European Journal of Criminology最新文献

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European Criminology needs European Data: The case for a pan-European crime and victimization survey 欧洲犯罪学需要欧洲数据：泛欧犯罪和受害调查案例

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231174658

C. Bijleveld

While European criminology is flourishing, we are faced with insufficient pan-European data. The European Sourcebook provides regular synchronized criminal justice system statistics, but data on crime incidence are patchy at best. Ever fewer countries conduct victimization surveys, and the data that such surveys provide are incomparable across countries because of methodological differences. It is argued that European criminology needs a survey, regularly held, in all European countries, that assesses crime incidence. While a victim survey would be the standard tool for this, perpetration questions could easily be attached to improve estimates. Additional questions would enable us to also assess whether EU victims’ rights are delivered in practice.

在欧洲犯罪学蓬勃发展的同时，我们面临着泛欧数据不足的问题。《欧洲资料手册》定期提供同步的刑事司法系统统计数据，但犯罪发生率的数据充其量也只是零散的。进行受害情况调查的国家越来越少，由于方法上的差异，这种调查提供的数据在各国之间是无法比较的。有人认为，欧洲犯罪学需要在所有欧洲国家定期进行一项调查，以评估犯罪率。虽然受害者调查将是这方面的标准工具，但犯罪问题可以很容易地附加在一起，以改进估计。额外的问题将使我们能够评估欧盟受害者的权利是否在实践中得到了落实。

引用次数: 0

How the COVID-19 pandemic hit crime in Barcelona: Analysis of variation in crime trends. 新冠肺炎疫情如何打击巴塞罗那的犯罪：犯罪趋势变化分析

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-12 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231156326

Diego A Díaz-Faes, Ferran Vidal-Codina, Anna Segura, Raúl Aguilar, Noemí Pereda

Objectives: To compare the observed and forecasted crime trends in Barcelona, using crime statistics from January 2018 to March 2021.

Methods: We trained (seasonal) auto-regressive integrated moving average modelling (95% confidence intervals) using daily recorded crimes from January 2018 to February 2020. These models were then used to forecast crime data from March 2020 to March 2021 across four periods (lockdown, summer, fall and winter). Crime data were organized into two categories: property (burglary, theft) and violent crimes (robbery, assault, domestic violence and sexual offenses [rape, assault or abuse]).

Results: Overall, crime levels for property and violent crimes during lockdown declined sharply from the forecasted levels. Theft, burglary, assault, robbery and sexual offenses exhibited general decreases throughout the study period, with the same sharp declines during the lockdown, progressive recovery in the summer, and steady or slight reductions from fall to March 2021. Only domestic violence differed, reaching the forecasted levels for all periods and surpassing the forecast for summer 2020.

Conclusions: Our findings show how the pandemic has affected mid-term crime trends. They help to place the measures applied in the last year into context and to determine the most suitable policies to reduce crime during societal change.

目的：使用2018年1月至2021年3月的犯罪统计数据，比较巴塞罗那观察到的和预测的犯罪趋势。方法：我们使用2018年1月至2020年2月的每日犯罪记录，训练（季节性）自回归综合移动平均模型（95%置信区间）。然后，这些模型被用于预测2020年3月至2021年3月四个时期（封锁、夏季、秋季和冬季）的犯罪数据。犯罪数据分为两类：财产（入室盗窃、盗窃）和暴力犯罪（抢劫、袭击、家庭暴力和性犯罪[强奸、袭击或虐待]）。结果：总体而言，封锁期间的财产犯罪和暴力犯罪水平比预测水平大幅下降。盗窃、入室盗窃、袭击、抢劫和性犯罪在整个研究期间普遍下降，在封锁期间也出现了同样的急剧下降，在夏季逐渐恢复，从秋季到2021年3月稳步或略有下降。只有家庭暴力有所不同，达到了所有时期的预测水平，超过了2020年夏季的预测。结论：我们的研究结果表明，新冠疫情如何影响中期犯罪趋势。它们有助于将去年实施的措施纳入背景，并确定在社会变革期间减少犯罪的最合适政策。

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引用次数: 0

God moves in mysterious ways: Faith units and their influence on prison governance in Argentina and Sweden 上帝以神秘的方式移动：信仰单位及其对阿根廷和瑞典监狱管理的影响

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231160921

Albert Pedrosa, Susanne Alm, Lena Roxell, Mauricio Manchado

Faith-based units are prison spaces centred on the performance of religious practices that can nowadays be found in prisons in several countries. These faith-based practices have usually been explored in relation to the effects they have on inmates, but there are few studies that have explored how their presence affects prison life and how they can influence prison governance. This article will compare two different faith-based prison experiences located in two very different social and penitentiary contexts, Argentina and Sweden, in order to explore how the presence of these units affects prison management. To do so, we will analyse semi-structured interviews with 55 individuals conducted in prisons in both countries.

基于信仰的单元是以宗教实践为中心的监狱空间，如今在几个国家的监狱中都可以找到这种空间。这些基于信仰的做法通常是根据它们对囚犯的影响来探讨的，但很少有研究探讨它们的存在如何影响监狱生活以及它们如何影响监狱治理。本文将比较阿根廷和瑞典这两个截然不同的社会和监狱环境中两种不同的基于信仰的监狱经历，以探讨这些单位的存在如何影响监狱管理。为此，我们将分析在两国监狱中对55人进行的半结构化访谈。

引用次数: 0

'Cocooning' in prison during COVID-19: Findings from recent research in Ireland. 2019冠状病毒病期间监狱中的“茧化”:爱尔兰最近的研究结果

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221132888

Joe Garrihy, Ian Marder, Patricia Gilheaney

The advent of COVID-19 prompted the enforced isolation of elderly and vulnerable populations around the world, for their own safety. For people in prison, these restrictions risked compounding the isolation and harm they experienced. At the same time, the pandemic created barriers to prison oversight when it was most needed to ensure that the state upheld the rights and wellbeing of those in custody. This article reports findings from a unique collaboration in Ireland between the Office of the Inspector of Prisons - a national prison oversight body - and academic criminologists. Early in the pandemic, they cooperated to hear the voices of people 'cocooning' - isolated because of their advanced age or a medical vulnerability - in Irish prisons by providing journals to this cohort, analysing the data, and encouraging the Irish Prison Service to change practices accordingly. The findings indicated that 'cocooners' were initially ambivalent about these new restrictions, both experiencing them as a punishment akin to solitary confinement, and understanding the goal of protection. As time passed, however, participants reported a drastic impact on their mental and physical health, and implications for their (already limited) agency and relationships with others, experienced more or less severely depending on staff and management practices. The paper also discusses the implications for prison practices during and following the pandemic, understanding isolation in the penological context, and collaboration between prison oversight bodies and academics.

COVID-19的出现促使世界各地的老年人和弱势群体为了自身安全而被强制隔离。对于监狱中的人来说，这些限制有可能加剧他们所经历的孤立和伤害。与此同时，在最需要确保国家维护在押人员权利和福祉的时候，疫情给监狱监管造成了障碍。本文报告了爱尔兰监狱监察办公室(一个国家监狱监督机构)与学术犯罪学家之间独特合作的结果。在疫情早期，他们合作倾听爱尔兰监狱中因年老或医疗脆弱性而被隔离的人的声音，向这群人提供期刊，分析数据，并鼓励爱尔兰监狱服务部门相应地改变做法。研究结果表明，“茧者”最初对这些新的限制是矛盾的，他们既把它们当作类似于单独监禁的惩罚，也理解保护的目的。然而，随着时间的推移，与会者报告说，这对他们的身心健康产生了巨大影响，对他们(本已有限的)机构和与他人的关系产生了严重影响，这取决于工作人员和管理人员的做法。本文还讨论了疫情期间和之后对监狱做法的影响，从刑罚角度理解隔离，以及监狱监督机构和学术界之间的合作。

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引用次数: 0

Too civil to care? How online hate speech against different social groups affects bystander intervention 太文明而不在乎?针对不同社会群体的网络仇恨言论如何影响旁观者的干预

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231156328

Magdalena Obermaier, Ursula Kristin Schmid, Diana Rieger

A large share of online users has already witnessed online hate speech. Because targets tend to interpret such bystanders’ lack of reaction as agreement with the hate speech, bystander intervention in online hate speech is crucial as it can help alleviate negative consequences. Despite evidence regarding online bystander intervention, however, whether bystanders evaluate online hate speech targeting different social groups as equally uncivil and, thereby, equally worthy of intervention remains largely unclear. Thus, we conducted an online experiment systematically varying the type of online hate speech as homophobia, racism, and misogyny. The results demonstrate that, although all three forms were perceived as uncivil, homophobic hate speech was perceived to be less uncivil than hate speech against women. Consequently, misogynist hate speech, compared to homophobic hate speech, increased feelings of personal responsibility and, in turn, boosted willingness to confront.

很大一部分网民已经目睹了网上的仇恨言论。因为目标倾向于将这些旁观者的缺乏反应解释为同意仇恨言论，所以旁观者对网络仇恨言论的干预至关重要，因为它可以帮助减轻负面后果。然而，尽管有证据表明网络旁观者干预，但旁观者是否认为针对不同社会群体的网络仇恨言论同样不文明，因此同样值得干预，这在很大程度上仍不清楚。因此，我们进行了一项在线实验，系统地改变了网络仇恨言论的类型，如同性恋恐惧症、种族主义和厌女症。结果表明，尽管所有三种形式的仇恨言论都被认为是不文明的，但与针对女性的仇恨言论相比，对同性恋的仇恨言论被认为是不文明的。因此，与同性恋仇恨言论相比，厌恶女性的仇恨言论增加了个人责任感，进而提高了对抗的意愿。

引用次数: 1

Are women of all age groups equally affected by the shadow of sexual assault? Evidence from Germany 所有年龄段的女性都同样受到性侵阴影的影响吗?来自德国的证据

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231156330

H. Hirtenlehner, S. Farrall, E. Gross

Ample evidence suggests that women are more fearful of crime than men. The ‘shadow of sexual assault hypothesis’ offers a possible explanation for this gender gap: in patriarchal societies females are more afraid of sexual violence, which, in turn, drives their fear of other types of criminal victimization. Although the shadow hypothesis has received some empirical support, knowledge on the role of age in this context has remained scant. Therefore, the present study examines whether fear of sexual assault translates into fear of other offenses in all age segments of the female population, and whether the magnitude of this shadow effect varies with age. Statistical analyses are based on a large-scale random sample of women living in Germany. The findings suggest that although the proportion of women who are fearful of sexual assault declines with age, a shadow effect of this fear can be observed in all age groups. The ‘radiation effect’ of fear of sexual violence on fear of other crimes increases slightly with age. We interpret this interaction as result of older women's heightened vulnerability to many sorts of harm.

大量证据表明，女性比男性更害怕犯罪。“性侵阴影假说”为这种性别差距提供了一个可能的解释：在父权制社会中，女性更害怕性暴力，这反过来又驱使她们害怕其他类型的犯罪受害。尽管影子假说得到了一些实证支持，但关于年龄在这方面的作用的知识仍然很少。因此，本研究考察了在女性人口的所有年龄段，对性侵的恐惧是否转化为对其他犯罪的恐惧，以及这种阴影效应的大小是否随年龄而变化。统计分析基于对居住在德国的妇女的大规模随机抽样。研究结果表明，尽管害怕性侵的女性比例随着年龄的增长而下降，但在所有年龄组中都可以观察到这种恐惧的影子效应。对性暴力的恐惧对其他犯罪的恐惧的“辐射效应”随着年龄的增长而略有增加。我们将这种互动解释为老年妇女更容易受到多种伤害的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Sleep and delinquency: The context of self-control, social support, and sex differences among French adolescents 睡眠与犯罪:法国青少年的自我控制、社会支持和性别差异

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231154031

Daniel C. Semenza, Elodie Gentina

Prior research demonstrates that poor sleep is an important predictor of delinquent behavior among adolescents. Engagement in delinquency is linked to a range of negative mental and physical health outcomes over the life course, underscoring a critical need to address adolescent sleep problems to reduce delinquency. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to how the broader context of social support influences the sleep–delinquency relationship. In this study, we analyze a series of structural equation models using a sample of 447 French adolescents to examine how parental and peer support correspond to three related aspects of sleep among adolescents (quantity, quality, and the frequency of sleep disturbance) with implications for delinquency. Furthermore, we assess how sex differences moderate the relationship between social support and sleep. First, we find that all three indicators of sleep are associated with delinquency, significantly mediated by reductions in self-control. Second, both peer and parental support correspond to sleep outcomes with full sequential mediation evident for sleep quality and delinquency. Finally, we find significant differences in the relationship between social support and all sleep indicators for boys and girls. Peer support is more strongly associated with sleep among boys, whereas parental support is more strongly associated with sleep among girls. We discuss the implications of these findings for improving adolescent sleep to reduce delinquency as well as opportunities for future research.

先前的研究表明，睡眠不足是青少年犯罪行为的重要预测因素。青少年犯罪与一生中一系列负面的精神和身体健康结果有关，这凸显了解决青少年睡眠问题以减少青少年犯罪的迫切需要。然而，很少有学者关注社会支持的更广泛背景如何影响睡眠不良的关系。在这项研究中，我们分析了一系列的结构方程模型，使用了447个法国青少年的样本，以检验父母和同伴的支持如何对应青少年睡眠的三个相关方面(睡眠的数量、质量和频率)，并对犯罪产生影响。此外，我们评估性别差异如何调节社会支持和睡眠之间的关系。首先，我们发现睡眠的所有三个指标都与犯罪有关，这在很大程度上是由自我控制能力的降低所介导的。其次，同伴和父母的支持都与睡眠结果相对应，在睡眠质量和犯罪之间具有完整的顺序中介作用。最后，我们发现社会支持与男孩和女孩的所有睡眠指标之间的关系存在显著差异。同伴的支持与男孩的睡眠关系更密切，而父母的支持与女孩的睡眠关系更密切。我们讨论了这些发现对改善青少年睡眠以减少犯罪的影响，以及未来研究的机会。

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引用次数: 2

The showability of policing: How police officers’ use of videos in organizational contexts reproduces police culture 警务的可展示性:警察在组织背景下如何使用视频再现警察文化

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221144826

L. Keesman

While much scholarly literature on police ‘canteen’ culture focuses on police storytelling, there is little research on the effects of camera phone technologies on police behaviours, particularly in organizational settings. This article introduces the concept of showability to examine how police officers use videos in their everyday police life, and how this relates to police culture. Based on an ethnographic study of the Dutch police, it illustrates that officers show, share, and discuss videos of various policing acts such as arrests, car chases, and use-of-force events, and do this in various locations such as office spaces, squad cars, and on the streets. First and foremost, officers show videos to entertain and to educate themselves and their fellow officers. Second, showing videos is a new occupational practice that, like in telling stories, reinforces and refutes aspects of police culture, for instance, a masculine ethos. The article contributes to criminological scholarship on the era of ‘new visibility’ by demonstrating that showability is a form of inward visibility wherein officers generate a visual world that fits their professional vision. It also contributes to a sociological understanding of the ‘everydayness’ of police culture. I claim that showability is a key feature of policing practices, which is relevant in light of increasing pressures on the police to account for their work.

虽然许多关于警察“食堂”文化的学术文献侧重于警察讲故事，但很少有关于拍照手机技术对警察行为的影响的研究，特别是在组织环境中。本文介绍了可展示性的概念，以研究警察如何在日常警察生活中使用视频，以及这与警察文化的关系。基于对荷兰警察的人种学研究，它说明了警察展示，分享和讨论各种警察行为的视频，如逮捕，汽车追逐和使用武力事件，并在不同的地点，如办公室，警车和街道上这样做。首先，警官们播放视频是为了娱乐和教育自己和他们的同事。其次，播放视频是一种新的职业实践，就像讲故事一样，强化和驳斥了警察文化的某些方面，例如，男性气质。这篇文章通过证明可展示性是一种内在可见性的形式，从而为“新可见性”时代的犯罪学学术做出了贡献，在这种可见性中，警官们创造了一个符合他们专业视野的视觉世界。它还有助于从社会学角度理解警察文化的“日常性”。我认为，可展示性是警务实践的一个关键特征，这与警察承担工作责任的压力越来越大有关。

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引用次数: 1

The criminalisation and exploitation of irregular Chinese migrant workers in the United Kingdom 英国对非正规中国移民工人的刑事定罪和剥削

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221132889

Si-Liang Luo, D. Gadd, Rosemary Broad

This article draws on narrative interviews with irregular Chinese migrant workers (ICMWs) in the United Kingdom (UK) to show how the UK's immigration policies foster forms of illegal working and labour exploitation that they are supposed to combat. It argues that the binary conceptualisation of ‘forced labour’ as the polar opposite of ‘free labour’ leaves those migrants working without a right to do so at the risk of both criminalisation and exploitation. The article shows how the fear of criminalisation, together with the pressure to become economically successful in the West, among ICMWs diminishes their capacity to leave exploitative work, reinforcing the unequal power relations between them and their employers, landlords, advisers, and translators. Many ICMWs who are officially cast as ‘illegal immigrants’ need protection, not from ‘snakeheads’ and ‘traffickers’, but the exploitative and precarious work UK government policies render them economically reliant upon.

本文利用对在英国的非正规中国移民工人的叙述性采访，展示英国的移民政策如何助长他们本应打击的非法工作和劳动力剥削形式。它认为，“强迫劳动”与“自由劳动”截然相反的二元概念使那些无权工作的移民面临着被定罪和剥削的风险。这篇文章展示了ICMW对犯罪的恐惧，以及在西方取得经济成功的压力，如何削弱了他们离开剥削性工作的能力，强化了他们与雇主、房东、顾问和翻译之间的不平等权力关系。许多被官方定性为“非法移民”的ICMW需要保护，而不是免受“蛇头”和“贩运者”的伤害，但英国政府的剥削性和不稳定的工作政策使他们在经济上依赖。

引用次数: 1

Homicide clearance: Discretionary and non-discretionary factors 凶杀许可:自由裁量和非自由裁量因素

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/14773708221136049

Alberto Aziani, C. Persurich

Previous studies have produced mixed findings regarding discretionary and non-discretionary factors associated with the likelihood of homicides being cleared. Performing Pearson’s χ2 test, logistic regressions, and random forest analyses on all homicide cases that occurred in Italy in 2014, we assess if factors pertaining to the discretionary domain – that is, nationality, age, sex, socioeconomic status of the victim, previous convictions – and non-discretionary factors – for example, weapon, location, circumstance – are correlated with the outcome of the investigation. The empirical analysis does not identify relations between victims’ nationality, socioeconomic status, previous criminal records and homicide clearance. On the other hand, homicides whose victim is male are less likely to be cleared. While high media coverage correlates with a higher clearance rate, low media coverage is not correlated with the homicide case remaining unsolved. Finally, especially in Southern Italy where mafia organizations are more entrenched, homicides committed in a criminal environment have a lower chance of being cleared. With respect to Italy, the results indicate a lack of support for the discretionary perspective that argues’ that police may use discretion in clearing homicide cases according to the sociodemographic characteristics of victims.

先前的研究对与杀人案被澄清的可能性有关的自由裁量权和非自由裁量权因素得出了不同的结果。对2014年意大利发生的所有杀人案进行Pearson χ2检验、逻辑回归和随机森林分析，我们评估了与自由裁量权相关的因素(即国籍、年龄、性别、受害者的社会经济地位、以前的定罪)和非自由裁量权因素(例如武器、地点、环境)是否与调查结果相关。实证分析并未明确被害人国籍、社会经济地位、犯罪前科与杀人结案之间的关系。另一方面，受害者是男性的凶杀案不太可能被洗清罪名。虽然高媒体报道与较高的破案率相关，但低媒体报道与未解决的杀人案无关。最后，特别是在黑手党组织更加根深蒂固的意大利南部，在犯罪环境中犯下的杀人案被澄清的可能性更低。就意大利而言，结果表明缺乏对自由裁量权观点的支持，这种观点认为，“警察可以根据受害者的社会人口特征在清除杀人案时使用自由裁量权。”

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引用次数: 0

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