This paper provides upper- and lower-bound limits of stiffness improvement observed from the treatment of infilled solution features in chalk as part of the Central 1 contract being delivered by the Align JV, which is part of the UK's High Speed 2 Phase 1 rail link. Infilled solution features were treated using rapid impact compaction (RIC) to achieve a sufficiently stiff subgrade beneath a wide range of temporary foundations and reduce the risk of collapse settlement. Improvement by RIC treatment was sufficient to ensure subsequent foundation performance or reduce the extent of compaction grouting subsequently required beneath the most heavily loaded foundations. The depth of improvement observed was up to 10 m and the improvement in elastic modulus observed was up to five times the pre-treatment value. Over 40 cone penetration tests were conducted before and after RIC. Typical lower- and upper-bound improvement curves are presented based on the observed minimum and maximum post-treatment stiffness. The degree of stiffness improvement was observed to generally reduce at greater than 5 m depth.
{"title":"Improvement of chalk solution feature infill by rapid impact compaction","authors":"Alastair Dewar, C. Wong, Burden Chitambira","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00062","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides upper- and lower-bound limits of stiffness improvement observed from the treatment of infilled solution features in chalk as part of the Central 1 contract being delivered by the Align JV, which is part of the UK's High Speed 2 Phase 1 rail link. Infilled solution features were treated using rapid impact compaction (RIC) to achieve a sufficiently stiff subgrade beneath a wide range of temporary foundations and reduce the risk of collapse settlement. Improvement by RIC treatment was sufficient to ensure subsequent foundation performance or reduce the extent of compaction grouting subsequently required beneath the most heavily loaded foundations. The depth of improvement observed was up to 10 m and the improvement in elastic modulus observed was up to five times the pre-treatment value. Over 40 cone penetration tests were conducted before and after RIC. Typical lower- and upper-bound improvement curves are presented based on the observed minimum and maximum post-treatment stiffness. The degree of stiffness improvement was observed to generally reduce at greater than 5 m depth.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78066627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents an original application of vacuum preloading, conceived for the reclamation of containment facilities hydraulically filled with fine-grained sediments, and the evaluation of its performance. The technique, which consists in the installation of horizontal vacuum layers within the dredged soil mass, with the aim of reducing the soil volume and accelerating the consolidation while filling is underway, was successfully implemented for the first time in the port of Gaeta (Italy). The construction sequence and the numerical models developed to analyse the huge changes of state experienced by the soil – whose prediction is paramount in evaluating the actual storage capacity of the impoundments – are described. Monitoring data and in situ test results are illustrated and compared with numerical predictions (class A, C and back-analyses), confirming the effectiveness of the technique and of the modelling choices. Finally, the lessons learned from the case history to optimise the use of the technical solution and of the modelling approach are reported. The presented vacuum preloading technique and analysis methods can be highly beneficial to the environmentally sound and cost-effective design of reclamation works, especially, but not only, those involving undersized containment facilities.
{"title":"A novel application of vacuum preloading: conception, analysis and performance evaluation","authors":"A. de Lillis, G. Fasano, A. Flora, S. Miliziano","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00058","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an original application of vacuum preloading, conceived for the reclamation of containment facilities hydraulically filled with fine-grained sediments, and the evaluation of its performance. The technique, which consists in the installation of horizontal vacuum layers within the dredged soil mass, with the aim of reducing the soil volume and accelerating the consolidation while filling is underway, was successfully implemented for the first time in the port of Gaeta (Italy). The construction sequence and the numerical models developed to analyse the huge changes of state experienced by the soil – whose prediction is paramount in evaluating the actual storage capacity of the impoundments – are described. Monitoring data and in situ test results are illustrated and compared with numerical predictions (class A, C and back-analyses), confirming the effectiveness of the technique and of the modelling choices. Finally, the lessons learned from the case history to optimise the use of the technical solution and of the modelling approach are reported. The presented vacuum preloading technique and analysis methods can be highly beneficial to the environmentally sound and cost-effective design of reclamation works, especially, but not only, those involving undersized containment facilities.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72579679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Miguel, R. B. Saldanha, A. da Silva, L. Festugato, Helder Mansur Chaves, C. Mendes
Dispersive soils became a worldwide major concern owing to its high susceptibility to erosion, which is responsible for ravines, tunnels, among others problems. Commonly, ordinary Portland cement or even hydrated lime are employed to solve the aforementioned drawbacks. Nonetheless, alternative treatments have been suggested to provide options to replace natural resources. Therefore, the present study aims to compare two distinct soil stabilization methods, namely, dispersive soil-hydrated lime and dispersive soil-ground waste glass-carbide lime through an environmental life cycle and life cycle cost approach. The proposed assessment was carried out according to life cycle inventories responsible to stabilize 1.0 m³ of the two distinct mixtures. Among the 18 impact categories evaluated in the environmental life cycle assessment, the alternative binder was less impacting than the traditional hydrated lime over the entire impact categories. Concerning to the cost approach, the traditional stabilization based on hydrated lime had an approximate total cost of US$ 12.02, whereas the alternative stabilization methodology a cost of US$ 39.58. Thereby, ground waste glass-carbide lime binder has potential to be known as an alternative environment friendly binder to soil stabilization, succeeding in both mechanical and environment performances but being unsuccessful in terms of costs until the present moment.
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Distinct Soil Stabilizations Methods: An Environmental and Cost Approach to the Soil Improvement","authors":"G. Miguel, R. B. Saldanha, A. da Silva, L. Festugato, Helder Mansur Chaves, C. Mendes","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00006a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00006a","url":null,"abstract":"Dispersive soils became a worldwide major concern owing to its high susceptibility to erosion, which is responsible for ravines, tunnels, among others problems. Commonly, ordinary Portland cement or even hydrated lime are employed to solve the aforementioned drawbacks. Nonetheless, alternative treatments have been suggested to provide options to replace natural resources. Therefore, the present study aims to compare two distinct soil stabilization methods, namely, dispersive soil-hydrated lime and dispersive soil-ground waste glass-carbide lime through an environmental life cycle and life cycle cost approach. The proposed assessment was carried out according to life cycle inventories responsible to stabilize 1.0 m³ of the two distinct mixtures. Among the 18 impact categories evaluated in the environmental life cycle assessment, the alternative binder was less impacting than the traditional hydrated lime over the entire impact categories. Concerning to the cost approach, the traditional stabilization based on hydrated lime had an approximate total cost of US$ 12.02, whereas the alternative stabilization methodology a cost of US$ 39.58. Thereby, ground waste glass-carbide lime binder has potential to be known as an alternative environment friendly binder to soil stabilization, succeeding in both mechanical and environment performances but being unsuccessful in terms of costs until the present moment.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83879114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the synergic effects of alkaline activation (AA) and fibre inclusions, on the mechanical behaviour of fly ash stabilized black cotton soil was investigated. The natural fibre used in this research was treated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution as an expedient solution to attain durability. The fibres are added in two forms: discrete fibres and geotextile. Assessment of engineering behaviour of the AA-treated soil reinforced with surface coated sisal fibres was carried out by conducting various laboratory tests like Free Swell (FS) test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, and cyclic triaxial test. Microstructural characterization was done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The test results conclusively showed that the alkaline activated-fly ash treated-sisal fibre reinforced soil exhibits better mechanical behaviour in terms of peak stress and post-peak behaviour and appreciable resistance to swelling. Overall, the study shows that fibre-reinforced AA-fly ash amendment could effectively enhance the strength, stiffness and toughness of the soil and could subsidize the anticipated detrimental effects that could cause by dynamic loading. This study affirms the potential of alkali-treated sisal fibre as an alternative to traditional stabilizers for construction involving expansive soil.
{"title":"Effect of alkali treated sisal fibre on expansive clay","authors":"K. Muthukkumaran, R. Sindhujha, V. Anusudha","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00033","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the synergic effects of alkaline activation (AA) and fibre inclusions, on the mechanical behaviour of fly ash stabilized black cotton soil was investigated. The natural fibre used in this research was treated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution as an expedient solution to attain durability. The fibres are added in two forms: discrete fibres and geotextile. Assessment of engineering behaviour of the AA-treated soil reinforced with surface coated sisal fibres was carried out by conducting various laboratory tests like Free Swell (FS) test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, and cyclic triaxial test. Microstructural characterization was done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The test results conclusively showed that the alkaline activated-fly ash treated-sisal fibre reinforced soil exhibits better mechanical behaviour in terms of peak stress and post-peak behaviour and appreciable resistance to swelling. Overall, the study shows that fibre-reinforced AA-fly ash amendment could effectively enhance the strength, stiffness and toughness of the soil and could subsidize the anticipated detrimental effects that could cause by dynamic loading. This study affirms the potential of alkali-treated sisal fibre as an alternative to traditional stabilizers for construction involving expansive soil.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"266 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77794439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Class C fly ash, a byproduct of thermal power plants, is often preferred for the stabilisation of expansive soils. However, improper optimisation of the stabiliser may lead to the premature failure of treated soils during wet–dry cycles. This study demonstrates the volume change behaviour of fly ash-stabilised expansive soils subjected to wet–dry cycles. Furthermore, the effect of class C fly ash and lime–class C fly ash on the physical and engineering properties is also studied. The experimental results showed that addition of 20% fly ash to the expansive soil reduced the swell potential to 0% from an untreated swell value of 10.5%. However, when it was subjected to five wet–dry cycles, the initial cementitious effect of the fly ash on controlling the swell was partially lost, and therefore the volumetric deformation of the stabilised expansive soil increased from 0 to 14.5%. Furthermore, among the different additive combinations used for the treatment of expansive soils, it was observed that the combination of 4% lime and 20% fly ash resulted in the volumetric deformation of only 2.05% even after the fifth wet–dry cycle. Besides, the percentage of desiccation cracks has also reduced significantly from 29 to 0.5%.
{"title":"Swell–shrink behaviour of fly ash-stabilised expansive soils","authors":"T. Ashok Kumar, T. Thyagaraj, R. Robinson","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00024","url":null,"abstract":"Class C fly ash, a byproduct of thermal power plants, is often preferred for the stabilisation of expansive soils. However, improper optimisation of the stabiliser may lead to the premature failure of treated soils during wet–dry cycles. This study demonstrates the volume change behaviour of fly ash-stabilised expansive soils subjected to wet–dry cycles. Furthermore, the effect of class C fly ash and lime–class C fly ash on the physical and engineering properties is also studied. The experimental results showed that addition of 20% fly ash to the expansive soil reduced the swell potential to 0% from an untreated swell value of 10.5%. However, when it was subjected to five wet–dry cycles, the initial cementitious effect of the fly ash on controlling the swell was partially lost, and therefore the volumetric deformation of the stabilised expansive soil increased from 0 to 14.5%. Furthermore, among the different additive combinations used for the treatment of expansive soils, it was observed that the combination of 4% lime and 20% fly ash resulted in the volumetric deformation of only 2.05% even after the fifth wet–dry cycle. Besides, the percentage of desiccation cracks has also reduced significantly from 29 to 0.5%.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86208321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asma Rabiei, Seyed Mohammad Ali Zomorodian, B. O’Kelly
Biological approaches have captured the attention of researchers regarding the beneficial effects of cyanobacteria inoculation in improving surficial soil stability. However, a gap exists in the literature regarding the impact of inoculation by individual cyanobacteria on stability of sand under intense surface-water erosion. This study assesses the improvements achieved in erosion resistance for biological soil crust (BC) formed on medium–coarse silica sand. Specimen groups were inoculated with Nostoc sp. and Calothrix sp., incubated for 32- or 48 day periods and then tested using an erosion function apparatus (EFA), investigating a wide range of flow velocities (hydraulic shear stresses). The significance of BC attachment to (or detachment from) the specimen container sidewall was also investigated in the EFA testing. Compared with untreated sand, inoculated specimens had a significantly greater erosion resistance that increased with the incubation period, with Nostoc inoculum producing greater reductions in erodibility coefficients (45–75%) compared with Calothrix (16–67%). Contrasting bond structures introduced by Nostoc and Calothrix are highlighted by scanning electron microscopy images that showed long Nostoc filaments were entangled more strongly in sand pore voids compared with short Calothrix filaments. In conclusion, this study supports the idea of using cyanobacteria inoculation as an eco-friendly, cost-benefit and effective technique for mitigating land degradation.
{"title":"Reducing hydraulic erosion of surficial sand layer by inoculation of cyanobacteria","authors":"Asma Rabiei, Seyed Mohammad Ali Zomorodian, B. O’Kelly","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00017","url":null,"abstract":"Biological approaches have captured the attention of researchers regarding the beneficial effects of cyanobacteria inoculation in improving surficial soil stability. However, a gap exists in the literature regarding the impact of inoculation by individual cyanobacteria on stability of sand under intense surface-water erosion. This study assesses the improvements achieved in erosion resistance for biological soil crust (BC) formed on medium–coarse silica sand. Specimen groups were inoculated with Nostoc sp. and Calothrix sp., incubated for 32- or 48 day periods and then tested using an erosion function apparatus (EFA), investigating a wide range of flow velocities (hydraulic shear stresses). The significance of BC attachment to (or detachment from) the specimen container sidewall was also investigated in the EFA testing. Compared with untreated sand, inoculated specimens had a significantly greater erosion resistance that increased with the incubation period, with Nostoc inoculum producing greater reductions in erodibility coefficients (45–75%) compared with Calothrix (16–67%). Contrasting bond structures introduced by Nostoc and Calothrix are highlighted by scanning electron microscopy images that showed long Nostoc filaments were entangled more strongly in sand pore voids compared with short Calothrix filaments. In conclusion, this study supports the idea of using cyanobacteria inoculation as an eco-friendly, cost-benefit and effective technique for mitigating land degradation.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87267650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mechanical performance of microfine ground-granulated blast-furnace slag grouts for improving sandy soils was evaluated using unconfined compressive strength, drained triaxial compression and Brazilian tensile strength tests of grouted sand specimens. Two activator types, namely sodium hydroxide and rapid-hardening cement (RHC), and two biopolymer additives, namely xanthan gum (XG) and diutan gum (DG), were investigated for slag-based grouts prepared at various water–binder (w/b) ratios. The bench-scale investigation examined the cured strength properties of grouted sand specimens. It was observed that the RHC activator with modest biopolymer additive and smaller w/b ratio resulted in markedly higher strength gains. In terms of activator type, compared to sodium hydroxide, the RHC resulted in significantly better performance, mobilising increased cohesion in specimens tested in drained triaxial compression. When used together with slag grouts, XG and DG mostly showed comparable strength improvements, but DG proved more effective at lower dosage in increasing tensile strength of grouted sand.
{"title":"Using ground blast-furnace slag grouts with biopolymer additives for improving sandy soils","authors":"H. Khatami, B. O’Kelly","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00010","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanical performance of microfine ground-granulated blast-furnace slag grouts for improving sandy soils was evaluated using unconfined compressive strength, drained triaxial compression and Brazilian tensile strength tests of grouted sand specimens. Two activator types, namely sodium hydroxide and rapid-hardening cement (RHC), and two biopolymer additives, namely xanthan gum (XG) and diutan gum (DG), were investigated for slag-based grouts prepared at various water–binder (w/b) ratios. The bench-scale investigation examined the cured strength properties of grouted sand specimens. It was observed that the RHC activator with modest biopolymer additive and smaller w/b ratio resulted in markedly higher strength gains. In terms of activator type, compared to sodium hydroxide, the RHC resulted in significantly better performance, mobilising increased cohesion in specimens tested in drained triaxial compression. When used together with slag grouts, XG and DG mostly showed comparable strength improvements, but DG proved more effective at lower dosage in increasing tensile strength of grouted sand.","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"90 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88508863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Sivakumar, S. Walker, A. Ewart, C. Doherty, S. Donohue
{"title":"Behaviour of soft soils following soil mixing in controlled and uncontrolled environments","authors":"V. Sivakumar, S. Walker, A. Ewart, C. Doherty, S. Donohue","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.20.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.20.00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89593806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of fibre additions on the tensile strength and crack behaviour of unsaturated clay","authors":"Jianye Wang, P. Hughes, C. Augarde","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90570654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilherme Faria Souza Mussi de Andrade, Bruno Lima, A. Sieira
{"title":"Laboratory investigation of geogrout inclusion: the influence of the substitution ratio","authors":"Guilherme Faria Souza Mussi de Andrade, Bruno Lima, A. Sieira","doi":"10.1680/jgrim.21.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51705,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78627089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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