European Journal of Criminology最新文献

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Cocaine and the port: Utopias of security, urban relations, and displacement of policing efforts in the port of Piraeus 可卡因和港口:安全的乌托邦，城市关系，以及在比雷埃夫斯港警务工作的位移

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231182782

A. Sergi

In large commercial seaports policing and security efforts to counter the drug trade, especially cocaine, do not appear to be effective beyond a mere displacement effect. In the port of Piraeus, Greece, (perceived) rising quantities of cocaine have led to calls for further securitisation of the port to curb illicit trafficking. This article will present the current trends of countering and disrupting cocaine at the port of Piraeus and question how these efforts, together with the growth of the port, are affecting the overall territory of and around the port. This article will first argue that the (perceived) increase in cocaine trade towards/in the port of Piraeus has activated a ‘utopia of security’ in the policing and security responses at the port. This utopia of security leads to paradoxes when it comes to being effective against organised crime in the port. The article will conclude by discussing the possibility of a different approach, one of displacement of countering efforts rather than of cocaine flows. This different approach can also rebalance the focus of policing and security authorities on the relationship between the port and its territory.

在大型商业海港，打击毒品贸易，特别是可卡因的警务和安全努力，除了产生驱逐效应外，似乎没有什么效果。在希腊的比雷埃夫斯港，可卡因的数量不断增加，人们呼吁进一步对该港口进行证券化，以遏制非法贩运。本文将介绍比雷埃夫斯港口打击和破坏可卡因的当前趋势，并对这些努力以及港口的发展如何影响港口及其周围的整体领土提出质疑。这篇文章将首先论证，在比雷埃夫斯港(Piraeus)的可卡因贸易(被认为)增加，已经激活了港口警务和安全反应中的“安全乌托邦”。当涉及到有效打击港口有组织犯罪时，这种乌托邦式的安全导致了矛盾。这篇文章最后将讨论一种不同办法的可能性，一种取代打击努力而不是可卡因流动的办法。这种不同的方法还可以重新平衡警务和安全当局对港口与其领土之间关系的关注。

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引用次数: 0

Factors influencing burglary and home security measures in England and Wales 英格兰和威尔士影响入室盗窃和家庭安全措施的因素

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231182777

U. Bankiewicz, Maria Eirini Papadouka

Objectives: This exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of the survey respondents, reported fear of burglary and installed home security measures. Methods: This study analyses secondary data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales 2017/18. The data was analysed using suitable statistical methods: regression modelling and factor analysis. Results: The main findings showed that the socioeconomic status of respondents and the status of the area they live in are the strongest predictors of the installation of deterrence home security measures. The findings further revealed that those of lower socioeconomic status are more afraid of burglary and more likely to have deterrence but not entry prevention home security installed. However, the direct impact of fear of burglary on the deterrence home security measures indicated a decrease in the likelihood of this type of home security measure being installed. This suggests that the affordability of home security measures plays an important role. Conclusion: Participants from lower socioeconomic status are more afraid of becoming victims of burglary and invest in cheaper home security measures to protect their homes, while wealthier participants do not feel the need to protect their homes since they are more likely to live in low-crime areas.

目的:本探索性研究旨在探讨调查对象的特征、报告的入室盗窃恐惧和安装家庭安全措施之间的关系。方法:本研究分析了2017/18年英格兰和威尔士犯罪调查的二手数据。数据分析采用合适的统计方法:回归模型和因子分析。结果:主要研究结果表明，受访者的社会经济地位和居住区域地位是威慑性家庭安全措施安装的最强预测因子。研究结果进一步表明，社会经济地位较低的人更害怕入室盗窃，更有可能安装威慑而不是预防入室的家庭安全装置。然而，担心入室盗窃对阻吓性家居保安措施的直接影响显示，安装这类家居保安措施的可能性有所下降。这表明家庭安全措施的可负担性起着重要作用。结论:社会经济地位较低的参与者更害怕成为入室盗窃的受害者，并投资于更便宜的家庭安全措施来保护他们的家园，而富裕的参与者不觉得有必要保护他们的家园，因为他们更有可能生活在低犯罪率地区。

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引用次数: 0

Moderating online child sexual abuse material (CSAM): Does self-regulation work, or is greater state regulation needed? 审核在线儿童性虐待材料（CSAM）：自我监管有效吗，还是需要更大的国家监管？

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-07-02 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231181361

P. Bleakley, Elena Martellozzo, R. Spence, Jeffrey DeMarco

Social media platforms are crucial public forums connecting users around the world through a decentralised cyberspace. These platforms host high volumes of content and, as such, employ content moderators (CMs) to safeguard users against harmful content like child sexual abuse material (CSAM). These roles are critical in the social media landscape however, CMs’ work as “digital first responders” is complicated by legal and systemic debates over whether the policing of cyberspace should be left to the self-regulation of technology companies, or if greater state-regulation is required. In this empirical policy and literature review, major debates in the area of content moderation and, in particular, the online policing of CSAM are identified and evaluated. This includes the issue of territorial jurisdiction, and how it obstructs traditional policing; concerns over free speech and privacy if CMs are given greater powers, and debates over whether technology companies should be legally liable for user-generated content (UGC). In outlining these issues, a more comprehensive foundation for evaluating current practices for monitoring and combatting online CSAM is established which illustrates both the practical and philosophical challenges of the existing status quo, wherein the state and private companies share these important responsibilities.

社交媒体平台是通过去中心化的网络空间连接世界各地用户的重要公共论坛。这些平台承载大量内容，因此雇佣内容管理员（CM）来保护用户免受儿童性虐待材料（CSAM）等有害内容的侵害。这些角色在社交媒体领域至关重要。然而，CM作为“数字第一响应者”的工作因法律和系统性辩论而变得复杂，这些辩论涉及网络空间的监管是否应该留给科技公司的自我监管，或者是否需要更大的国家监管。在这篇实证政策和文献综述中，确定并评估了内容审核领域的主要辩论，特别是CSAM的在线警务。这包括领土管辖权问题，以及它如何阻碍传统警务；如果CM被赋予更大的权力，对言论自由和隐私的担忧，以及关于科技公司是否应对用户生成的内容（UGC）承担法律责任的争论。在概述这些问题时，为评估当前监控和打击在线CSAM的做法奠定了一个更全面的基础，这说明了现有现状的实际和哲学挑战，其中国有和私营公司分担这些重要责任。

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引用次数: 0

Monitoring prisoners preparing for release: Who ‘fails’ in open prison conditions? 监控准备释放的囚犯:谁在开放的监狱条件下“失败”?

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-07-02 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231183570

Gary Goodley, Dominic A. S. Pearson

Open prisons play a vital role in offender rehabilitation and resettlement but absconds, temporary release failures (TRFs) and re-offences have damaging implications for the legitimacy of these institutions. Identifying and mitigating the risk for such ‘failures’ is crucial. The present study examined predictors of failure in a sample of 316 adult male prisoners in two open prisons in England and Wales. Almost one-third ( n = 100) of the sample failed in open conditions, the greatest proportion ( n = 83 , 26.3%) instigated by the prison to maintain security and good order (security recall). Yet, only seven re-offended in the year following custodial release . Absconds, custodial re-offences, and TRFs were rare events. Regression analysis identified five factors predicting security recall. Current behaviour, rather than static/historical risk factors, more reliably predicted such failures. Behavioural monitoring and systemic policy re-evaluation are proposed as way of mitigating failures in open prisons.

开放式监狱在罪犯康复和重新安置方面发挥着至关重要的作用，但潜逃、临时释放失败和再次犯罪对这些机构的合法性产生了破坏性影响。识别和降低此类“故障”的风险至关重要。本研究调查了英格兰和威尔士两所开放式监狱中316名成年男性囚犯的失败预测因素。几乎三分之一（n = 100）的样品在开放条件下失败，最大比例（n = 83.26.3%）。然而，在监禁释放后的一年里，只有七人再次被冒犯。绑架、监禁再犯罪和TRF是罕见的事件。回归分析确定了预测安全召回的五个因素。当前行为，而不是静态/历史风险因素，更可靠地预测了此类故障。行为监测和系统性政策重新评估被提议作为缓解开放式监狱失败的一种方式。

引用次数: 2

‘Strikingly and stubbornly high’: Investigating the paradox of public confidence in the Irish police “惊人而顽固地高”:调查公众对爱尔兰警方信心的悖论

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708211046194

C. Hamilton, Lynsey Black

While levels of public confidence in the police have declined internationally, the Republic of Ireland appears to have bucked this trend with confidence levels that remain ‘strikingly and stubbornly high’ ( Mulcahy, 2016: 275). This situation appears all the more puzzling given the wave of scandals to have hit the force in recent decades, ranging from police corruption in Donegal in the late 1990s to a more recent whistleblower scandal that has resulted in the resignation of a slew of Ministers and high-ranking officials. Such developments beg important questions as to the factors sustaining public confidence over this tumultuous period. Drawing on international and domestic data, this article aims to probe this ‘paradox’ of public confidence in the Irish police. It argues that, although confidence is high, there is more to the dynamics of confidence in the police in Ireland than this initial appraisal suggests. Indeed, it advances the Irish case as an illustration both of the dimensionality of the public confidence concept and the complexity of the pathways to trust in the police.

虽然公众对警察的信心水平在国际上有所下降，但爱尔兰共和国似乎已经扭转了这一趋势，信心水平仍然“惊人而顽固地高”(Mulcahy, 2016: 275)。考虑到近几十年来警队爆出的一连串丑闻，从上世纪90年代末多尼戈尔警察腐败案，到最近导致多位部长和高级官员辞职的举报人丑闻，这种情况显得更加令人费解。这些事态发展提出了一个重要的问题，即在这个动荡时期保持公众信心的因素。利用国际和国内数据，本文旨在探讨公众对爱尔兰警察信心的“悖论”。报告认为，尽管信心很高，但人们对爱尔兰警察的信心远比最初的评估所显示的要大。事实上，它提出了爱尔兰的案例，作为公众信心概念的维度和信任警察途径的复杂性的一个例证。

引用次数: 2

The street-jihadi spectrum: Marginality, radicalization and resistance to extremism 街头圣战光谱:边缘化、激进化和对极端主义的抵制

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231182520

Sveinung Sandberg, Sébastien Tutenges, J. Ilan

For over a decade, jihadi terrorism in Europe, and the recruitment of Europeans to fight for ISIS in Syria, have increasingly involved marginalized youths from a social context of street culture, illegal drug use and crime. Existing theoretical models of the crime-terrorism nexus and radicalization arguably do not sufficiently explain the fluid and dynamic ways by which the street cultural come to be politico-religiously violent. This paper provides a novel retheorization, the street-jihadi spectrum, which is better placed to explain a wide range of behaviours, from the merely stylistic to the spectacularly violent. On the street culture end it includes subcultural play with provocative jihadi symbols and on the jihadi end the terrorism of ‘gangster-jihadists’. We emphasize that the spectrum, consisting of a multitude of confluences of street and jihadi cultures, also includes resistance to jihadism.

十多年来，欧洲的圣战恐怖主义，以及招募欧洲人在叙利亚为ISIS而战，越来越多地涉及街头文化、非法吸毒和犯罪等社会背景下的边缘化青年。犯罪与恐怖主义关系和激进化的现有理论模型可以说并不能充分解释街头文化成为政治和宗教暴力的流动和动态方式。这篇论文提供了一种新颖的重新理论化，即街头圣战光谱，它更适合解释从纯粹的风格到引人注目的暴力的广泛行为。在街头文化方面，它包括带有挑衅性圣战符号的亚文化游戏，在圣战方面，它还包括“黑帮圣战分子”的恐怖主义。我们强调，由街头文化和圣战文化的多种融合组成的光谱，也包括对圣战主义的抵抗。

引用次数: 0

The 'officer effect' in risk assessment for domestic abuse: Findings from a mixed methods study in England and Wales. 家庭暴力风险评估中的“官员效应”:来自英格兰和威尔士混合方法研究的结果。

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231156331

Andy Myhill, Katrin Hohl, Kelly Johnson

Research on risk assessment for domestic abuse has focused primarily on the predictive validity of specific tools; less attention has been paid to implementation of risk tools by practitioners. This paper presents findings from a mixed methods study in England and Wales. Multi-level modelling reveals an 'officer effect' whereby victims' responses to the Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Harassment and Honour-Based Violence (DASH) risk assessment are influenced by the specific officer that completes the assessment. Specifically, this officer effect is strongest in relation to questions intended to capture elements of controlling and coercive behaviour, and least apparent in relation to identifying physical injuries. We further present findings from field observations and interviews with first response officers that corroborate and help explain the officer effect. We discuss implications for the design of primary risk assessments, victim safeguarding, and the use of police data for predictive modelling.

关于家庭虐待风险评估的研究主要集中在特定工具的预测有效性上;从业者很少关注风险工具的实施。本文介绍了在英格兰和威尔士进行的一项混合方法研究的结果。多层次模型揭示了一种“官员效应”，即受害者对家庭虐待、跟踪、骚扰和基于荣誉的暴力(DASH)风险评估的反应受到完成评估的具体官员的影响。具体来说，这种警官效应在旨在捕捉控制和强制行为要素的问题上最强，在识别身体伤害方面最不明显。我们进一步提出了现场观察和对第一反应官员的访谈结果，证实并帮助解释了官员效应。我们讨论了对主要风险评估设计的影响，受害者保护，以及使用警方数据进行预测建模。

引用次数: 1

European Criminology needs European Data: The case for a pan-European crime and victimization survey 欧洲犯罪学需要欧洲数据：泛欧犯罪和受害调查案例

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231174658

C. Bijleveld

While European criminology is flourishing, we are faced with insufficient pan-European data. The European Sourcebook provides regular synchronized criminal justice system statistics, but data on crime incidence are patchy at best. Ever fewer countries conduct victimization surveys, and the data that such surveys provide are incomparable across countries because of methodological differences. It is argued that European criminology needs a survey, regularly held, in all European countries, that assesses crime incidence. While a victim survey would be the standard tool for this, perpetration questions could easily be attached to improve estimates. Additional questions would enable us to also assess whether EU victims’ rights are delivered in practice.

在欧洲犯罪学蓬勃发展的同时，我们面临着泛欧数据不足的问题。《欧洲资料手册》定期提供同步的刑事司法系统统计数据，但犯罪发生率的数据充其量也只是零散的。进行受害情况调查的国家越来越少，由于方法上的差异，这种调查提供的数据在各国之间是无法比较的。有人认为，欧洲犯罪学需要在所有欧洲国家定期进行一项调查，以评估犯罪率。虽然受害者调查将是这方面的标准工具，但犯罪问题可以很容易地附加在一起，以改进估计。额外的问题将使我们能够评估欧盟受害者的权利是否在实践中得到了落实。

引用次数: 0

How the COVID-19 pandemic hit crime in Barcelona: Analysis of variation in crime trends. 新冠肺炎疫情如何打击巴塞罗那的犯罪：犯罪趋势变化分析

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-12 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231156326

Diego A Díaz-Faes, Ferran Vidal-Codina, Anna Segura, Raúl Aguilar, Noemí Pereda

Objectives: To compare the observed and forecasted crime trends in Barcelona, using crime statistics from January 2018 to March 2021.

Methods: We trained (seasonal) auto-regressive integrated moving average modelling (95% confidence intervals) using daily recorded crimes from January 2018 to February 2020. These models were then used to forecast crime data from March 2020 to March 2021 across four periods (lockdown, summer, fall and winter). Crime data were organized into two categories: property (burglary, theft) and violent crimes (robbery, assault, domestic violence and sexual offenses [rape, assault or abuse]).

Results: Overall, crime levels for property and violent crimes during lockdown declined sharply from the forecasted levels. Theft, burglary, assault, robbery and sexual offenses exhibited general decreases throughout the study period, with the same sharp declines during the lockdown, progressive recovery in the summer, and steady or slight reductions from fall to March 2021. Only domestic violence differed, reaching the forecasted levels for all periods and surpassing the forecast for summer 2020.

Conclusions: Our findings show how the pandemic has affected mid-term crime trends. They help to place the measures applied in the last year into context and to determine the most suitable policies to reduce crime during societal change.

目的：使用2018年1月至2021年3月的犯罪统计数据，比较巴塞罗那观察到的和预测的犯罪趋势。方法：我们使用2018年1月至2020年2月的每日犯罪记录，训练（季节性）自回归综合移动平均模型（95%置信区间）。然后，这些模型被用于预测2020年3月至2021年3月四个时期（封锁、夏季、秋季和冬季）的犯罪数据。犯罪数据分为两类：财产（入室盗窃、盗窃）和暴力犯罪（抢劫、袭击、家庭暴力和性犯罪[强奸、袭击或虐待]）。结果：总体而言，封锁期间的财产犯罪和暴力犯罪水平比预测水平大幅下降。盗窃、入室盗窃、袭击、抢劫和性犯罪在整个研究期间普遍下降，在封锁期间也出现了同样的急剧下降，在夏季逐渐恢复，从秋季到2021年3月稳步或略有下降。只有家庭暴力有所不同，达到了所有时期的预测水平，超过了2020年夏季的预测。结论：我们的研究结果表明，新冠疫情如何影响中期犯罪趋势。它们有助于将去年实施的措施纳入背景，并确定在社会变革期间减少犯罪的最合适政策。

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引用次数: 0

God moves in mysterious ways: Faith units and their influence on prison governance in Argentina and Sweden 上帝以神秘的方式移动：信仰单位及其对阿根廷和瑞典监狱管理的影响

IF 1.9 3区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

European Journal of Criminology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/14773708231160921

Albert Pedrosa, Susanne Alm, Lena Roxell, Mauricio Manchado

Faith-based units are prison spaces centred on the performance of religious practices that can nowadays be found in prisons in several countries. These faith-based practices have usually been explored in relation to the effects they have on inmates, but there are few studies that have explored how their presence affects prison life and how they can influence prison governance. This article will compare two different faith-based prison experiences located in two very different social and penitentiary contexts, Argentina and Sweden, in order to explore how the presence of these units affects prison management. To do so, we will analyse semi-structured interviews with 55 individuals conducted in prisons in both countries.

基于信仰的单元是以宗教实践为中心的监狱空间，如今在几个国家的监狱中都可以找到这种空间。这些基于信仰的做法通常是根据它们对囚犯的影响来探讨的，但很少有研究探讨它们的存在如何影响监狱生活以及它们如何影响监狱治理。本文将比较阿根廷和瑞典这两个截然不同的社会和监狱环境中两种不同的基于信仰的监狱经历，以探讨这些单位的存在如何影响监狱管理。为此，我们将分析在两国监狱中对55人进行的半结构化访谈。

引用次数: 0

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