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Access to drinking water and sanitation in developing countries: Does financial development matter? 发展中国家获得饮用水和卫生设施:金融发展重要吗?
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2234837
Sosson Tadadjeu, Brice Kamguia, Ronald Djeunankan
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effect of financial development on access to safe water and sanitation. Using panel data from a sample of 106 developing countries over the period 2000–2019, empirical results based on two-step system generalised method of moments suggest that financial development improves access to drinking water and sanitation for the total population and for both urban and rural populations. In addition, financial development reduces the gap between urban and rural populations in terms of access to these two basic services. Further analysis also suggests that the financial market and financial institutions, as well as their sub-indices (financial depth, financial access, and financial efficiency), also improve access to water and sanitation. These results underscore the need for continued efforts to design and implement policies that promote financial development. In addition, given the greater impact of financial institutions, we suggest that reforms to improve the financial system should be more oriented towards the development of financial institutions.
摘要本研究的目的是考察金融发展对获得安全饮用水和卫生设施的影响。利用2000-2009年期间106个发展中国家样本的面板数据,基于两步系统通用矩法的实证结果表明,金融发展改善了总人口以及城市和农村人口获得饮用水和卫生设施的机会。此外,金融发展缩小了城市和农村人口在获得这两项基本服务方面的差距。进一步的分析还表明,金融市场和金融机构及其分项指数(金融深度、金融准入和金融效率)也改善了获得水和卫生设施的机会。这些结果强调,需要继续努力制定和执行促进金融发展的政策。此外,鉴于金融机构的影响更大,我们建议改善金融体系的改革应更多地面向金融机构的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Labour market rigidity and total factor productivity: a re-examination of the evidence from India 劳动力市场刚性与全要素生产率:对印度证据的重新审视
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2240252
Gopal Krishna Roy, A. Dubey
ABSTRACT The existing empirical studies concerning labour market rigidity associated with the labour laws in India suggest an adverse impact of rigidity on total factor productivity (TFP). In this paper, we improve upon both the measurement of spatiotemporal variation in labour market flexibility and plant-level TFP from production function estimates in the presence of institutional rigidity in labour inputs adjustment due to job security legislation based on the recent advancement in the literature. We use an unbalanced panel of manufacturing plants from the Annual Survey of Industries panel data from 1999–2000 to 2016–17 to analyse the relationship between labour market rigidity/flexibility and TFP. We find that establishments that fall under the purview of job security legislation have higher productivity than those outside the ambit of job security legislation. The results suggest that rigidity associated with job security provisions does not harm TFP, and higher flexibility is negatively associated with TFP. However, we find considerable heterogeneity in the flexibility–TFP relationship across various industry groups. The heterogeneity in the flexibility–TFP relationship suggests that flexibility-inducing labour policy may improve TFP in some industries and, at the same time, decrease it in others.
摘要现有的与印度劳动法相关的劳动力市场刚性实证研究表明,刚性对全要素生产率(TFP)产生了不利影响。在这篇论文中,我们根据文献的最新进展,在劳动保障立法导致劳动力投入调整存在制度刚性的情况下,改进了劳动力市场灵活性和工厂水平TFP的时空变化的测量。我们使用1999-2000年至2016-17年工业年度调查面板数据中的制造厂不平衡面板来分析劳动力市场刚性/灵活性与TFP之间的关系。我们发现,属于就业保障立法范围内的机构的生产力高于不属于就业保障法律范围的机构。结果表明,与工作保障条款相关的刚性不会损害TFP,而更高的灵活性与TFP呈负相关。然而,我们发现不同行业群体的灵活性-TFP关系存在相当大的异质性。灵活性-全要素生产率关系的异质性表明,引入灵活性的劳动力政策可能会提高某些行业的全要素生产率,同时降低其他行业的全因素生产率。
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引用次数: 0
Greenhouse gas emissions from Brazilian agriculture and convergence clubs 巴西农业和收敛俱乐部的温室气体排放
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2240250
Domingos Isaias Maia Amorim, Maria Josiell Nascimento da Silva, Francisco José Silva Tabosa, Alexandre Nunes de Almeida, Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar
ABSTRACT This work aims to assess whether there is a convergence in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the states of Brazil. To achieve this objective, the Phillips and Sul (2007) time series methodology was employed, testing the hypothesis of global (or common) convergence, using data from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal Estimation System (Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa - SEEG), for the period of 1989–2018, which provides the emission, in tons, of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in agriculture and livestock, as well as of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), for changes in land and forest use. Among the main results, the formation of different convergence clubs is suggested, rejecting the hypothesis of global convergence, and thus presenting four convergence clubs for the CO pollutant and three clubs for the CO2, with two divergent states. When analysing the convergence clubs, it was found that there was a significant reduction in CO emissions in all clubs, and while analysing the CO2, only two of the clubs, which were clubs 3 and 4, managed to reduce their emissions.
本研究旨在评估巴西各州温室气体(GHG)排放是否存在趋同。为了实现这一目标,采用了Phillips和Sul(2007)时间序列方法,使用1989-2018年期间温室气体排放和清除估计系统(Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa - SEEG)的数据,测试了全球(或共同)收敛的假设,该系统提供了以吨为单位的农业和畜牧业中一氧化碳(CO)的排放量,以及二氧化碳(CO2)。土地和森林利用的变化。在主要结果中,提出了不同收敛俱乐部的形成,拒绝了全球收敛的假设,从而出现了CO污染物的4个收敛俱乐部和CO2的3个收敛俱乐部,具有两种不同的状态。在分析趋同俱乐部时,发现所有俱乐部的CO排放量都有显著减少,而在分析CO2时,只有两个俱乐部,即俱乐部3和4,设法减少了排放。
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引用次数: 0
An investigation of exchange rate, exchange rate volatility and FDI nexus in a gravity model approach 汇率、汇率波动与FDI关系的重力模型研究
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2239719
Moraghen Warren, B. Seetanah, N. Sookia
ABSTRACT This study assesses the significance of exchange rate and exchange rate volatility in the bilateral inflows of FDI using a gravity model, based on a sample of 40 countries over the period 2001 to 2019. This analysis is also specifically concerned with the estimation challenges which revolve around the validity of the log-linear transformation of the gravity equation in the potential presence of heteroscedasticity and zero FDI observations. The various alternative estimation techniques, all validate the fact that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on the bilateral inflows of FDI whereas exchange rate depreciation has a positive and significant coefficient. On the other hand, the variables GDP-host and GDP-Home are positive and significant justifying that the host and home countries’ economic sizes remain factual elements in attracting FDI. The models’ estimates also interestingly validate the fact that geographical distance and tax level have a sizeable negative influence on the bilateral inflow of FDI. Besides, the significance of the dummy variable common language confirms a negative causal effect of a communication barrier between the local workers and foreign investors.
本研究基于2001年至2019年40个国家的样本,利用引力模型评估了汇率和汇率波动对双边FDI流入的重要性。本分析还特别关注在异方差和零FDI观测的潜在存在下,围绕重力方程的对数线性变换的有效性的估计挑战。各种可供选择的估计技术,都验证了汇率波动对双边FDI流入具有负向影响,而汇率贬值具有正且显著的系数。另一方面,变量gdp -东道国和gdp -母国是积极和重要的,证明东道国和母国的经济规模仍然是吸引外国直接投资的事实因素。模型的估计也有趣地证实了地理距离和税收水平对双边FDI流入有相当大的负面影响。此外,虚拟变量共同语言的重要性证实了本地工人与外国投资者之间沟通障碍的负向因果效应。
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引用次数: 1
Is the well-being of gig workers in Malaysia better? The reality of pain and gain 马来西亚零工的福利更好吗?痛苦与收获的现实
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2240243
Khairunnisa Abd Samad, Nur Hayati Abd Rahman, S. Ismail, N. H. Marmaya
ABSTRACT The demand for gig work is continuously rising with the emergence of online platforms and marketplaces such as Freelancers.com, LinkedIn, Grab, Foodpanda, etc. Although the demand for gig work is growing, the ecosystem of this field does not fully support the welfare and well-being of its workers. The literature discussion is scarce regarding the well-being of Malaysia’s gig workers, especially regarding the financial, work-life balance, and workers’ protection aspects. This study aims to fill this gap. Our findings indicate that the main motivation for choosing gig work is flexible work hours. The challenges faced by gig workers include the meagre ability to save, and lack of retirement security. No health benefits are present to support the sustainable wellbeing of gig workers. The current policies that help workers during times of need, such as SOCSO and EPF, are always welcome but perceived as optional. Thus, the paper suggests that more policies should be formulated to support the wellbeing of gig workers.
摘要随着Freelanders.com、LinkedIn、Grab、Foodpanda等在线平台和市场的出现,对零工工作的需求不断增长。尽管对零工的需求在增长,但该领域的生态系统并不能完全支持员工的福利和福祉。关于马来西亚零工工人的福祉,特别是关于财务、工作与生活平衡和工人保护方面的文献讨论很少。本研究旨在填补这一空白。我们的研究结果表明,选择零工的主要动机是灵活的工作时间。零工工人面临的挑战包括储蓄能力低下和缺乏退休保障。没有任何健康福利来支持零工工人的可持续福祉。目前在需要时帮助工人的政策,如SOCSO和EPF,总是受欢迎的,但被认为是可选的。因此,该论文建议制定更多的政策来支持零工工人的福祉。
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引用次数: 0
Macroeconomic uncertainty and monetary policy transmission in Brazil: a TVAR approach 巴西宏观经济的不确定性与货币政策传导:TVAR方法
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2240241
Luckas Sabioni Lopes, Wilson Luiz Rotatori Corrêa
ABSTRACT This article assesses the impact of uncertainties on the effectiveness of monetary policy in Brazil after the adoption of the inflation-targeting regime. We employ the methodology of autoregressive vectors with an endogenous threshold (TVAR) with a general uncertainty indicator (IGI), proposed as a linear combination of four existing proxies for the Brazilian context. The sample covers 2003 to June 2022 at a monthly frequency. The results show the IGI variable has the highest degree of correlation with economic recessions in the country among all the analysed indicators. Moreover, in regimes of high uncertainty, the responses of the output gap, inflation, and inflationary expectations to interest rate shocks are severely reduced. Therefore, we conclude that an increase in macroeconomic uncertainties can reduce the effectiveness of monetary policy in Brazil.
摘要本文评估了在采用通胀目标制后,不确定性对巴西货币政策有效性的影响。我们采用了具有内生阈值的自回归向量(TVAR)和一般不确定性指标(IGI)的方法,该方法是巴西背景下四个现有代理的线性组合。样本涵盖2003年至2022年6月,每月一次。结果显示,在所有分析指标中,IGI变量与该国经济衰退的相关性最高。此外,在高度不确定性的制度中,产出缺口、通货膨胀和通货膨胀预期对利率冲击的反应会严重降低。因此,我们得出结论,宏观经济不确定性的增加会降低巴西货币政策的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Threshold-based asymmetric reactions of trade balances to currency devaluation: fresh insights from smooth transition regression (STR) model 基于阈值的贸易平衡对货币贬值的不对称反应:来自平稳过渡回归(STR)模型的新见解
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2234311
J. Odionye, A. Odo, Marius Ikpe, R. O. Ojike
ABSTRACT This study sought to ascertain relatively the asymmetric reactions of trade balances to currency devaluation and non-devaluation regimes in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries between 1981 and 2021 using the smooth transition regression (STR) model. The outcome indicates that, in Ghana, Malawi, and Mozambique, currency devaluation as a change in policy has a major influence on the trade balance; however, in Nigeria, Kenya, and Tanzania, this impact is negligible. Nigeria had the highest gamma coefficient but insignificant, suggesting that policy change has not significantly impacted the country’s trade balance despite the high transition rate. Findings from the devaluation regime revealed that, with the exception of Ghana, all other nations’ real exchange rates are inversely and significantly related to the trade balance. Additionally, it displayed an average threshold parameter of 0.147, indicating that a devaluation of more than 14.7% within a year will deteriorate the trade balance in SSA. The results indicate that the devaluation effects hinge on the structure, macroprudential policies, and infrastructural growth of the nation. The study recommended amongst other things, (i) a robust structural transformation in key sectors (ii) judicious investment in infrastructural development to address the key bottleneck in the quality and quantity of domestic production.
摘要本研究试图使用平稳过渡回归(STR)模型,相对确定1981年至2021年间撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家贸易平衡对货币贬值和非贬值制度的不对称反应。结果表明,在加纳、马拉维和莫桑比克,货币贬值作为一种政策变化对贸易平衡产生了重大影响;然而,在尼日利亚、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚,这种影响可以忽略不计。尼日利亚的伽马系数最高,但微不足道,这表明尽管过渡率很高,但政策变化并没有对该国的贸易平衡产生重大影响。贬值制度的调查结果显示,除加纳外,所有其他国家的实际汇率都与贸易平衡呈反比,且与贸易平衡有很大关系。此外,它显示了0.147的平均阈值参数,表明一年内贬值超过14.7%将恶化SSA的贸易平衡。结果表明,贬值效应取决于国家的结构、宏观审慎政策和基础设施增长。该研究建议,除其他外,(i)在关键部门进行强有力的结构转型;(ii)明智地投资于基础设施发展,以解决国内生产质量和数量的关键瓶颈。
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引用次数: 0
The need for environmental and social sustainability – but how to make the case, and how to achieve it? 环境和社会可持续性的必要性——但如何证明这一点,以及如何实现这一点?
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2216119
J. Michie
of
属于的
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引用次数: 0
The impact of social media adoption on innovative SMEs’ performance 采用社交媒体对创新型中小企业绩效的影响
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2205108
F. Domma, L. Errico
ABSTRACT This paper empirically investigates Social Media adoption as a driver of firms’ performance. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between the embracing of Twitter and Italian Innovative Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) profitability over 2011–19. Although Twitter is perceived as a low-cost and effective communication channel, the main results show that Innovative SMEs adopting Social Media appear to have lower profitability than those without social network implementation. An interpretation of this evidence can rely on the difficulty of innovative SMEs in overcoming barriers to Twitter adoption related to the human capital required to maintain relationships with the online community of consumers in the Italian context.
本文实证研究了社交媒体采用对企业绩效的驱动作用。具体来说,我们关注的是2011-19年间,Twitter的普及与意大利创新型中小企业(SMEs)盈利能力之间的关系。虽然Twitter被认为是一种低成本和有效的沟通渠道,但主要结果表明,采用社交媒体的创新型中小企业的盈利能力似乎低于没有实施社交网络的创新型中小企业。对这一证据的解释可以依赖于创新型中小企业在克服Twitter采用障碍方面的困难,这些障碍与意大利背景下与消费者在线社区保持关系所需的人力资本有关。
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引用次数: 0
How to deliver economic success – and what does that mean? 如何在经济上取得成功?这意味着什么?
IF 2.2 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2023.2233262
J. Michie
ABSTRACT The articles in this issue explore a whole range of issues around economic performance – from the problem of corruption, and the link this may have with gender, through to the need for environmental sustainability and a circular economy. Hence why the title for this introductory essay refers to ‘economic success’ rather than ‘economic growth’, since success should not be measured by ‘growth’, but rather by human welfare and wellbeing, broadly defined.
摘要本期文章探讨了围绕经济绩效的一系列问题——从腐败问题及其与性别的联系,到环境可持续性和循环经济的必要性。因此,为什么这篇介绍性文章的标题指的是“经济成功”而不是“经济增长”,因为成功不应该用“增长”来衡量,而应该用广义的人类福利和福祉来衡量。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Review of Applied Economics
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