Sasan Moogahi, H. Rostami, S. Salmanzadeh, M. Cheraghi, Fateme Tadi beni
Background: Brucellosis, also known as malt fever, poses significant health and economic challenges across various regions worldwide, particularly in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. Objectives: This study aimed to identify cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Khozestan Province, Iran. The study aimed to investigate cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients during the first six months of 2021. The diagnosis of brucellosis relied on standard tests, namely the Wright test, the Coombs-Wright test, and the two-mercaptoethanol test, which are widely recognized as reference techniques. In the endemic region of Iran, a positive titer of at least 1: 80 in the Wright test and titers of at least 1: 40 in the two-mercaptoethanol test are considered diagnostic criteria. The Coombs-Wright test is deemed positive when the titer is three dilutions higher than the Wright test titer in symptomatic patients. Results: A total of 225 patients admitted to psychiatric wards with psychiatric disorders underwent examination for brucellosis. The study revealed an undiagnosed brucellosis prevalence of 7.6% (n = 17). None of these patients had a recent or prior history of brucellosis, nor had they received any treatment for the disease. Among the seventeen patients, three reported experiencing typical and commonly observed symptoms of brucellosis, such as myalgia and arthralgia, during the clinical interviews. However, the remaining fourteen patients did not display any clinical symptoms typically associated with brucellosis, including myalgia, arthralgia, fever, and sweating. Instead, they solely exhibited psychiatric symptoms alongside their condition. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it can be deduced that among the 225 patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, 14 individuals were identified as having brucellosis. Remarkably, these patients did not exhibit the characteristic symptoms typically associated with brucellosis. Instead, their manifestation of brucellosis presented solely as psychiatric symptoms.
{"title":"Undiagnosed Brucellosis in Psychiatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Sasan Moogahi, H. Rostami, S. Salmanzadeh, M. Cheraghi, Fateme Tadi beni","doi":"10.5812/archcid-136729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-136729","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Brucellosis, also known as malt fever, poses significant health and economic challenges across various regions worldwide, particularly in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. Objectives: This study aimed to identify cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Khozestan Province, Iran. The study aimed to investigate cases of undiagnosed brucellosis among psychiatric patients during the first six months of 2021. The diagnosis of brucellosis relied on standard tests, namely the Wright test, the Coombs-Wright test, and the two-mercaptoethanol test, which are widely recognized as reference techniques. In the endemic region of Iran, a positive titer of at least 1: 80 in the Wright test and titers of at least 1: 40 in the two-mercaptoethanol test are considered diagnostic criteria. The Coombs-Wright test is deemed positive when the titer is three dilutions higher than the Wright test titer in symptomatic patients. Results: A total of 225 patients admitted to psychiatric wards with psychiatric disorders underwent examination for brucellosis. The study revealed an undiagnosed brucellosis prevalence of 7.6% (n = 17). None of these patients had a recent or prior history of brucellosis, nor had they received any treatment for the disease. Among the seventeen patients, three reported experiencing typical and commonly observed symptoms of brucellosis, such as myalgia and arthralgia, during the clinical interviews. However, the remaining fourteen patients did not display any clinical symptoms typically associated with brucellosis, including myalgia, arthralgia, fever, and sweating. Instead, they solely exhibited psychiatric symptoms alongside their condition. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it can be deduced that among the 225 patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, 14 individuals were identified as having brucellosis. Remarkably, these patients did not exhibit the characteristic symptoms typically associated with brucellosis. Instead, their manifestation of brucellosis presented solely as psychiatric symptoms.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49455294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atefeh Najafikhah, M. Hakemi-Vala, S. Samavat, M. Nasiri
Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance and the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in Escherichia coli isolates from three kidney transplant patients (KTPs) in Tehran. Methods: Sixty clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were collected from three kidney transplant centers in Tehran between April and May 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin, and screening for ESBL production were conducted following the protocols established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The presence of the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, fosA3, and fosC2 genes was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Additionally, mutations in the murA, glpT, uhpT, and cya genes were assessed. The activity of the carbohydrate phosphate transporter was measured using the real-time PCR assay. Results: According to the AST results, ampicillin showed the highest resistance rate (86%), while ertapenem and doripenem exhibited complete susceptibility (100%). According to the E-test, 1.6% of E. coli isolates were resistant to fosfomycin. Furthermore, 33.4% of E. coli isolates in KTPs were ESBL producers, with the most frequent occurrence of the blaTEM gene (55%). Additionally, mutations were identified in the murA, uhpT, and glpT genes of resistant samples. No plasmid genes for fosA3 and fosC2 were detected. The expression of the uhpT gene increased 32-fold in a susceptible isolate, as determined by qPCR. Conclusions: The high resistance of E. coli isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) of KTPs to β-lactam antibiotics remains a significant clinical challenge. However, no correlation was found between ESBL production and resistance to fosfomycin. The resistance rate to fosfomycin was low, and the primary cause of resistance was mutations in chromosomal genes.
{"title":"Molecular Analysis of Fosfomycin Resistance Among Escherichia coli Isolates From Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients During 2019 - 2020","authors":"Atefeh Najafikhah, M. Hakemi-Vala, S. Samavat, M. Nasiri","doi":"10.5812/archcid-132120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-132120","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance and the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in Escherichia coli isolates from three kidney transplant patients (KTPs) in Tehran. Methods: Sixty clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were collected from three kidney transplant centers in Tehran between April and May 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin, and screening for ESBL production were conducted following the protocols established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The presence of the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, fosA3, and fosC2 genes was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Additionally, mutations in the murA, glpT, uhpT, and cya genes were assessed. The activity of the carbohydrate phosphate transporter was measured using the real-time PCR assay. Results: According to the AST results, ampicillin showed the highest resistance rate (86%), while ertapenem and doripenem exhibited complete susceptibility (100%). According to the E-test, 1.6% of E. coli isolates were resistant to fosfomycin. Furthermore, 33.4% of E. coli isolates in KTPs were ESBL producers, with the most frequent occurrence of the blaTEM gene (55%). Additionally, mutations were identified in the murA, uhpT, and glpT genes of resistant samples. No plasmid genes for fosA3 and fosC2 were detected. The expression of the uhpT gene increased 32-fold in a susceptible isolate, as determined by qPCR. Conclusions: The high resistance of E. coli isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) of KTPs to β-lactam antibiotics remains a significant clinical challenge. However, no correlation was found between ESBL production and resistance to fosfomycin. The resistance rate to fosfomycin was low, and the primary cause of resistance was mutations in chromosomal genes.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45716515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Goudarzi, N. Bostanghadiri, Zahra Riahi Rad, Zohreh Riahi Rad, Javad Yasbolaghi Sharahi
Background: The opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a critical cause of nosocomial infection with high morbidity and mortality rate. Eradication of P. aeruginosa has been troublesome due to its high capacity to develop strong multidrug resistance (MDR). Objectives: The purposes of this study were to define the pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity, typing, and prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and detect the oprD, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaIMP, blaNDM, and blaVIM among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from Tehran hospitals. Methods: Clinical isolates were collected from hospitalized children in selected hospitals in Tehran from March 2019 to February 2020. The antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Composed disc diffusion tests were performed to screen MBL production. MBLs and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) encoding genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of the oprD gene were performed for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) Fingerprinting was used for genotyping the isolates. Results: A total of 80 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. Isolates were resistant to cefepime 35%, ceftazidime 20%, ciprofloxacin 22%, tazobactam 16%. Out of 80 isolates, 16 were carbapenems-resistant. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin had the highest susceptibilities of 85%,90%, and 90%, respectively. OprD, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected in 80(100%), 36(45%),22 (27.5%), 17 (21.25%), and 1 (1.25%) blaIMP and blaNDM, respectively. In this study, the blaVIM gene was not detected in the isolates, and no mutation was observed regarding the presence of an insertion element in the OprD gene. Isolates were divided into 13 and 14 common and single types, respectively. Conclusions: P. aeruginosa isolates showed a high rate of β- lactamases production, and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant, which can be related to different mechanisms, was alarming. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that there was beta-lactam antibiotic resistance and clonal spread among the hospital population. This shows the necessity of molecular surveillance in tracking beta-lactamase-producing strains.
{"title":"Evaluation of β-lactamases and Molecular Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Strains Isolated from Hospitalized Children in Tehran","authors":"H. Goudarzi, N. Bostanghadiri, Zahra Riahi Rad, Zohreh Riahi Rad, Javad Yasbolaghi Sharahi","doi":"10.5812/archcid-134837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-134837","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a critical cause of nosocomial infection with high morbidity and mortality rate. Eradication of P. aeruginosa has been troublesome due to its high capacity to develop strong multidrug resistance (MDR). Objectives: The purposes of this study were to define the pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity, typing, and prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and detect the oprD, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaIMP, blaNDM, and blaVIM among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from Tehran hospitals. Methods: Clinical isolates were collected from hospitalized children in selected hospitals in Tehran from March 2019 to February 2020. The antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Composed disc diffusion tests were performed to screen MBL production. MBLs and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) encoding genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of the oprD gene were performed for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) Fingerprinting was used for genotyping the isolates. Results: A total of 80 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. Isolates were resistant to cefepime 35%, ceftazidime 20%, ciprofloxacin 22%, tazobactam 16%. Out of 80 isolates, 16 were carbapenems-resistant. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin had the highest susceptibilities of 85%,90%, and 90%, respectively. OprD, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected in 80(100%), 36(45%),22 (27.5%), 17 (21.25%), and 1 (1.25%) blaIMP and blaNDM, respectively. In this study, the blaVIM gene was not detected in the isolates, and no mutation was observed regarding the presence of an insertion element in the OprD gene. Isolates were divided into 13 and 14 common and single types, respectively. Conclusions: P. aeruginosa isolates showed a high rate of β- lactamases production, and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant, which can be related to different mechanisms, was alarming. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that there was beta-lactam antibiotic resistance and clonal spread among the hospital population. This shows the necessity of molecular surveillance in tracking beta-lactamase-producing strains.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41732631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is it Necessary to Continue Wearing the Mask in a Medical Setting After COVID-19?","authors":"M. Mardani","doi":"10.5812/archcid-138022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-138022","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42285653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faramarz Farzad, N. Yaghoubi, Farnaz Zahedi Avval, Majid khadem-Rezaiyan, Farahzad Jabbari Azad, M. Youssefi
Background: The serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked deep concern throughout the world. The pathophysiologic network leading to severe conditions has still unsolved gaps. Considered a pleiotropic, multifaceted cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has distinct functions, which seem to stand at the edge of distinct known mechanisms involving in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Additionally, MIF is a key mediator of acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of MIF in COVID-19 patients, particularly in severe cases. Methods: This case control study was performed on the sera of 60 randomly selected COVID-19 patients as case group and 30 randomly selected healthy individuals as control group during November 2020 till April 2021 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The case group included 30 outpatients with mild disease and 30 hospitalized severe subjects. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to measure serum MIF. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 with student t-test and chi-squared test considering a P < 0.05 as statistical significance level. Results: There was no statistical difference between two groups regarding demographic variables. According to the obtained data, significantly higher MIF levels were observed in the affected subjects than the healthy individuals, particularly in severe COVID-19 subjects (severe: 65.31 ± 6.2 ng/mL, mild: 40.45 ± 6.6 ng/mL, healthy: 20.63 ± 6.1 ng/mL P < 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve) drawn for the present study illustrates that MIF amounts differentiate COVID-19 severe and mild cases with high accuracy (90.8%) (sensitivity:86.6%, specificity:96.6%). Conclusions: There might be an association between MIF concentration with respiratory failure and disease exacerbation due to COVID-19 infection. Therefore, MIF can act as a marker of clinical severity for COVID 19 infection. However, due to variations in MIF amounts a definite cut-off value might be specific to the study and should be considered with caution. MIF is supposed to be one of the most important cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis and might be a target for therapeutic approaches with MIF inhibitors in possible upcoming disease peaks.
{"title":"Increasing Levels of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in COVID-19 Infection and Its Pathophysiological Role; Though a Defined Cut-off Value Might Be Clinically Misleading","authors":"Faramarz Farzad, N. Yaghoubi, Farnaz Zahedi Avval, Majid khadem-Rezaiyan, Farahzad Jabbari Azad, M. Youssefi","doi":"10.5812/archcid-133714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-133714","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The serious outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked deep concern throughout the world. The pathophysiologic network leading to severe conditions has still unsolved gaps. Considered a pleiotropic, multifaceted cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has distinct functions, which seem to stand at the edge of distinct known mechanisms involving in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Additionally, MIF is a key mediator of acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of MIF in COVID-19 patients, particularly in severe cases. Methods: This case control study was performed on the sera of 60 randomly selected COVID-19 patients as case group and 30 randomly selected healthy individuals as control group during November 2020 till April 2021 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The case group included 30 outpatients with mild disease and 30 hospitalized severe subjects. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to measure serum MIF. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 with student t-test and chi-squared test considering a P < 0.05 as statistical significance level. Results: There was no statistical difference between two groups regarding demographic variables. According to the obtained data, significantly higher MIF levels were observed in the affected subjects than the healthy individuals, particularly in severe COVID-19 subjects (severe: 65.31 ± 6.2 ng/mL, mild: 40.45 ± 6.6 ng/mL, healthy: 20.63 ± 6.1 ng/mL P < 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve) drawn for the present study illustrates that MIF amounts differentiate COVID-19 severe and mild cases with high accuracy (90.8%) (sensitivity:86.6%, specificity:96.6%). Conclusions: There might be an association between MIF concentration with respiratory failure and disease exacerbation due to COVID-19 infection. Therefore, MIF can act as a marker of clinical severity for COVID 19 infection. However, due to variations in MIF amounts a definite cut-off value might be specific to the study and should be considered with caution. MIF is supposed to be one of the most important cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis and might be a target for therapeutic approaches with MIF inhibitors in possible upcoming disease peaks.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45583420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meruyert Bayakhmetova, G. Abuova, Yerkin Begalievich Bukharbayev, Timur Nurzhanovich Ablyazimov, K. Kamytbekova, Saltanat Baimbetova
: Q fever is a naturally occurring zoonotic disease with a zoonotic range covering all continents of the globe. The reservoirs and vectors of Coxiella burnetii are ixodid ticks and their hosts. This disease is characterized by a variety of mechanisms and routes in humans and animals (e.g., vector-borne, foodborne, airborne, and dust-borne). The disease often runs in the form of a fever. This article will review the incidence of human Q fever on the Eurasian continent over the past 50 years. Because Q fever is one of the unobserved infectious diseases, the occurrence of Q fever in humans in most countries is impossible to evaluate. Since this literature review is the primary resource for tracking scientific trends and research findings on the subject, the main goal of this study has focused on estimating the index of the incidence of Q fever infection among humans and compiling a 50-year literature review from August 1973 to July 2022. This study investigated the articles published in PubMed, Scopus, CyberLink, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by reviewing the scientific literature and official systematic reviews. The data were obtained using the keywords “Q fever AND prevalence/incidence” and “Q fever AND epidemiology.” The incidence of Q fever varies considerably from country to country due to epidemiological differences and whether the disease is detectable or not. Depending on the location of the country, endemics or outbreaks occur. At the Third World Health Forum in 1950, the possible danger of Q fever to human health was realized, and decisions were made stimulating research into the global prevalence of the causative agent of the disease. Since then, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that Q fever occurs almost everywhere worldwide except in Antarctica and New Zealand. This review’s available literature and ongoing epidemiological investigations in many countries show that Q fever needs to be regarded as a global community health issue. However, in the case of Kazakhstan, there is currently no information on the incidence of infection in humans and farm animals that requires further research on the incidence of Q fever, especially in coronavirus disease 2019.
：Q热是一种自然发生的人畜共患疾病，其人畜共患病范围遍及全球各大洲。本氏Coxiella burnetii的宿主和媒介是异蜱及其宿主。这种疾病在人类和动物中具有多种机制和途径（例如，媒介传播、食源性、空气传播和灰尘传播）。这种病经常以发烧的形式传播。本文将回顾过去50年来欧亚大陆人类Q热的发病率。由于Q热是一种未被观察到的传染病，因此在大多数国家，Q热在人类中的发生率无法评估。由于本文献综述是追踪该主题的科学趋势和研究结果的主要来源，本研究的主要目标是估计人类Q热感染的发病率指数，并编制1973年8月至2022年7月的50年文献综述。本研究通过查阅科学文献和官方系统综述，调查了发表在PubMed、Scopus、CyberLink、Web of Science和Google Scholar上的文章。这些数据是使用关键词“Q热和流行率/发病率”和“Q热与流行病学”获得的。由于流行病学差异以及疾病是否可检测，Q热的发病率在各国之间差异很大。根据国家的地理位置，会发生地方病或疫情。在1950年的第三届世界卫生论坛上，人们意识到Q热可能对人类健康造成的危险，并做出了一些决定，刺激了对该疾病病原体全球流行率的研究。从那时起，大量流行病学研究表明，除了南极洲和新西兰，Q热几乎在世界各地都有发生。这篇综述的现有文献和许多国家正在进行的流行病学调查表明，Q热需要被视为一个全球社区健康问题。然而，就哈萨克斯坦而言，目前没有关于人类和农场动物感染率的信息，需要对Q热的发病率进行进一步研究，特别是在2019冠状病毒病中。
{"title":"Q Fever in Individuals in the Eurasian Continent: A 50-Year Literature Review (1973 - 2022)","authors":"Meruyert Bayakhmetova, G. Abuova, Yerkin Begalievich Bukharbayev, Timur Nurzhanovich Ablyazimov, K. Kamytbekova, Saltanat Baimbetova","doi":"10.5812/archcid-136333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-136333","url":null,"abstract":": Q fever is a naturally occurring zoonotic disease with a zoonotic range covering all continents of the globe. The reservoirs and vectors of Coxiella burnetii are ixodid ticks and their hosts. This disease is characterized by a variety of mechanisms and routes in humans and animals (e.g., vector-borne, foodborne, airborne, and dust-borne). The disease often runs in the form of a fever. This article will review the incidence of human Q fever on the Eurasian continent over the past 50 years. Because Q fever is one of the unobserved infectious diseases, the occurrence of Q fever in humans in most countries is impossible to evaluate. Since this literature review is the primary resource for tracking scientific trends and research findings on the subject, the main goal of this study has focused on estimating the index of the incidence of Q fever infection among humans and compiling a 50-year literature review from August 1973 to July 2022. This study investigated the articles published in PubMed, Scopus, CyberLink, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by reviewing the scientific literature and official systematic reviews. The data were obtained using the keywords “Q fever AND prevalence/incidence” and “Q fever AND epidemiology.” The incidence of Q fever varies considerably from country to country due to epidemiological differences and whether the disease is detectable or not. Depending on the location of the country, endemics or outbreaks occur. At the Third World Health Forum in 1950, the possible danger of Q fever to human health was realized, and decisions were made stimulating research into the global prevalence of the causative agent of the disease. Since then, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that Q fever occurs almost everywhere worldwide except in Antarctica and New Zealand. This review’s available literature and ongoing epidemiological investigations in many countries show that Q fever needs to be regarded as a global community health issue. However, in the case of Kazakhstan, there is currently no information on the incidence of infection in humans and farm animals that requires further research on the incidence of Q fever, especially in coronavirus disease 2019.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48371136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Boustanshenas, B. Bakhshi, P. Mobasseri, Parisa Kiani, Farideh Hajiyan Hossein Abadi, Elahe Seyfi, A. Majidpour, Tahereh Mousavi Shabestari
Background: Clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess a wide diversity of antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and genotypes of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients with nosocomial infections. Methods: We tested 149 samples for P. aeruginosa isolation, confirmed by PCR. The Multi, Extensively, and Pan-drug resistant strains were detected through CLSI guidelines. All isolates were subjected to ERIC-PCR genotyping using specific primers. The antibiotic patterns and ERIC types were analyzed statistically using specific software. Results: Seventy-six (51%) isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa. Among them, 86.8% were determined as MDR, 81.5% as XDR, and 5.3% as PDR. Eight E-types were detected, which belonged to two main clusters with a similarity rate of over 70%. Cluster B, composed of E-types G and H, was a dominant cluster. Interestingly all of these cluster members were isolated from the internal ICU, and we can claim that at least two different colons had been colonized in the internal ICU. Moreover, four PDR strains were detected in this study, three of which possessed E-type G, and the remaining belonged to E-type H. Conclusions: Some unique E-types were dominant in ICUs with high diversity in antibiotic resistance patterns, which can be assumed as causative agents for nosocomial infection. The main threat here is regarding the PDR strains. They could be considered nosocomial pathogens and should be deliberated as a critical threat in an emerging hospital outbreak.
{"title":"Genetically Diverse, Extremely Resistant, and Pan-drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the Main Cause of Nosocomial Infection Among Hospitalized Patients","authors":"M. Boustanshenas, B. Bakhshi, P. Mobasseri, Parisa Kiani, Farideh Hajiyan Hossein Abadi, Elahe Seyfi, A. Majidpour, Tahereh Mousavi Shabestari","doi":"10.5812/archcid-136338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-136338","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess a wide diversity of antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and genotypes of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients with nosocomial infections. Methods: We tested 149 samples for P. aeruginosa isolation, confirmed by PCR. The Multi, Extensively, and Pan-drug resistant strains were detected through CLSI guidelines. All isolates were subjected to ERIC-PCR genotyping using specific primers. The antibiotic patterns and ERIC types were analyzed statistically using specific software. Results: Seventy-six (51%) isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa. Among them, 86.8% were determined as MDR, 81.5% as XDR, and 5.3% as PDR. Eight E-types were detected, which belonged to two main clusters with a similarity rate of over 70%. Cluster B, composed of E-types G and H, was a dominant cluster. Interestingly all of these cluster members were isolated from the internal ICU, and we can claim that at least two different colons had been colonized in the internal ICU. Moreover, four PDR strains were detected in this study, three of which possessed E-type G, and the remaining belonged to E-type H. Conclusions: Some unique E-types were dominant in ICUs with high diversity in antibiotic resistance patterns, which can be assumed as causative agents for nosocomial infection. The main threat here is regarding the PDR strains. They could be considered nosocomial pathogens and should be deliberated as a critical threat in an emerging hospital outbreak.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chakameh Amini, M. Fazeli, M. Nasiri, S. Bahonar, M. Dadashi, M. Haghighi, M. Miri, M. Goudarzi
Background: Staphylococcus aureus with concurrent resistance to antibacterial agents is emerging globally. This emergence might be due to the production of different virulence determinants, notably Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of PVL-positive S. aureus strains isolates from clinical samples. Methods: An epidemiological study was conducted on 65 S. aureus isolates carrying pvl genes. An antibiogram test by the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods was conducted to assess antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results: All detected methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were confirmed by mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The PVL-positive isolates were characterized using multiplex PCR assay to detect staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and agr types. The PVL frequency was 19.5% and 17.6% in MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. Among the PVL-positive isolates, 66.2% and 33.8% were MRSA and MSSA, respectively. Multidrug resistance amounted to 84.6% of the isolates (MRSA: 61.5%, MSSA: 23.1%). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec III was dominated (55.8%; 24/43). The most commonly identified agr was type III (53.8%; 35/65). Resistance to vancomycin amounted to 12.3% of the isolates, and all belonged to agr type III and SCCmec type III. The frequency of inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance among PVL-positive MRSA strains (12.3% and 26.1%) was higher than PVL-positive MSSA strains (7.7% and 15.4%). Most constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistance isolates belonged to agr type III (26.2% and 18.5%) and SCCmec type III (each 27.9%). In the present study, 32.3% of the isolates were confirmed as mupirocin resistant, and all were MRSA, 9 (42.9%) and 12 (57.1%) isolates of which exhibited high-level mupirocin resistant (HLMUPR) and low-level mupirocin resistant phenotypes. All HLMUPR MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec III and recovered from wound samples. Conclusions: The emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains among PVL-positive S. aureus strains in Iran is a serious alarm and seems to be becoming the greatest concern in the treatment of staphylococcal infections in the healthcare setting. The present study reinforces plausible direct transfers between community and nosocomial PVL-positive S. aureus types.
{"title":"Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains to Carry Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Tehran, Iran","authors":"Chakameh Amini, M. Fazeli, M. Nasiri, S. Bahonar, M. Dadashi, M. Haghighi, M. Miri, M. Goudarzi","doi":"10.5812/archcid-135699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-135699","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Staphylococcus aureus with concurrent resistance to antibacterial agents is emerging globally. This emergence might be due to the production of different virulence determinants, notably Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of PVL-positive S. aureus strains isolates from clinical samples. Methods: An epidemiological study was conducted on 65 S. aureus isolates carrying pvl genes. An antibiogram test by the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods was conducted to assess antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results: All detected methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were confirmed by mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The PVL-positive isolates were characterized using multiplex PCR assay to detect staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and agr types. The PVL frequency was 19.5% and 17.6% in MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. Among the PVL-positive isolates, 66.2% and 33.8% were MRSA and MSSA, respectively. Multidrug resistance amounted to 84.6% of the isolates (MRSA: 61.5%, MSSA: 23.1%). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec III was dominated (55.8%; 24/43). The most commonly identified agr was type III (53.8%; 35/65). Resistance to vancomycin amounted to 12.3% of the isolates, and all belonged to agr type III and SCCmec type III. The frequency of inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance among PVL-positive MRSA strains (12.3% and 26.1%) was higher than PVL-positive MSSA strains (7.7% and 15.4%). Most constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistance isolates belonged to agr type III (26.2% and 18.5%) and SCCmec type III (each 27.9%). In the present study, 32.3% of the isolates were confirmed as mupirocin resistant, and all were MRSA, 9 (42.9%) and 12 (57.1%) isolates of which exhibited high-level mupirocin resistant (HLMUPR) and low-level mupirocin resistant phenotypes. All HLMUPR MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec III and recovered from wound samples. Conclusions: The emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains among PVL-positive S. aureus strains in Iran is a serious alarm and seems to be becoming the greatest concern in the treatment of staphylococcal infections in the healthcare setting. The present study reinforces plausible direct transfers between community and nosocomial PVL-positive S. aureus types.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47967802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Shaimerdenova, G. Abuova, Serikbayeva Saltanat, Saltanat Baimbetova, Atabay Aidana
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is difficult to treat in pregnant women due to pregnancy itself and the lack of standard treatment for the disease. As of August 2021, the etiotropic drug remdesivir has been added to the prescription list for women during gestation. There are few publications in the global scientific community regarding the use of this antiviral drug in pregnant women. Moreover, there are only sporadic scientific studies in Kazakhstan, so the question remains open. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir in pregnant women with probable or confirmed COVID-19. Methods: The study comprehensively examined 120 pregnant women with severe to very severe COVID-19, who were divided into two groups of patients. The study group consisted of women who received remdesivir and standard therapy. The control group included patients who received standard therapy per the protocol. Results: Statistically significant age differences were observed between the main and control groups (P = 0.019). The differences detected were due to a higher frequency in the age group of 33 and 42 years in patients taking remdesivir than in the control group (P = 0.036). Women in the main group (Median = 9.00; Q1 - Q3 = 8.00 - 11.0) had longer hospital stays than the control group (Me = 8.00; Q1 - Q3 = 7.00 - 10.0). This was due to the more severe condition of the patients in this group. There were statistically significant differences in amniotic fluid changes according to ultrasound between the control and main groups (P = 0.013). When comparing the groups in pairs, amniotic fluid was more common in women who received remdesivir (P = 0.316) than in the control group. Our study found that a decrease in temperature to normal levels occurred earlier in the control group (68%) than in the main group. Further SpO2 increases of more than 95% were seen on days 3 - 4 in the main group (71%) and days 1 - 2 in the control group (43%). After three days, there was an improvement in respiratory rate (41.6%) and a reduction in subjective dyspnea (66.6%) in the main group. Conclusions: The study found that repeat mothers have a more severe course of COVID-19. The older age group and the third trimester of pregnancy are risk factors for progression to severe disease.
{"title":"Remdesevir Antiviral Therapy in Pregnant Women with COVID-19","authors":"G. Shaimerdenova, G. Abuova, Serikbayeva Saltanat, Saltanat Baimbetova, Atabay Aidana","doi":"10.5812/archcid-132803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-132803","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is difficult to treat in pregnant women due to pregnancy itself and the lack of standard treatment for the disease. As of August 2021, the etiotropic drug remdesivir has been added to the prescription list for women during gestation. There are few publications in the global scientific community regarding the use of this antiviral drug in pregnant women. Moreover, there are only sporadic scientific studies in Kazakhstan, so the question remains open. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir in pregnant women with probable or confirmed COVID-19. Methods: The study comprehensively examined 120 pregnant women with severe to very severe COVID-19, who were divided into two groups of patients. The study group consisted of women who received remdesivir and standard therapy. The control group included patients who received standard therapy per the protocol. Results: Statistically significant age differences were observed between the main and control groups (P = 0.019). The differences detected were due to a higher frequency in the age group of 33 and 42 years in patients taking remdesivir than in the control group (P = 0.036). Women in the main group (Median = 9.00; Q1 - Q3 = 8.00 - 11.0) had longer hospital stays than the control group (Me = 8.00; Q1 - Q3 = 7.00 - 10.0). This was due to the more severe condition of the patients in this group. There were statistically significant differences in amniotic fluid changes according to ultrasound between the control and main groups (P = 0.013). When comparing the groups in pairs, amniotic fluid was more common in women who received remdesivir (P = 0.316) than in the control group. Our study found that a decrease in temperature to normal levels occurred earlier in the control group (68%) than in the main group. Further SpO2 increases of more than 95% were seen on days 3 - 4 in the main group (71%) and days 1 - 2 in the control group (43%). After three days, there was an improvement in respiratory rate (41.6%) and a reduction in subjective dyspnea (66.6%) in the main group. Conclusions: The study found that repeat mothers have a more severe course of COVID-19. The older age group and the third trimester of pregnancy are risk factors for progression to severe disease.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Amini, Melika Farzin, Masoumeh Hajihossein, M. Bayat
Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to enhance wound healing in rats with type 1 diabetes (DM1). Objectives: This experimental study aimed to explore how ADSC administration affects bacterial count, wound size, biomechanical and stereological parameters, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 in a rat model of infected, ischemic, and delayed wound healing in DM1. Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar rats weighing less than 250 g were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 per group). Type 1 diabetes was induced in all animals, resulting in the development of a delayed, ischemic, and infected wound model. The CGday4 and CGday8 groups served as controls. In the AGday4 group, the animals received allograft h-ADSs and were euthanized on day four after surgery. Similarly, in the AGday8 group, the animals received h-ADSs and were euthanized on day eight after surgery. Microbial colony counts, wound size, stereological parameters, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 were evaluated in this study during the inflammation (day 4) and proliferation (day 8) stages of wound healing. Results: We demonstrated that h-ADSs significantly reduced microbiological counts compared to the control group on days 4 and 8. Moreover, in the AGday8 group compared to the AGday4 group, this decline in microbiological counts was even more pronounced. Moreover, we observed that the stereological characteristics in the AGday4 and AGday8 groups were significantly superior to those in the CG groups. Additionally, the AGday4 and AGday8 groups exhibited smaller ulcer area sizes compared to the CG groups. Furthermore, the AGday4 and AGday8 groups demonstrated higher expression levels of FGF2 and microRNA-21 than the CG groups on days 4 and 8. Notably, on day 8, the AGday8 group’s outcomes surpassed those of the AGday4 group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Through lowering microbial counts, modifying stereological parameters, microRNA-21, and FGF2 expression, the administration of hADS dramatically speeds up the healing of MARS-infected and ischemic ulcers in DM1 rats.
{"title":"Adipose-derived Stem Cells Improving Inflammatory and Proliferative Responses in an Infected and Ischemic Ulcer Model in Type 1 Diabetic Rats: Insights Into Bacterial Count, Stereological Parameters, microRNA-21, and FGF2 Regulation","authors":"A. Amini, Melika Farzin, Masoumeh Hajihossein, M. Bayat","doi":"10.5812/archcid-135078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-135078","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to enhance wound healing in rats with type 1 diabetes (DM1). Objectives: This experimental study aimed to explore how ADSC administration affects bacterial count, wound size, biomechanical and stereological parameters, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 in a rat model of infected, ischemic, and delayed wound healing in DM1. Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar rats weighing less than 250 g were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 per group). Type 1 diabetes was induced in all animals, resulting in the development of a delayed, ischemic, and infected wound model. The CGday4 and CGday8 groups served as controls. In the AGday4 group, the animals received allograft h-ADSs and were euthanized on day four after surgery. Similarly, in the AGday8 group, the animals received h-ADSs and were euthanized on day eight after surgery. Microbial colony counts, wound size, stereological parameters, and the expression of microRNA-21 and FGF2 were evaluated in this study during the inflammation (day 4) and proliferation (day 8) stages of wound healing. Results: We demonstrated that h-ADSs significantly reduced microbiological counts compared to the control group on days 4 and 8. Moreover, in the AGday8 group compared to the AGday4 group, this decline in microbiological counts was even more pronounced. Moreover, we observed that the stereological characteristics in the AGday4 and AGday8 groups were significantly superior to those in the CG groups. Additionally, the AGday4 and AGday8 groups exhibited smaller ulcer area sizes compared to the CG groups. Furthermore, the AGday4 and AGday8 groups demonstrated higher expression levels of FGF2 and microRNA-21 than the CG groups on days 4 and 8. Notably, on day 8, the AGday8 group’s outcomes surpassed those of the AGday4 group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Through lowering microbial counts, modifying stereological parameters, microRNA-21, and FGF2 expression, the administration of hADS dramatically speeds up the healing of MARS-infected and ischemic ulcers in DM1 rats.","PeriodicalId":51793,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45447917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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