率的纵向研究
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221098990
M. Clement, Nathan W. Pino, Jarrett Blaustein
Quantitative criminologists often use temporally lagged variables to estimate the structural forces contributing to variation in crime rates. We elucidate the relevance of temporal lags for cross-national research by looking specifically at the lagged longitudinal relationship between urbanization and homicide rates. Using cross-national time-series data for (n  =  83) nations, we run a series of 10 separate panel models, in which we incrementally increase the time lag between the dependent variable homicide rate and two independent measures of urbanization, controlling for changes in GDP and age-structure as well as fixed effects for time and unit. Results from these panel models confirm that the two measures of urbanization are oppositely associated with homicide rates. Moreover, while the magnitudes of the associations for both predictors decline as lag time increases, they continue to be statistically significant. These results provide evidence that urbanization has countervailing and persistent consequences for homicide rates that ripple through time. These results also lead us to conclude that a more systematic approach to lag time in longitudinal research is needed.
定量犯罪学家经常使用时间滞后变量来估计导致犯罪率变化的结构性力量。我们通过具体观察城市化与凶杀率之间的滞后纵向关系,阐明了时间滞后与跨国研究的相关性。使用(n)的跨国时间序列数据  =  83)个国家,我们运行了一系列10个独立的面板模型,在这些模型中,我们逐步增加了因变量谋杀率和两个独立的城市化指标之间的时滞,控制了GDP和年龄结构的变化,以及时间和单位的固定影响。这些面板模型的结果证实,城市化的两个指标与凶杀率有着相反的关联。此外,尽管两个预测因子的关联程度随着滞后时间的增加而下降,但它们仍然具有统计学意义。这些结果提供了证据,证明城市化对杀人率产生了抵消和持续的影响,杀人率会随着时间的推移而波动。这些结果也使我们得出结论,需要一种更系统的方法来解决纵向研究中的滞后时间。
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引用次数: 0
From structural time use to situational rule-breaking: Analysing adolescents’ time use and the person-setting interaction 从结构时间使用到情境规则打破——青少年时间使用与人-环境互动分析
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221097657
Alberto Chrysoulakis, A. Ivert, M. Levander
While unsupervised and unstructured socialising with peers is associated with delinquency, less is known about to what extent it fits within adolescents’ daily routine activities; that is, their general, structural time use. Furthermore, research informed by the situational action theory shows that unstructured socialising increases the probability of rule-breaking acts more for individuals with higher crime propensity. Hence, structural time use might explain patterns of unstructured socialising, and crime propensity might explain why some are at an increased risk of committing rule-breaking acts during such situations. The present study aims to connect these three aspects and examine: (i) how adolescents tend to structure their time use, (ii) if their structural time use differentially places them in unstructured socialising, and (iii) whether some adolescents during unstructured socialising run an elevated risk of committing rule-breaking acts due to their morality (as part of their crime propensity) while also taking their structural time use into account. Using a sample of 512 adolescents (age 16) in Sweden, time use and morality are analysed using latent class analysis based on space-time budget data and a self-report questionnaire. Multilevel linear probability models are utilised to examine how rule-breaking acts result from an interaction between an individual’s morality and unstructured socialising, also taking structural time use into account. Results show that the likelihood of unstructured socialising in private but not in public is different across identified latent classes. Adolescents, in general, run an elevated risk of rule-breaking acts during unstructured socialising, irrespective of structural time use. In this study, these acts consist mainly of alcohol consumption. However, the risk is higher for adolescents with lower morality. Adolescents’ time use may account for a general pattern of delinquency, but accounting for rule-breaking acts requires knowledge of the interaction between person and setting.
虽然与同伴的无监督和无组织的社交活动与犯罪有关,但人们对它在多大程度上适合青少年的日常活动知之甚少;也就是说,它们的一般结构时间使用。此外,情境行为理论的研究表明,对于犯罪倾向较高的人来说,非结构化的社交活动更容易增加违反规则行为的可能性。因此,结构化的时间利用可以解释非结构化的社交模式,而犯罪倾向可以解释为什么在这种情况下,一些人的违规行为风险会增加。本研究旨在将这三个方面联系起来,并研究:(i)青少年如何倾向于组织他们的时间使用,(ii)如果他们的结构性时间使用不同地将他们置于非结构化社交中,以及(iii)是否一些青少年在非结构化社交中由于他们的道德(作为他们犯罪倾向的一部分)而增加了违反规则行为的风险,同时也考虑到他们的结构性时间使用。以瑞典512名16岁青少年为样本,采用基于时空预算数据和自述问卷的潜类分析方法,分析了时间使用和道德行为。多层线性概率模型被用来研究违反规则的行为是如何从个人道德和非结构化社交之间的相互作用中产生的,同时也考虑了结构化时间的使用。结果表明,在确定的潜在阶层中,私下而非公开进行非结构化社交的可能性是不同的。总的来说,青少年在非结构化的社交活动中违反规则行为的风险更高,与结构化的时间使用无关。在这项研究中,这些行为主要包括饮酒。然而,对于道德水平较低的青少年来说,这种风险更高。青少年的时间使用可以解释犯罪的一般模式,但解释违反规则的行为需要了解人与环境之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Punishment, political economy and crisis: Disciplining labour through state-corporate surveillance in the ‘neoliberal heartlands’ 惩罚、政治经济和危机:在“新自由主义心脏地带”通过国家-公司监督来约束劳工
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221089233
S. Xenakis
The aim of this article is to advance the politico-economic analysis of punishment in contexts of crisis. To this end, the article examines punitive state interventions in the ‘neoliberal heartlands’ of the UK and the US, as set against a backdrop of multidimensional crises that have reconfigured political landscapes, the relationship between labour and capital, and the mode and scope of state punishment. Through a focus on the treatment of socio-economically embedded undocumented migrants, the article highlights the increasingly diffuse punitive repercussions stemming from the growing multi-sectoral, corporate-facilitated surveillance of the labour force.
本文的目的是推进危机背景下惩罚的政治经济学分析。为此,文章考察了英国和美国“新自由主义中心地带”的惩罚性国家干预,背景是多层面危机,这些危机重新配置了政治格局、劳资关系以及国家惩罚的模式和范围。文章重点关注社会经济背景下的无证移民的待遇,强调了对劳动力的多部门、企业促进的监督所产生的日益分散的惩罚性影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Journal of Criminology
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