Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2210513
Jen-Chung Mei
ABSTRACT Recent theoretical contributions provide predictions about the effects of core product competence on firms’ productivity. However, we know little about the influence of foreign ownership on core product competence that might also lead to productivity gains across firms. This paper uses firm-level data for 137 countries to investigate how foreign ownership affects firms’ decision to become specialised at core products and the subsequently firm productivity gains. To tackle the possible endogeneity of foreign ownership, the instrumental variable approach and the propensity score matching technique are employed. The results show that foreign ownership has a positive and significant effect on firms’ core product competence and this positive effect leads to productivity gains, especially for the most productive firms. We further reveal that foreign competition within an industry encourages firms to become specialised at core products, which could further lead to productivity gains across firms.
{"title":"Core product competence and productivity gains: the role of foreign ownership","authors":"Jen-Chung Mei","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2210513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2210513","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent theoretical contributions provide predictions about the effects of core product competence on firms’ productivity. However, we know little about the influence of foreign ownership on core product competence that might also lead to productivity gains across firms. This paper uses firm-level data for 137 countries to investigate how foreign ownership affects firms’ decision to become specialised at core products and the subsequently firm productivity gains. To tackle the possible endogeneity of foreign ownership, the instrumental variable approach and the propensity score matching technique are employed. The results show that foreign ownership has a positive and significant effect on firms’ core product competence and this positive effect leads to productivity gains, especially for the most productive firms. We further reveal that foreign competition within an industry encourages firms to become specialised at core products, which could further lead to productivity gains across firms.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49047384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationship between gender and corruption in thirteen Middle East and North African (MENA) countries during 2006–2020. We find a poor performance in terms of both corruption and the lack of involvement of women in public life, with a correlation between these two phenomena in the region. Due to the presence of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the panel, we employed second-generation econometric panel unit root and cointegration tests. Using the ARDL-PMG approach, which is categorised as an error-corrected model, we demonstrate that greater involvement of women in the economic and political sphere is associated with lower levels of corruption. The results also indicate that the link between corruption and gender is dependent on the context and institutional factors. The role of democracy and political stability in explaining this interaction is particularly important, especially when women are well-represented in decision-making positions. Finally, we provide evidence that improved gender equality can strengthen the connection between greater involvement of women in public life, and more success in tackling corruption. Greater gender egalitarianism can break down the male-dominated network of corruption that is widespread in MENA countries.
{"title":"Gender and corruption: examining the nexus in MENA countries using PMG-ARDL approach","authors":"Lamia Jaidane Mazigh, Islem Khefacha, Belgacem smiri","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2205109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2205109","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationship between gender and corruption in thirteen Middle East and North African (MENA) countries during 2006–2020. We find a poor performance in terms of both corruption and the lack of involvement of women in public life, with a correlation between these two phenomena in the region. Due to the presence of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity in the panel, we employed second-generation econometric panel unit root and cointegration tests. Using the ARDL-PMG approach, which is categorised as an error-corrected model, we demonstrate that greater involvement of women in the economic and political sphere is associated with lower levels of corruption. The results also indicate that the link between corruption and gender is dependent on the context and institutional factors. The role of democracy and political stability in explaining this interaction is particularly important, especially when women are well-represented in decision-making positions. Finally, we provide evidence that improved gender equality can strengthen the connection between greater involvement of women in public life, and more success in tackling corruption. Greater gender egalitarianism can break down the male-dominated network of corruption that is widespread in MENA countries.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45059502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-23DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2205111
E. Berghuis, D. Loorbach, Anne van Vulpen, Martijn Verkuijl, Claudia van Orden, R.L.G. Greer
ABSTRACT Circular ecosystems can be a role model in the transition to a circular economy, can inspire and motivate other entrepreneurs, and may possibly have a transformative effect in the transition. For example, by deploying knowledge and experience for a targeted lobby for policy change – such as changes in the law and regulations. Four circular ecosystems were studied to discover how they function, and what they may contribute to the transition to a circular economy. The research shows that cooperation in ecosystems can provide circular start-ups with much added value. At the same time, the research also shows that the influence of the four circular ecosystems investigated is limited regarding the local transition to a circular economy. The ecosystems are not examples of a circular economy yet. But ecosystems are not static entities. They are on the move, as this research demonstrates.
{"title":"Coming together for transition? Entrepreneurial ecosystems for a circular economy","authors":"E. Berghuis, D. Loorbach, Anne van Vulpen, Martijn Verkuijl, Claudia van Orden, R.L.G. Greer","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2205111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2205111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Circular ecosystems can be a role model in the transition to a circular economy, can inspire and motivate other entrepreneurs, and may possibly have a transformative effect in the transition. For example, by deploying knowledge and experience for a targeted lobby for policy change – such as changes in the law and regulations. Four circular ecosystems were studied to discover how they function, and what they may contribute to the transition to a circular economy. The research shows that cooperation in ecosystems can provide circular start-ups with much added value. At the same time, the research also shows that the influence of the four circular ecosystems investigated is limited regarding the local transition to a circular economy. The ecosystems are not examples of a circular economy yet. But ecosystems are not static entities. They are on the move, as this research demonstrates.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2205107
Clement Oppong, Abukari Salifu Atchulo, Shenell Fatia Oman
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effect of institutional quality and public debt on economic growth among sub-Saharan African countries. The study employs the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) and the Fixed Effect techniques on data from 35 Sub Saharan African countries (sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the World Governance Index (WGI) databases from 2010 to 2020). The results reveal that institutional quality has a significantly negative effect on public debt; public debt has a significantly negative effect on economic growth; and institutional quality has a significantly positive effect on economic growth. This suggests that countries with weak institutions may have debt overhang deleterious to economic growth.
{"title":"Public debt and economic growth nexus in sub-saharan Africa: does institutional quality matter?","authors":"Clement Oppong, Abukari Salifu Atchulo, Shenell Fatia Oman","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2205107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2205107","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effect of institutional quality and public debt on economic growth among sub-Saharan African countries. The study employs the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) and the Fixed Effect techniques on data from 35 Sub Saharan African countries (sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the World Governance Index (WGI) databases from 2010 to 2020). The results reveal that institutional quality has a significantly negative effect on public debt; public debt has a significantly negative effect on economic growth; and institutional quality has a significantly positive effect on economic growth. This suggests that countries with weak institutions may have debt overhang deleterious to economic growth.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43408275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2200993
Ivonne Acevedo, Francesca Castellani, María José Cota, Giulia Lotti, Miguel Székely
This study explores the evolution of inequality in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic by using primary data from household and employment surveys collected in 2020. First, we discuss the trends in inequality in the region from 1992 to 2020. Next, we estimate regression models to examine how the changes in demographics and education levels might be correlated with changes in income distribution. Finally, we use a panel regression model with fixed effects for 16 countries in the region to identify how the socioeconomic context might help explain the changes in income inequality. The empirical findings suggest that inequality increased by a statistically significant 2% between 2019 and 2020. We obtained significantly heterogeneous results when disaggregating by gender, urban/rural location, and sector of economic activity. Remittances had a modest effect, while government transfers helped to prevent more significant disparities in half the countries studied. Our estimations show that the decline in employment levels – due to the economic contraction caused by COVID-19— is associated with increases in income inequality that might gradually diminish with the recovery.
{"title":"Higher inequality in Latin America: a collateral effect of the pandemic","authors":"Ivonne Acevedo, Francesca Castellani, María José Cota, Giulia Lotti, Miguel Székely","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2200993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2200993","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the evolution of inequality in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic by using primary data from household and employment surveys collected in 2020. First, we discuss the trends in inequality in the region from 1992 to 2020. Next, we estimate regression models to examine how the changes in demographics and education levels might be correlated with changes in income distribution. Finally, we use a panel regression model with fixed effects for 16 countries in the region to identify how the socioeconomic context might help explain the changes in income inequality. The empirical findings suggest that inequality increased by a statistically significant 2% between 2019 and 2020. We obtained significantly heterogeneous results when disaggregating by gender, urban/rural location, and sector of economic activity. Remittances had a modest effect, while government transfers helped to prevent more significant disparities in half the countries studied. Our estimations show that the decline in employment levels – due to the economic contraction caused by COVID-19— is associated with increases in income inequality that might gradually diminish with the recovery.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135708504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-07DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2197642
P. Ningaye, Isaac Ketu
ABSTRACT Understanding the determinants of the informal economy is a crucial issue in economic development due to its far-reaching effects on development efforts. Previous studies focused exclusively on factors that can potentially reduce the relative size of the shadow economy. However, these attempts have not enjoyed much success to date in Africa, where informality has continued to thrive. We contend that realistic medium-term goals, as opposed to obligatory formalisation, could increase the output of informal businesses by providing enough infrastructure and a welcoming business climate, which would at the same time foster formalisation. Using OLS, FE and system GMM with data on 42 African countries covering 2003–2018, we find that infrastructure development reduces the relative size of the shadow economy in African countries. Our results remained consistent when we controlled for the effects of other determinants of the informal economy, employed other estimators, and used an alternative measure of the informal economy.
{"title":"Does infrastructure development matter for the shadow economy in African countries?","authors":"P. Ningaye, Isaac Ketu","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2197642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2197642","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Understanding the determinants of the informal economy is a crucial issue in economic development due to its far-reaching effects on development efforts. Previous studies focused exclusively on factors that can potentially reduce the relative size of the shadow economy. However, these attempts have not enjoyed much success to date in Africa, where informality has continued to thrive. We contend that realistic medium-term goals, as opposed to obligatory formalisation, could increase the output of informal businesses by providing enough infrastructure and a welcoming business climate, which would at the same time foster formalisation. Using OLS, FE and system GMM with data on 42 African countries covering 2003–2018, we find that infrastructure development reduces the relative size of the shadow economy in African countries. Our results remained consistent when we controlled for the effects of other determinants of the informal economy, employed other estimators, and used an alternative measure of the informal economy.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47681687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2198329
J. Michie
The growth of China, India and other countries in the Global South over the past decades has led to a relative catching up with the already industrialised economies of North America and Europe. This translates into a reduction in global inequalities, in the sense that the gap between average living standards between the two categories of economy is no longer as great as it once was. However, this disguises what has been a global phenomenon of increased inequality of wealth and income within almost every country on earth. Thus, inequality has grown within China, within India, within the U.S., within the UK, and so on. So, any reference to reduced inequality globally needs to bear in mind this reality – of increased inequality facing people within their own country. In ‘Structural change and industrial linkages: a perspective on China’s growth pattern, 1995–2009’, Roberto Alexandre Zanchetta Borghi notes that ‘China has presented one of the most noticeable growth experiences in economic history’, with the high economic growth rates in the post-1978 reform era having been marked by deep structural changes. The paper analyses these changes from a Kaldorian-Structuralist perspective, emphasising ‘the importance of a large, diversified and integrated industrial base as a central engine of economic growth’ – which Borghi suggests, prevented balance-of-payments constraints, with most sectors having been able to generate through exports sufficient foreign exchange to pay for the required imports. In terms of the future for countries of the Global South – to go further in economic development, poverty reduction, and even perhaps reducing the inequalities in wealth and income that has been created over the past decades – an important role may be played by financial inclusion. In other words, ensuring that the less well off in these societies can gain access to basic financial products and services in a cost-effective matter. A review of the literature in this area, regarding the factors responsible for financial exclusion, policy initiatives by government and regulatory bodies, and recent trends regarding financial inclusion, is reported by Anusha Goel, in ‘Trends and reforms of financial inclusion in India’. While the literature does report progress in many aspects, as far as India is concerned, the overall picture is one of work in progress, with various challenges still faced, and needing to be overcome. Along with financial inclusion, development requires an effective productive infrastructure – including transport, communications, energy, and water and hygiene. This aspect is analysed by Isaac Ketu and Paul Ningaye in ‘Does Infrastructure Development Matter for the Shadow Economy in African Countries?’. Analysing 42
{"title":"Inequality growth within countries, despite catch-up between countries","authors":"J. Michie","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2198329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2198329","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of China, India and other countries in the Global South over the past decades has led to a relative catching up with the already industrialised economies of North America and Europe. This translates into a reduction in global inequalities, in the sense that the gap between average living standards between the two categories of economy is no longer as great as it once was. However, this disguises what has been a global phenomenon of increased inequality of wealth and income within almost every country on earth. Thus, inequality has grown within China, within India, within the U.S., within the UK, and so on. So, any reference to reduced inequality globally needs to bear in mind this reality – of increased inequality facing people within their own country. In ‘Structural change and industrial linkages: a perspective on China’s growth pattern, 1995–2009’, Roberto Alexandre Zanchetta Borghi notes that ‘China has presented one of the most noticeable growth experiences in economic history’, with the high economic growth rates in the post-1978 reform era having been marked by deep structural changes. The paper analyses these changes from a Kaldorian-Structuralist perspective, emphasising ‘the importance of a large, diversified and integrated industrial base as a central engine of economic growth’ – which Borghi suggests, prevented balance-of-payments constraints, with most sectors having been able to generate through exports sufficient foreign exchange to pay for the required imports. In terms of the future for countries of the Global South – to go further in economic development, poverty reduction, and even perhaps reducing the inequalities in wealth and income that has been created over the past decades – an important role may be played by financial inclusion. In other words, ensuring that the less well off in these societies can gain access to basic financial products and services in a cost-effective matter. A review of the literature in this area, regarding the factors responsible for financial exclusion, policy initiatives by government and regulatory bodies, and recent trends regarding financial inclusion, is reported by Anusha Goel, in ‘Trends and reforms of financial inclusion in India’. While the literature does report progress in many aspects, as far as India is concerned, the overall picture is one of work in progress, with various challenges still faced, and needing to be overcome. Along with financial inclusion, development requires an effective productive infrastructure – including transport, communications, energy, and water and hygiene. This aspect is analysed by Isaac Ketu and Paul Ningaye in ‘Does Infrastructure Development Matter for the Shadow Economy in African Countries?’. Analysing 42","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47694093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2184464
Roberto Alexandre Zanchetta Borghi
ABSTRACT China has presented one of the most noticeable growth experiences in economic history. High growth rates in the post-1978 reform period have been marked by deep structural changes in the Chinese economy. This paper aims to discuss China’s long-term economic growth from a Kaldorian-Structuralist framework that emphasises the importance of a large, diversified and integrated industrial base as a central engine of economic growth that may prevent balance-of-payments constraints. This study applies input-output indicators to reveal key sectoral transformations of the Chinese productive structure and changes in interindustry linkages during the 1990s and 2000s. Results provide evidence that: (i) the Chinese sustained growth pattern has relied on a diversified and increasingly integrated domestic industrial production; and (ii) most sectors have been able to generate through exports enough foreign exchange to pay for import needs.
{"title":"Structural change and industrial linkages: a perspective on China’s growth pattern, 1995-2009","authors":"Roberto Alexandre Zanchetta Borghi","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2184464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2184464","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China has presented one of the most noticeable growth experiences in economic history. High growth rates in the post-1978 reform period have been marked by deep structural changes in the Chinese economy. This paper aims to discuss China’s long-term economic growth from a Kaldorian-Structuralist framework that emphasises the importance of a large, diversified and integrated industrial base as a central engine of economic growth that may prevent balance-of-payments constraints. This study applies input-output indicators to reveal key sectoral transformations of the Chinese productive structure and changes in interindustry linkages during the 1990s and 2000s. Results provide evidence that: (i) the Chinese sustained growth pattern has relied on a diversified and increasingly integrated domestic industrial production; and (ii) most sectors have been able to generate through exports enough foreign exchange to pay for import needs.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49607652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-18DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2167952
Anusha Goel
ABSTRACT Financial Inclusion means providing basic financial products and services to marginalised groups in society in a cost-effective manner. It is an aspect of financial development which helps to achieve higher growth, reduced inequality and reduced poverty. This article undertakes a thematic literature review of factors responsible for financial exclusion, recent trends regarding inclusion, and policy initiatives by government and regulatory bodies. The literature suggests that low earnings, gender gap, ignorance towards marginalised groups, low degree of financial literacy, remote locations and cultural barriers are all important issues behind financial inclusion. There have been improvements in the extent of inclusiveness alongside various reforms and the development of the digital infrastructure, especially during the past decade. However, certain aspects still necessitate pre-emptive measures by the authorities.
{"title":"Trends and reforms of financial inclusion in India","authors":"Anusha Goel","doi":"10.1080/02692171.2023.2167952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2023.2167952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Financial Inclusion means providing basic financial products and services to marginalised groups in society in a cost-effective manner. It is an aspect of financial development which helps to achieve higher growth, reduced inequality and reduced poverty. This article undertakes a thematic literature review of factors responsible for financial exclusion, recent trends regarding inclusion, and policy initiatives by government and regulatory bodies. The literature suggests that low earnings, gender gap, ignorance towards marginalised groups, low degree of financial literacy, remote locations and cultural barriers are all important issues behind financial inclusion. There have been improvements in the extent of inclusiveness alongside various reforms and the development of the digital infrastructure, especially during the past decade. However, certain aspects still necessitate pre-emptive measures by the authorities.","PeriodicalId":51618,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Applied Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42204548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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