As the demand for high-quality video streaming experiences continues to rise, ensuring reliable and accountable Quality of Service (QoS) metrics becomes paramount. This review paper explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in addressing the challenges associated with adaptive video streaming. By establishing a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger, blockchain contributes to transparent QoS metrics, mitigating existing limitations in reliability and accountability. The conceptual framework involves the integration of blockchain principles, particularly smart contracts, to automate and enforce service level agreements. The paper delves into the advantages of blockchain, such as transparency, security, and tamper resistance, while addressing scalability issues and adoption challenges. Through an extensive literature review, case studies, and discussions on future directions, this paper provides insights into the current state, potential improvements, and emerging trends in leveraging blockchain for enhancing the quality of adaptive video streaming services.
{"title":"Blockchain-Driven Assurance: Transforming Adaptive Video Streaming with TamperResistant Quality of Service Metrics","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.03.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.03.01","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for high-quality video streaming experiences continues to rise, ensuring reliable and accountable Quality of Service (QoS) metrics becomes paramount. This review paper explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in addressing the challenges associated with adaptive video streaming. By establishing a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger, blockchain contributes to transparent QoS metrics, mitigating existing limitations in reliability and accountability. The conceptual framework involves the integration of blockchain principles, particularly smart contracts, to automate and enforce service level agreements. The paper delves into the advantages of blockchain, such as transparency, security, and tamper resistance, while addressing scalability issues and adoption challenges. Through an extensive literature review, case studies, and discussions on future directions, this paper provides insights into the current state, potential improvements, and emerging trends in leveraging blockchain for enhancing the quality of adaptive video streaming services.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"87 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141022064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave - particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau–Rayleigh energyspace-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy space- time interface tension which is the “charge”. Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary: gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energyspace-time interface tension (at either rest or kinetic energy boundary) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface field’s interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
一般来说，运动或静止的流体由于其表面张力，往往会将其表面积最小化。研究表明，动能流经时空时也会出现流体力学中观察到的高原-雷利不稳定性。能量、时空的作用类似于流体，时空对能量作用的反应相当于能量与时空之间的界面张力。由于能量-时空高原-雷利不稳定性，能量不能在时空中连续流动，时空对动能运动方向的压缩（收缩）诱发了类似能量波的运动（时空压缩波充当动能波导），粒子或能量包在时空中运动时必须遵循这一规律，这就是观察到的波粒二象性的原因。量子现象只是时空压缩对动能运动方向影响的结果。动能和时空是流体，能量量子可以达到一个临界点，此时能量量子可以从直线运动变为圆周运动，并呈现球形对称形状（尽可能减小时空能量界面张力的最小表面积），从而凝结为质能。研究表明，能量量子到质量的转化是通过高原-雷利能量时空不稳定性发生的，它受能量时空 Young-Laplace 方程支配。电场线被描述为在最大动能时空界面张力（即 "电荷"）处由动态时空相变诱发的空间收缩能量冲击波。时空总是对能量的存在做出反应，这种反应就是能量-时空边界的界面张力：引力场和电场是能量-时空界面张力（静止或动能边界）的结果，也受能量-时空不稳定性杨-拉普拉斯方程的支配。引力常数 G 和精细结构常数 ∝ 分别是能量界面场的相互作用常数。强力是核子能量-时空界面张力场直接接触的结果，没有相互作用常数。强力强度的范围和变化是由海森堡不确定性原理决定的
{"title":"Energy-Space-Time Plateau-Rayleigh Instability, Quantum Phenomenon & the Fundamental Interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.02.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.02.13","url":null,"abstract":"In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave - particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau–Rayleigh energyspace-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy space- time interface tension which is the “charge”. Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary: gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energyspace-time interface tension (at either rest or kinetic energy boundary) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface field’s interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this particular paper we will demonstrate that, by invoking the concept of a ‘quaternionic quasicomplex component’, it is possible to graphically represent all quaternions and their concomitant functions with the aid of specific quaternionic analogues of the Argand diagram from complex variable analysis, bearing in mind that the algebraic and analytic properties of the aforesaid numbers and functions have been comprehensively elucidated in the author’s antecedent papers [2]; [3]; [4] & [5]
{"title":"Graphical Representation of Quaternions and Their Concomitant Functions","authors":"Stephen C. Pearson","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.02.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.02.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this particular paper we will demonstrate that, by invoking the concept of a ‘quaternionic quasicomplex component’, it is possible to graphically represent all quaternions and their concomitant functions with the aid of specific quaternionic analogues of the Argand diagram from complex variable analysis, bearing in mind that the algebraic and analytic properties of the aforesaid numbers and functions have been comprehensively elucidated in the author’s antecedent papers [2]; [3]; [4] & [5]","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"80 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140756972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, the Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of the Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out that there are many contradictions and mistakes in it. Michelson confused the reference frame in his analysis and calculation, and the result was necessarily wrong. The Michelson-Morey experiment wants to measure the speed of the earth relative to the "ether" on the earth. According to the Galileo's relativity principle, it is impossible to measure it. This experiment is meaningless. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment.It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect, and the special theory of relativity is completely wrong. Only the Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and the Galileo’s transformation is the correct theory to describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relations among matter, space, time, motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
{"title":"The Theory of Absoluteness —The Relations among Matter, Space, Time and Motion","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, the Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of the Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out that there are many contradictions and mistakes in it. Michelson confused the reference frame in his analysis and calculation, and the result was necessarily wrong. The Michelson-Morey experiment wants to measure the speed of the earth relative to the \"ether\" on the earth. According to the Galileo's relativity principle, it is impossible to measure it. This experiment is meaningless. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up \"length shortening\", \"clock slowing down\" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment.It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect, and the special theory of relativity is completely wrong. Only the Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and the Galileo’s transformation is the correct theory to describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relations among matter, space, time, motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140211927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advancements in internet technology have enabled the integration of different traffic types i.e. data, video, and voice into a single network. This technology offers many benefits but also presents some challenges. Real-time traffic services such as VoIP require a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which cannot be guaranteed on the Internet therefore, key performance metrics become all the more important. The choice of codecs and queuing techniques becomes crucial for ensuring optimal performance, especially in networks with diverse traffic types. This research therefore compared the effects of the combinations of these tools (i.e. queuing techniques and codec schemes) on the quality of VoIP. A simulation approach using the OPNET Modeler 14.5 tool has been used to simulate a network supporting three different types of traffic namely: FTP traffic, Video conferencing traffic, and VoIP traffic. While maintaining the same topology and traffic of the network, different types of codec schemes and queuing techniques have been tested through the measurement of parameters such as delay and throughput. The custom Queuing technique showed the best performance overall while FIFO suffered the highest delay. The graphs were observed to follow the same pattern regardless of the codec scheme used however, G729 performed the better of the two as it received higher amounts of voice traffic and slightly lower delays compared to G711.
互联网技术的进步使得数据、视频和语音等不同类型的流量能够整合到一个网络中。这种技术带来了许多好处，但也带来了一些挑战。VoIP 等实时流量服务需要一定的服务质量（QoS），而这在互联网上是无法保证的，因此，关键性能指标变得更加重要。编解码器和队列技术的选择对于确保最佳性能至关重要，尤其是在具有不同流量类型的网络中。因此，这项研究比较了这些工具（即队列技术和编解码器方案）的组合对 VoIP 质量的影响。使用 OPNET Modeler 14.5 工具的仿真方法模拟了一个支持三种不同流量类型的网络，即 FTP 流量、视频会议流量和音频流量：FTP 流量、视频会议流量和 VoIP 流量。在保持网络拓扑和流量不变的情况下，通过测量延迟和吞吐量等参数，测试了不同类型的编解码方案和队列技术。自定义队列技术的整体性能最佳，而先进先出技术的延迟最高。无论使用哪种编解码器方案，观察到的曲线图都遵循相同的模式，但 G729 的表现更好，因为与 G711 相比，它接收的语音流量更大，延迟也略低。
{"title":"Performance Analysis of G.711 and G.729 Codec Schemes under Various Queuing Techniques in Voice over Internet Protocol Transmissions","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in internet technology have enabled the integration of different traffic types i.e. data, video, and voice into a single network. This technology offers many benefits but also presents some challenges. Real-time traffic services such as VoIP require a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which cannot be guaranteed on the Internet therefore, key performance metrics become all the more important. The choice of codecs and queuing techniques becomes crucial for ensuring optimal performance, especially in networks with diverse traffic types. This research therefore compared the effects of the combinations of these tools (i.e. queuing techniques and codec schemes) on the quality of VoIP. A simulation approach using the OPNET Modeler 14.5 tool has been used to simulate a network supporting three different types of traffic namely: FTP traffic, Video conferencing traffic, and VoIP traffic. While maintaining the same topology and traffic of the network, different types of codec schemes and queuing techniques have been tested through the measurement of parameters such as delay and throughput. The custom Queuing technique showed the best performance overall while FIFO suffered the highest delay. The graphs were observed to follow the same pattern regardless of the codec scheme used however, G729 performed the better of the two as it received higher amounts of voice traffic and slightly lower delays compared to G711.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"53 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140229278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Physics, when various theories have disputed points, they are temporarily established, until their disputed points are clarified. If the disputed points of the theories are not clarified, the theories are rejected, if they are clarified and no new disputed points arise, the theories are definitively established. A theory may also be established definitively even when its disputed points are of secondary importance. However, in general, an established theory is always in question, since with the progress of science, new data may emerge that will questions the correctness of the theory. Thus the theory of the Standard Model, which is a branch of the theory of Quanta and describes the elementary structural components of matter, the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions between them and the Higgs mechanism for the origin of the mass of elementary particles, been established as a very well-founded theory, according to the proponents of the theory, which has predicted many experimental results and the existence of many particles and has withstood many theoretical and experimental tests. But because the theory also has many disputed points, as I describe in papers [1, 2], it was temporarily established until the clarification of its disputed points. In this paper I describe some errors of the Standard Model theory, created during the foundation of the theory which burden the theory even more, since it is very negative to establish a theory on a false foundation. In any way to supplement or replace the gap that may leave the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe, sooner or later, but at some point of time, due to the disputed points and the errors of its foundation, will be withdrawn, I propose a New Model, which most convincingly describes the elementary building blocks of matter, antimatter and their interactions. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the Standard Model theory, how the mass of subnuclear particles is created, and includes gravity, which is not included in the Standard Model theory
{"title":"The Errors in the Foundation of the “Standard Model” theory and the “New Model”","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"In Physics, when various theories have disputed points, they are temporarily established, until their disputed points are clarified. If the disputed points of the theories are not clarified, the theories are rejected, if they are clarified and no new disputed points arise, the theories are definitively established. A theory may also be established definitively even when its disputed points are of secondary importance. However, in general, an established theory is always in question, since with the progress of science, new data may emerge that will questions the correctness of the theory. Thus the theory of the Standard Model, which is a branch of the theory of Quanta and describes the elementary structural components of matter, the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions between them and the Higgs mechanism for the origin of the mass of elementary particles, been established as a very well-founded theory, according to the proponents of the theory, which has predicted many experimental results and the existence of many particles and has withstood many theoretical and experimental tests. But because the theory also has many disputed points, as I describe in papers [1, 2], it was temporarily established until the clarification of its disputed points. In this paper I describe some errors of the Standard Model theory, created during the foundation of the theory which burden the theory even more, since it is very negative to establish a theory on a false foundation. In any way to supplement or replace the gap that may leave the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe, sooner or later, but at some point of time, due to the disputed points and the errors of its foundation, will be withdrawn, I propose a New Model, which most convincingly describes the elementary building blocks of matter, antimatter and their interactions. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the Standard Model theory, how the mass of subnuclear particles is created, and includes gravity, which is not included in the Standard Model theory","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the factors of the number A+B-C is a fraction proper. Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering ISSN: 2834-4928 40170 Mesos, France Theorem In a prime base n > 2 and reciprocals prime (coprime) numbers A, B, C, not multiples of n (basic case), the equality • An + Bn - Cn = 0 impossible.
数 A+B-C 的一个因数是正分数。电气电子工程学报 ISSN: 2834-4928 40170 法国梅索斯定理 在质底 n > 2 且互质（共质）数 A、B、C 不是 n 的倍数（基本情况）的情况下，相等 - An + Bn - Cn = 0 不可能。
{"title":"Fermat's Theorem Arithmetic Demonstration","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.15","url":null,"abstract":"One of the factors of the number A+B-C is a fraction proper. Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering ISSN: 2834-4928 40170 Mesos, France Theorem In a prime base n > 2 and reciprocals prime (coprime) numbers A, B, C, not multiples of n (basic case), the equality • An + Bn - Cn = 0 impossible.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140426817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is briefly shown that all physical theories that rely on a mathematical application of the circle number as an irrational dimensionless number are irrational and flawed in their explanatory content, since they place the physical dimensions of space (L) [length] and time (T) in an inaccurate and irrational relationship. Albert Einstein's most important postulate (speed of light in a vacuum = constant) is thus refuted and shown that there π are no natural constants in nature – apart from the circle number π
{"title":"An Effective Refutation of General Relativity and Quantum Theories","authors":"Manfred U. E. Pohl","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.11","url":null,"abstract":"It is briefly shown that all physical theories that rely on a mathematical application of the circle number as an irrational dimensionless number are irrational and flawed in their explanatory content, since they place the physical dimensions of space (L) [length] and time (T) in an inaccurate and irrational relationship. Albert Einstein's most important postulate (speed of light in a vacuum = constant) is thus refuted and shown that there π are no natural constants in nature – apart from the circle number π","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"195 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140455668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices have no moving parts and, in the air, operate on electrical energy. Thus, electric propulsion systems without moving parts such as propellers are expected to be developed in the future. EHD devices levitate in the direction opposite the direction of gravity when a high voltage is applied. In this study, detailed properties of the accurate propulsion direction, speed, and acceleration were clarified by imaging analysis. The analysis clarified that even if the orientation of the device was initially tilted from a horizontal line, the device was made to levitate vertically upward in the same direction as the direction of gravity, and a restoring force acts to return the orientation to a horizontal line during the levitation. These phenomena are very strange and different from those of drones with propellers. When the device levitates, the acceleration does not become constant immediately after the voltage is applied, but after passing through 0, it increases linearly in temporal duration of sub 0.1 s and saturates. The saturation of the acceleration changed with the input voltage. In this study, we used optical flow analysis, which is a well-known and proven imaging analysis, to analyze the trajectory of an object using image analysis. Detailed levitation properties have not been analyzed until now. First, as a result of analyzing the free flight characteristics of a single plate electrode, a single unit that has been very well researched in many papers, it was revealed that the direction of propulsion changes from the lateral direction to the direction of gravity midway through. Analysis on the levitation property of a EHD device, which has a special structure with a large area on the ground at a triangular center, and a propulsion device revealed that the EHD device can only levitate in almost the same direction as gravity. The maximum acceleration of the EHD device in these experiments was estimated to be 7 m/s2 .
{"title":"Analysis for Levitation of EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device in Direction of Gravity using Optical Flow Method","authors":"Takumi Saiki","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices have no moving parts and, in the air, operate on electrical energy. Thus, electric propulsion systems without moving parts such as propellers are expected to be developed in the future. EHD devices levitate in the direction opposite the direction of gravity when a high voltage is applied. In this study, detailed properties of the accurate propulsion direction, speed, and acceleration were clarified by imaging analysis. The analysis clarified that even if the orientation of the device was initially tilted from a horizontal line, the device was made to levitate vertically upward in the same direction as the direction of gravity, and a restoring force acts to return the orientation to a horizontal line during the levitation. These phenomena are very strange and different from those of drones with propellers. When the device levitates, the acceleration does not become constant immediately after the voltage is applied, but after passing through 0, it increases linearly in temporal duration of sub 0.1 s and saturates. The saturation of the acceleration changed with the input voltage. In this study, we used optical flow analysis, which is a well-known and proven imaging analysis, to analyze the trajectory of an object using image analysis. Detailed levitation properties have not been analyzed until now. First, as a result of analyzing the free flight characteristics of a single plate electrode, a single unit that has been very well researched in many papers, it was revealed that the direction of propulsion changes from the lateral direction to the direction of gravity midway through. Analysis on the levitation property of a EHD device, which has a special structure with a large area on the ground at a triangular center, and a propulsion device revealed that the EHD device can only levitate in almost the same direction as gravity. The maximum acceleration of the EHD device in these experiments was estimated to be 7 m/s2 .","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"122 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140456387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contactless charging is evolving fast in many domains as for example on the electrical vehicles (EV) domain. The principle consists of transferring energy between two systems without having any electrical connection between them. This power transfer can be realized by emitting a magnetic field and is called Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for static application and DIPT for dynamic application. In the automotive domain, the application of contactless charging to supply power to the vehicle while driving is one of the solutions envisaged to solve the limited autonomy range of EV and reduced its cost but the system must comply with existing standards (e.g., allocated frequency range and radiated electromagnetic emissions), as summarized in this paper. We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to “dark energy” and “dark matter”.
{"title":"A Review of Standard in Inductive Power Transfer","authors":"Wassim Kabbara, T. Phulpin, Mohamed Bensetti","doi":"10.33140/jeee.03.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jeee.03.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"Contactless charging is evolving fast in many domains as for example on the electrical vehicles (EV) domain. The principle consists of transferring energy between two systems without having any electrical connection between them. This power transfer can be realized by emitting a magnetic field and is called Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for static application and DIPT for dynamic application. In the automotive domain, the application of contactless charging to supply power to the vehicle while driving is one of the solutions envisaged to solve the limited autonomy range of EV and reduced its cost but the system must comply with existing standards (e.g., allocated frequency range and radiated electromagnetic emissions), as summarized in this paper. We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to “dark energy” and “dark matter”.","PeriodicalId":515574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140460710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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