Psychiatry Psychology and Law最新文献

英文中文

The Use of Victim Impact Statements in Sentencing for Sexual Offences: Stories of Strength 在性犯罪判决中使用受害人影响陈述:力量的故事

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2022.2083031

M. Hall

引用次数: 2

They might all be marauders. 他们可能都是掠夺者。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-06-13 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2022.2073286

Jeff P Hamm

Circle theory predicts most offenders will reside within the smallest circle that encloses a pattern of offense locations, which defines the offender's crime range. Those who reside within the crime range reflect a marauder decision pattern, with the remainder reflecting a commuter decision pattern. Random simulations of marauders were conducted to determine the failure rate of the smallest circle to correctly identify a marauder decision pattern. Failure rates were higher as the number of offenses was reduced, but were systematic and predictable. Moreover, the published rates of the marauder vs commuter patterns correspond well with the predicted failure rate. A method for estimating the true size of an offender's criminal territory is presented and it is suggested that the vast majority of offenders are likely to be adopting a marauder decision pattern, and that true commuters may be far less than indicated by the circle test.

圆圈理论预测，大多数罪犯将居住在包围犯罪地点模式的最小圆圈内，该模式定义了罪犯的犯罪范围。居住在犯罪范围内的人反映了掠夺者决策模式，其余人反映了通勤者决策模式。对掠夺者进行随机模拟，以确定最小圆的失败率，从而正确识别掠夺者决策模式。随着犯罪数量的减少，失败率更高，但这是系统性的和可预测的。此外，已公布的掠夺者与通勤者模式的比率与预测的故障率非常一致。提出了一种估计罪犯犯罪区域真实大小的方法，并表明绝大多数罪犯可能采用掠夺者决策模式，而真正的通勤者可能远低于圆测试所示。

引用次数: 0

Is all prejudice created equal? The role of modern and aversive racism in mock juror decisions. 所有的偏见都是平等的吗？现代和令人厌恶的种族主义在模拟陪审员裁决中的作用。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-06-06 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2022.2073283

Victoria Estrada-Reynolds, Scott Freng, Kimberly Schweitzer, Elizabeth L Leki

The current study examined whether aversive and modern racists would convict Black defendants differently based on theoretical differences: aversive racists are egalitarian and discriminate when not reminded of their values, whereas modern racists do not espouse egalitarian values and discriminate when a non-racial reason exists to justify their behavior. Participants read a criminal trial where defendant race (Black vs. White), race salience (present vs. absent), and justification (weak vs. strong evidence) were manipulated. Results showed that aversive and modern racists convicted the Black defendant at similar rates, but aversive racists were more likely to convict the White than the Black defendant. Aversive racists were also more egalitarian and less socially conservative. The finding that aversive racists convict Black and White defendants differently, but modern racists did not, suggests the importance of distinguishing aversive and modern racists to obtain a more complete picture of racial discrimination in juror decision making.

目前的研究考察了厌恶主义者和现代种族主义者是否会根据理论差异对黑人被告进行不同的定罪：厌恶主义者是平等主义者，当不提醒他们的价值观时会进行歧视，而现代种族主义主义者则不支持平等主义价值观，当存在非种族原因来证明他们的行为是正当的时，会进行歧视。参与者阅读了一份刑事审判，其中被告种族（黑人与白人）、种族显著性（在场与缺席）和正当性（弱证据与强证据）被操纵。结果显示，厌恶性种族主义者和现代种族主义者对黑人被告的定罪率相似，但厌恶性种族歧视者对白人被告的定罪可能性高于黑人被告。厌恶的种族主义者也更加平等，在社会上不那么保守。厌恶种族主义者对黑人和白人被告的定罪不同，但现代种族主义者没有，这一发现表明，区分厌恶种族主义和现代种族主义对于在陪审员决策中更全面地了解种族歧视的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Legal and Psychological Aspects of the Aelection and Placement of Personnel in the System of the Russian Prosecutor’s Office 俄罗斯检察官办公室系统人员选举和安置的法律和心理问题

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120404

V. Strelnikov

The article deals with the problems of selection and placement of personnel in the modern system of the Russian prosecutor’s office. A comparative legal analysis of administrative acts used in the Russian prosecutor’s office when working with personnel is carried out. The general concept of hiring citizens in the prosecutor’s office is analyzed, and attention is drawn to the legal and psychological aspects. A critical analysis of the existing practice of recruiting employees for prosecutorial positions, as well as regulations that formulate psychological requirements for future prosecutors, is carried out. The author examines the powers of public prosecutors at the management level associated with the appointment to positions. The legal and psychological characteristics of the employee of the prosecutor’s office are given, conclusions and proposals are formulated, aimed at solving the legal and psychological problems of the reception and placement of personnel in the system of the prosecutor’s office. In particular, it is proposed to legislatively consolidate the competitive selection of candidates for vacant prosecutor’s positions.

本文论述了俄罗斯检察机关现代制度中人员的选择和安置问题。对俄罗斯检察官办公室在与人员合作时使用的行政行为进行了比较法律分析。分析了检察机关雇用公民的一般概念，并提请注意法律和心理方面的问题。对现行的检察官招聘惯例和对未来检察官制定心理要求的规定进行了批判性分析。作者探讨了与职位任命有关的管理级别检察官的权力。介绍了检察官办公室雇员的法律和心理特点，并提出了结论和建议，旨在解决检察官办公室系统内人员接待和安置方面的法律和心理问题。特别是，建议在立法上巩固竞争性地选择空缺的检察官职位的候选人。

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引用次数: 0

Clinical and Psychological Features of Minor Victims of Cybergrooming 网络诱骗未成年受害者的临床和心理特征

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120306

E. Nutskova, E. Dozortseva

In order to identify the risk factors of victimization and determine the clinical and psychological consequences of cybergrooming for underage victims, a pilot study was conducted. 40 underage girls aged from 8 to 18 years, victims of sexual abuse on the Internet, were examined. The state of various spheres of mental activity and the state of victims were retrospectively assessed at the time before they entered into communication with the offender, features of the criminal situation were studied, the consequences of violence and suffered abuse were identified and analyzed. The diagnostic complex included methods and techniques aimed at studying cognitive functions, individual characteristic and behavior. The method of studying documents (medical documentation, criminal case materials, including Internet correspondence of victims and offenders) was also used in the work. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by methods of descriptive statistics. Risk factors for girls to become a victim of cybergrooming were identified, and the immediate clinical and psychological consequences of abuse were described. Prospects for further research are described.

为了确定受害的风险因素，并确定网络诱骗对未成年受害者的临床和心理后果，进行了一项试点研究。40名年龄在8岁至18岁之间的未成年女孩是网络性虐待的受害者，他们接受了调查。在与罪犯交往之前，对各种心理活动领域的状况和受害者的状况进行了回顾性评估，研究了犯罪情况的特点，确定和分析了暴力和遭受虐待的后果。诊断复合体包括旨在研究认知功能、个体特征和行为的方法和技术。研究文件(医疗文件、刑事案件材料，包括受害者和罪犯的互联网通信)的方法也用于这项工作。采用描述性统计方法对结果进行统计处理。确定了女孩成为网络诱骗受害者的风险因素，并描述了虐待的直接临床和心理后果。展望了今后的研究方向。

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引用次数: 4

Some Psychological and Legal Issues of Mandatory Consideration of the Opinion of a Child who Has Reached the Age of Ten Years in Judicial Consideration of Disputes About His Upbringing 司法审理教养纠纷中强制考虑十岁儿童意见的若干心理和法律问题

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120303

O. Ilyina, O. Rusakovskaya, L. Tumanova, O.E. Chubarova

In order to indicate the debatable nature of the legal norm of Art. 57 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation — the obligation to take into account the opinion of a child who has reached the age of 10 years, when considering disputes about education by the courts - the features of the analysis by children of 9.5—11 years of age (N=68) of morally ambiguous problem situations are studied. Research methods: compiling a story based on sequential pictures, Dilemmas of L. Kohlberg. It has been established that the majority of children are at the 3rd stage of the conventional level of development of moral consciousness according to Kohlberg. There are more boys among those who are not successful in understanding the hidden moral meaning of situations, and those who, in their reasoning, tend to rely on the requirements of society as a whole. Girls are more likely to draw on their own experience and are more likely to take into account the perceived experiences of another. The above results and conclusions can serve as a basis for improving the relevant legal norm and the practice of its application.

为了表明俄罗斯联邦《家庭法》第57条的法律规范- -在审理法院关于教育的纠纷时有义务考虑10岁以上儿童的意见- -的可辩论性，研究了9.5至11岁儿童(N=68)对道德上模棱两可的问题情况的分析特点。研究方法:以连续图片为基础编故事，《柯尔伯格的困境》。根据Kohlberg的说法，已经确定大多数儿童处于传统道德意识发展水平的第三阶段。在那些不能成功理解情境中隐藏的道德含义的人中，有更多的男孩，他们在推理时往往依赖于整个社会的要求。女孩更有可能利用自己的经验，也更有可能考虑到别人的经验。上述结果和结论可以作为完善相关法律规范及其适用实践的依据。

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引用次数: 1

Psychological and Educational Work with Adolescent Delin-quents with Antisocial Psychopathies 青少年反社会精神病患者的心理与教育工作

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120109

K. Korsakov

This material is focused on the problems of psychological and educational work with juve-nile delinquents who showed various types of antisocial psychopathies. It describes the main characteristics, features and properties of the most common types of antisocial psy-chopathies identified in adolescents with deviant behavior. Regarding each type of such psychopathies, appropriate forms of psychological and educational influence were proposed to address the personal qualities and the worldview of adolescent delinquents, to correct their behavior and improve their social adaptation. The author concludes that in the process of using the proposed work practices it should be borne in mind that disorders and devia-tions in adolescents with antisocial psychopathies manifest most strongly in the emotional-volitional component of their personality structure impacting its entirety at the same time. This fact, in turn, necessitates intensifying efforts from the subjects of psychological and educational work to correct the mental set, world outlook orientations, priorities and life goals of the children in their care and to instill in them true and socially approvable atti-tudes towards social communications.

本教材的重点是青少年犯罪的心理和教育工作的问题，他们表现出各种类型的反社会精神变态。它描述了在行为异常的青少年中最常见的反社会精神病态类型的主要特征、特征和性质。针对每种类型的精神病，提出了适当形式的心理和教育影响，以解决青少年犯罪的个人素质和世界观，纠正他们的行为，提高他们的社会适应能力。作者的结论是，在使用建议的工作实践的过程中，应该记住，反社会精神病青少年的障碍和偏差在其人格结构的情绪-意志成分中表现得最强烈，同时影响其整体。这一事实反过来又要求心理和教育工作的主体加紧努力，纠正他们所照顾的儿童的心态、世界观、取向、优先事项和生活目标，并向他们灌输对社会交往的真实和社会认可的态度。

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引用次数: 0

Social and Psychological Characteristic of Convicted Women Serving Non-custodial Sentences 非监禁服刑女性罪犯的社会心理特征

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120202

N.E. Kolesnikova, O. Makarkina

The article substantiates the importance of studying criminal female behavior, its prevention. The procedure of socio-psychological diagnostics was carried out on 59 convicted women serving various sentences without isolation from society. The average age of the convicted women is 33 years, the education level is low. The women are either not employed or work in unskilled jobs. They are mostly unmarried or divorced women raising children. The dominant motive of the crimes committed is self-interest. Examining their psychological characteristics revealed impulsivity, underestimation of objective circum-stances and focus on situational desires, a tendency to aggression, conflict situations and antisocial behavior. Based on the identified indicators of the social and psychological development of the personality of convicted women, a number of socio-psychological measures have been proposed to improve their adaptation to life in society and reduce the overall delinquency index.

文章论证了研究女性犯罪行为及其预防的重要性。对59名未与社会隔离服刑的被定罪妇女进行了社会心理诊断。被判刑妇女的平均年龄为33岁，受教育程度较低。这些妇女要么没有工作，要么从事非技术性工作。他们大多是未婚或离婚的妇女抚养孩子。犯罪的主要动机是自身利益。通过对他们的心理特征的研究，他们发现了冲动、对客观情况的低估和对情境欲望的关注、攻击倾向、冲突情境和反社会行为。根据已确定的被定罪妇女人格的社会和心理发展指标，提出了一些社会心理措施，以改善她们对社会生活的适应，降低总体犯罪指数。

引用次数: 0

Opportunities and Problems of Using Information from Digital Media in a Comprehensive Forensic Psychological and Psychiatric Examination of Minors Accused of Illegal Drug Distribution 未成年人非法贩毒罪司法心理精神综合检查中运用数字媒体信息的机遇与问题

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120309

D. Oshevsky, A. Fedonkina

The article considers the specifics of the analysis of information from digital media during the conduct of the comprehensive forensic psychological and psychiatric examination of minors accused of illegal drug distribution. The features of the involvement of minors in illegal activities for the distribution of psychoactive substances, the psychological mechanisms of such socially dangerous actions by adolescents are described. Analysis of the products of the subject’s activities in the form of his communicative activity recorded on the Internet, an account in a social network is one of the methods that allows to compose or supplement a holistic psychological portrait of the subject and answer the questions of the judicial and investigative authorities regarding his individual psychological characteristics. When planning and implementing criminal actions directly on the Internet, the task of an expert psychologist is among other things to reconstruct the situation of an offense and highlight regulatory components in the behavior of its participants, which include goal setting, the level of assessment and prediction of the consequences of actions, planning, control and correction actions aimed at achieving illegal goals.

本文探讨了在对涉嫌非法贩卖毒品的未成年人进行司法心理精神综合检查时，数字媒体信息分析的具体问题。描述了未成年人参与非法活动分发精神活性物质的特点，以及青少年这种社会危险行为的心理机制。分析主体活动的产物，以其在互联网上记录的交际活动的形式，社交网络中的账户是可以构成或补充主体整体心理画像的方法之一，并回答司法和调查当局关于其个人心理特征的问题。当直接在互联网上规划和实施犯罪行为时，专家心理学家的任务之一是重建犯罪的情况，并突出参与者行为中的监管成分，包括目标设定，行为后果的评估和预测水平，旨在实现非法目标的计划，控制和纠正行动。

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Life Values and Biopsychological Age of Law Enforcement Officers 执法人员的生命价值观与生物心理年龄

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Psychiatry Psychology and Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2022120403

A. Koteneva, T. Etrivanova

It is important to investigate the personal factors that affect the biological age and the rate of aging of specialists. It was assumed that life values can both raise and lower their biopsychological age. The sample consisted of 61 law enforcement officers aged 22 to 44 years (average age 32.5 years), of which 40 were male and 21 were female. The average professional experience is 10.5 years. In the survey, 3 methods were used, and correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data processing. The results of the study show that a number of values are factors of the biological and psychological age of law enforcement officers, their rate of aging and psychobiological maturity. The obtained data should be taken into account in the process of their psychological preparation for professional activity and prevention of stress disorders.

研究影响专科医生生物年龄和衰老率的个人因素具有重要意义。人们认为，人生价值观既可以提高也可以降低他们的生物心理年龄。样本包括61名年龄介乎22至44岁(平均年龄32.5岁)的执法人员，其中男性40人，女性21人。平均职业经验为10.5年。调查中采用了3种方法，数据处理采用相关性和多元线性回归分析。研究结果表明，多个数值是影响执法人员生理和心理年龄、其衰老率和心理生物学成熟度的因素。在他们为专业活动做心理准备和预防应激障碍的过程中，应考虑到获得的数据。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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