Written from a very untutored and limited viewpoint in terms of physics and mathematics, this essay ventures some thoughts that should therefore be regarded as only tentative. Especially as they address a long established idea that sits right at the heart of the scientific discipline of physics. This is the idea of naturally moving reference systems, a notion closely linked to the classical principles of both inertia and relativity. Such inertial reference systems played a key role in some thought experiments published over a century ago, by Albert Einstein. It is a critical reading of one of these original accounts that forms a springboard for some radical discussions, particularly in terms of assumptions about the physical nature of space. The remarkable revolution in such views that’s taken place since Einstein’s younger days is considered. A development more in accord with this sort of fundamentally modernised world-view suggests a re-appraisal and expanded inclusivity for the inertial reference system concept. In the old thought experiment account in question, Einstein famously used an imaginary device — a train struck by lightning — to illustrate his earlier reasoning for one of his most revolutionary and enduring concepts: the relativity of simultaneity. Over the century or more since he first put this basic rationale forward in 1905, it’s clear it has been largely received with widespread scientific approval. Yet in fact, it’s also apparent that Einstein’s argument actually depended solely on employing the logic of classical mechanics — albeit well beyond its established domain of application. And it’s very troubling that by showing such a clear preference for this old and very conventional but intuitively attractive approach, in effect he allowed it to directly contradict the predictive force of his own new and revolutionary postulates. In response to this concern, a sort of remedial analysis was undertaken. It accepted Einstein’s famous postulates and simply applied them directly to his train scenario — quite independently of the classical transformation he chose to employ instead. It is shown how this meticulous reanalysis led unambiguously to a very different inference about the question of simultaneity. The logical result of applying the postulates was very clear: the observed simultaneity of events is actually not relative to perspective. Rather, this temporal quality seems to be thoroughly conserved across different reference frames, in line with the idea of a universal passage of time. An idea which a majority of physicists probably now consider to be entirely obsolete. They would see the relativity of simultaneity as an integral and established part of the legacy of Einstein’s spectacularly successful theorising. Evaluating what to make of this strikingly disparate and seemingly anomalous outcome compared to Einstein’s, leads to discussions set in a more philosophical context. First, a brief overview portrays how metaphysical vie
{"title":"After a Century of Revolution in the Status of Space and Time: Einstein’s Train Revisited","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.08","url":null,"abstract":"Written from a very untutored and limited viewpoint in terms of physics and mathematics, this essay ventures some thoughts that should therefore be regarded as only tentative. Especially as they address a long established idea that sits right at the heart of the scientific discipline of physics. This is the idea of naturally moving reference systems, a notion closely linked to the classical principles of both inertia and relativity. Such inertial reference systems played a key role in some thought experiments published over a century ago, by Albert Einstein. It is a critical reading of one of these original accounts that forms a springboard for some radical discussions, particularly in terms of assumptions about the physical nature of space. The remarkable revolution in such views that’s taken place since Einstein’s younger days is considered. A development more in accord with this sort of fundamentally modernised world-view suggests a re-appraisal and expanded inclusivity for the inertial reference system concept. In the old thought experiment account in question, Einstein famously used an imaginary device — a train struck by lightning — to illustrate his earlier reasoning for one of his most revolutionary and enduring concepts: the relativity of simultaneity. Over the century or more since he first put this basic rationale forward in 1905, it’s clear it has been largely received with widespread scientific approval. Yet in fact, it’s also apparent that Einstein’s argument actually depended solely on employing the logic of classical mechanics — albeit well beyond its established domain of application. And it’s very troubling that by showing such a clear preference for this old and very conventional but intuitively attractive approach, in effect he allowed it to directly contradict the predictive force of his own new and revolutionary postulates. In response to this concern, a sort of remedial analysis was undertaken. It accepted Einstein’s famous postulates and simply applied them directly to his train scenario — quite independently of the classical transformation he chose to employ instead. It is shown how this meticulous reanalysis led unambiguously to a very different inference about the question of simultaneity. The logical result of applying the postulates was very clear: the observed simultaneity of events is actually not relative to perspective. Rather, this temporal quality seems to be thoroughly conserved across different reference frames, in line with the idea of a universal passage of time. An idea which a majority of physicists probably now consider to be entirely obsolete. They would see the relativity of simultaneity as an integral and established part of the legacy of Einstein’s spectacularly successful theorising. Evaluating what to make of this strikingly disparate and seemingly anomalous outcome compared to Einstein’s, leads to discussions set in a more philosophical context. First, a brief overview portrays how metaphysical vie","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"41 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140461120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The part of the vacuum energy that we associate with “dark matter” is assimilated to the classical gravitational potential energy, this energy is at the origin of the Casimir effect and can be measured by it. Here we provide additional information to demonstrate this proposition and clarify what “dark matter” could be in our universe
{"title":"Gravitational Energy and the Casimir Effect","authors":"Y. Raverdy","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"The part of the vacuum energy that we associate with “dark matter” is assimilated to the classical gravitational potential energy, this energy is at the origin of the Casimir effect and can be measured by it. Here we provide additional information to demonstrate this proposition and clarify what “dark matter” could be in our universe","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"45 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140461213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.
{"title":"The Nature of Vacuum Energy","authors":"Y. Raverdy","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.07","url":null,"abstract":"The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"45 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140461214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noise measurements analysis in this paper is associated with degradation in materials. In particular, one type is called 1/f noise and is not fully understood. In the time domain, the signal has a random noise appearance. However, in the frequency domain, the spectrum goes as 1/f in intensity at low frequencies; noise issues, of course, occur at all frequencies. In reviewing the literature, we note that 1/f noise in particular seems to be strongly related to aspects in materials that can be interpreted in terms of aging degradation in materials (i.e. disorder). In this paper, some key aspects of 1/f noise found in the literature are described and discussed how these observations are related to generated entropy. We can conclude from the literature, that the 1/f noise region is of paramount importance to observing subtle aging degradation occurring in materials. A thermodynamic framework is then used to help interpret the entropy-noise view. A 1/f spectral region entropy model is provided. We suggest two types of analyses. Results help to provide a broader understanding of 1/f noise, identify the region of the spectrum related to the onset of degradation, and show how it can be used to do prognostics. Experiments are suggested to demonstrate how 1/f noise measurements can be used as a prognostic tool for reliability testing to identify and predict degradation over time
{"title":"On the Origin of 1/f Noise due to Generated Entropy","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"Noise measurements analysis in this paper is associated with degradation in materials. In particular, one type is called 1/f noise and is not fully understood. In the time domain, the signal has a random noise appearance. However, in the frequency domain, the spectrum goes as 1/f in intensity at low frequencies; noise issues, of course, occur at all frequencies. In reviewing the literature, we note that 1/f noise in particular seems to be strongly related to aspects in materials that can be interpreted in terms of aging degradation in materials (i.e. disorder). In this paper, some key aspects of 1/f noise found in the literature are described and discussed how these observations are related to generated entropy. We can conclude from the literature, that the 1/f noise region is of paramount importance to observing subtle aging degradation occurring in materials. A thermodynamic framework is then used to help interpret the entropy-noise view. A 1/f spectral region entropy model is provided. We suggest two types of analyses. Results help to provide a broader understanding of 1/f noise, identify the region of the spectrum related to the onset of degradation, and show how it can be used to do prognostics. Experiments are suggested to demonstrate how 1/f noise measurements can be used as a prognostic tool for reliability testing to identify and predict degradation over time","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140489302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The functional equation of real variable that Riemann used in his paper was subjected to elementary operations. And I obtained a lot of complex functional equations that the Riemann zeta function follows respectively. Here, functional equation transformations were the main methods for obtaining the complex functional equations. Half of those are equivalent to the complete symmetric functional equation that the Riemann Xi function follows, and one of those has an origin symmetry with correction terms. From the origin symmetric functional equation including correction terms, the representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any complex number was obtained. And the Riemann hypothesis was proved by applying reduction to absurdity. Moreover the general representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any odd number of 3 or more was also obtained. By suitably combining those functional equations, I observed a new explicit formula for the zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis was again proven using the deductive method. And two types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were also obtained from the explicit formula. In total, three types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were discovered. Conversely, I defined a new function, named the Chi function, for the left side of the origin symmetric functional equation that includes corrective terms. The Chi function is similar to the Riemann Xi function and exhibits origin symmetry. Furthermore, I defined a new function, the eta function, which is similar to the zeta function. The eta function’s pole and trivial zeros are the same as those of the zeta function. Furthermore, the Chi and eta functions have the same non-trivial zeros on the imaginary axis. And I proposed a generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function that states that all non-trivial zeros lie on the imaginary axis. Since I was able to discover the explicit formula for the eta function, the deductive method was used to prove the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function. As you know, there are different types of transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function. I discovered that there are comparable transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the eta function. Based on the results of numerical experiments, I proposed some conjectures referring to relationships between the prime numbers and non-trivial zeros of the eta function.
我对黎曼论文中使用的实变函数方程进行了初等运算。我得到了许多黎曼zeta函数分别遵循的复变函数方程。在这里，函数方程变换是获得复变函数方程的主要方法。其中一半等价于黎曼奚函数所遵循的完全对称函数方程，还有一个具有修正项的原点对称性。从包含修正项的原点对称函数方程中，得到了包含任意复数的zeta函数前导项的表示。并通过还原荒谬性证明了黎曼假设。此外，对于任何 3 或 3 以上的奇数，也得到了包含zeta函数前导项的一般表示。通过适当组合这些函数方程，我观察到了zeta函数的一个新的明确公式。黎曼假设再次通过演绎法得到了证明。同时，根据明式还得到了zeta函数在3或7或更多的奇数中的两类一般表示。总共发现了 3 或 7 或更多奇数的zeta函数的三种一般表示。反过来，我为原点对称函数方程的左边定义了一个新函数，命名为 Chi 函数，其中包括修正项。Chi 函数类似于黎曼奚函数，并具有原点对称性。此外，我还定义了一个新函数，即 eta 函数，它与 zeta 函数类似。eta 函数的极点和微零点与 zeta 函数的极点和微零点相同。此外，Chi 和 eta 函数在虚轴上具有相同的非琐零点。我还为 eta 函数提出了广义黎曼假设，即所有非琐零点都位于虚轴上。由于我发现了 eta 函数的显式，所以就用演绎法证明了 eta 函数的广义黎曼假设。大家都知道，质数和zeta函数的非三等零点之间有不同类型的变换。我发现质数和 eta 函数的非三等零点之间也存在类似的变换。根据数值实验的结果，我提出了一些关于质数与 eta 函数非三等零点之间关系的猜想。
{"title":"Beyond the Riemann Hypothesis [v2]","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"The functional equation of real variable that Riemann used in his paper was subjected to elementary operations. And I obtained a lot of complex functional equations that the Riemann zeta function follows respectively. Here, functional equation transformations were the main methods for obtaining the complex functional equations. Half of those are equivalent to the complete symmetric functional equation that the Riemann Xi function follows, and one of those has an origin symmetry with correction terms. From the origin symmetric functional equation including correction terms, the representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any complex number was obtained. And the Riemann hypothesis was proved by applying reduction to absurdity. Moreover the general representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any odd number of 3 or more was also obtained. By suitably combining those functional equations, I observed a new explicit formula for the zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis was again proven using the deductive method. And two types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were also obtained from the explicit formula. In total, three types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were discovered. Conversely, I defined a new function, named the Chi function, for the left side of the origin symmetric functional equation that includes corrective terms. The Chi function is similar to the Riemann Xi function and exhibits origin symmetry. Furthermore, I defined a new function, the eta function, which is similar to the zeta function. The eta function’s pole and trivial zeros are the same as those of the zeta function. Furthermore, the Chi and eta functions have the same non-trivial zeros on the imaginary axis. And I proposed a generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function that states that all non-trivial zeros lie on the imaginary axis. Since I was able to discover the explicit formula for the eta function, the deductive method was used to prove the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function. As you know, there are different types of transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function. I discovered that there are comparable transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the eta function. Based on the results of numerical experiments, I proposed some conjectures referring to relationships between the prime numbers and non-trivial zeros of the eta function.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139626599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the twin prime conjecture. The basic strategy is to first establish that there is no highest prime number by calculating the rates at which the multiples of each successive prime preclude higher numbers from being prime, and then proving that this rate (in the aggregate) can never reach 100%. The same basic methodology is then used to show that there can also be no highest twin prime.
{"title":"The Twin Prime Conjecture: An Analytical Approach","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the twin prime conjecture. The basic strategy is to first establish that there is no highest prime number by calculating the rates at which the multiples of each successive prime preclude higher numbers from being prime, and then proving that this rate (in the aggregate) can never reach 100%. The same basic methodology is then used to show that there can also be no highest twin prime.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"27 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teledermatology has emerged as a vital technology for remotely delivering medical care and is expected to play an adjunctive role in diagnosing skin diseases in the near future. However, a limitation of teledermatology is the current inability of the medium to assess the changes in the human skin microbiome. Skin infections or microbiome dysbiosis, particularly at early stages, cannot be promptly detected using teledermatology services. Herein, antibody-based and electron-based diagnostics are introduced as complementary tools for teledermatology to examine the infections or microbiome dysbiosis. The lateral or circular flow immunoassay methods as rapid diagnostic tests for detecting microbial antigens or antibodies were presented for patients’ self-diagnosis. The electronic skin patch was underlined as an electron-based diagnostic device for monitoring the activities of electrogenic skin microbes. Data derived from antibody-based and electron-based diagnostics can be instantly transmitted to smartphones or computers for dermatologists to track patients’ skin conditions and therapy progress.
{"title":"Integration of Antibody-Based and Electron-Based Diagnostics into Teledermatology for Skin Microbiome Monitoring","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Teledermatology has emerged as a vital technology for remotely delivering medical care and is expected to play an adjunctive role in diagnosing skin diseases in the near future. However, a limitation of teledermatology is the current inability of the medium to assess the changes in the human skin microbiome. Skin infections or microbiome dysbiosis, particularly at early stages, cannot be promptly detected using teledermatology services. Herein, antibody-based and electron-based diagnostics are introduced as complementary tools for teledermatology to examine the infections or microbiome dysbiosis. The lateral or circular flow immunoassay methods as rapid diagnostic tests for detecting microbial antigens or antibodies were presented for patients’ self-diagnosis. The electronic skin patch was underlined as an electron-based diagnostic device for monitoring the activities of electrogenic skin microbes. Data derived from antibody-based and electron-based diagnostics can be instantly transmitted to smartphones or computers for dermatologists to track patients’ skin conditions and therapy progress.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"41 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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