Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction. By Elaine Frantz Parsons. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. Pp. 388. Illustrations, figures, acknowledgments, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95.)The last comprehensive treatment of the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan was Allen Trelease's still authoritative White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction, published in 1971. Elaine Frantz Parsons returns to the primary sources to argue that the Klan's existence as a functioning national organization may have been overestimated by Trelease but that the Klan as a national framing device for postwar political and cultural arguments has been underestimated. Her careful argument will seem credible to readers living in a period of nationwide but decentralized movements from the Tea Party to Black Lives Matter, which have been propagated more by the use of commercial and social media than by traditional organizational infrastructure. Parsons musters congressional records, local court documents, and thousands of press accounts to show that, rather than being a paramilitary or para-political organization, the Klan of 1868 to 1872 was the co-creation of "embodied" vigilantes on the ground, who perpetuated local acts of violence with local motives, and also a "disembodied" national phenomenon, which framed postwar discourse on citizenship, anxiety over expanding federal power, and skepticism about a new national media's growing claims of objectivity.Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction is a happy marriage of the tools of social history and the insights of cultural history. References to theory are frequent, from David Roediger and Catherine Clinton's work on racial and gendered violence to Barbara Babcock-Abraham's work on tricksters in folk culture, but here theory explicates the evidence, rather than sources being mined as support for theory. Parsons' news database of more than 3000 articles and analysis of the relationships among more than 5000 Union County, South Carolina, residents give her argument formidable heft. The first and the final two chapters provide studies of Pulaski, Tennessee, where the Klan was founded, and of Union County, where it undertook some of its most systematic violence. The four chapters in between examine the Klan's impact on ideas of manhood, its shaping of the postwar South, the national press as the Klan's co-creator, and the way ongoing skepticism about the reality of the Klan allowed white northerners and southerners to create a shared postwar narrative to guide the nation's racial and political future.In examining racial violence in Union County, both on the ground and as depicted in the national press, Parsons shows how a well-established local culture of violence morphed into self-identified Ku-Klux operations only when it became politically expedient to do so-after the elections of 1870, a time when the Klan had begun to receive a more sympathetic hearing
{"title":"Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction","authors":"John D. Treat","doi":"10.5860/choice.197340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.197340","url":null,"abstract":"Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction. By Elaine Frantz Parsons. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. Pp. 388. Illustrations, figures, acknowledgments, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95.)The last comprehensive treatment of the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan was Allen Trelease's still authoritative White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction, published in 1971. Elaine Frantz Parsons returns to the primary sources to argue that the Klan's existence as a functioning national organization may have been overestimated by Trelease but that the Klan as a national framing device for postwar political and cultural arguments has been underestimated. Her careful argument will seem credible to readers living in a period of nationwide but decentralized movements from the Tea Party to Black Lives Matter, which have been propagated more by the use of commercial and social media than by traditional organizational infrastructure. Parsons musters congressional records, local court documents, and thousands of press accounts to show that, rather than being a paramilitary or para-political organization, the Klan of 1868 to 1872 was the co-creation of \"embodied\" vigilantes on the ground, who perpetuated local acts of violence with local motives, and also a \"disembodied\" national phenomenon, which framed postwar discourse on citizenship, anxiety over expanding federal power, and skepticism about a new national media's growing claims of objectivity.Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction is a happy marriage of the tools of social history and the insights of cultural history. References to theory are frequent, from David Roediger and Catherine Clinton's work on racial and gendered violence to Barbara Babcock-Abraham's work on tricksters in folk culture, but here theory explicates the evidence, rather than sources being mined as support for theory. Parsons' news database of more than 3000 articles and analysis of the relationships among more than 5000 Union County, South Carolina, residents give her argument formidable heft. The first and the final two chapters provide studies of Pulaski, Tennessee, where the Klan was founded, and of Union County, where it undertook some of its most systematic violence. The four chapters in between examine the Klan's impact on ideas of manhood, its shaping of the postwar South, the national press as the Klan's co-creator, and the way ongoing skepticism about the reality of the Klan allowed white northerners and southerners to create a shared postwar narrative to guide the nation's racial and political future.In examining racial violence in Union County, both on the ground and as depicted in the national press, Parsons shows how a well-established local culture of violence morphed into self-identified Ku-Klux operations only when it became politically expedient to do so-after the elections of 1870, a time when the Klan had begun to receive a more sympathetic hearing ","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"75 1","pages":"269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71031216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim020140004
Susanah Shaw Romney
Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution. By Kathleen DuVal. (New York: Random House, 2015. Pp. xxvi, 435. Illustrations, maps, acknowledgments, notes, index. $28.00.)In this fascinating book, Kathleen DuVal uses the history of the Gulf Coast to forge a new interpretation of the American Revolution. Rather than ending empire and creating independence, DuVal's revolution ended interdependence and created a new North American empire. Though the region is often forgotten or elided in narratives of the Revolutionary War, the violence that began in 1775 nonetheless remade the map of the continent's southern coast. In addition, it upended the lives of the Indians, slaves, and colonists who uneasily shared the region. DuVal selects from this diverse crowd eight individuals whose lives she follows across time, allowing her to paint a rich picture of the complex societies that stretched from western Georgia to Louisiana. Foregrounding these men and women lets her demonstrate that the Revolution ended complicated patterns of interdependence within and among Gulf Coast communities, paving the way for an independent "empire of liberty" that "refused to share the continent" with others (p. xxiv).The life stories of these eight enable DuVal to deftly explain the complicated regional geopolitical relationships that had developed during the eighteenth century. Payamataha, a Chickasaw diplomat, responded to the devastation of the Seven Years' War by choosing peace. By the 1770s, his people began to reap the rewards of having become "more interdependent" with their British, Spanish, and Indian neighbors, just as the Patriot movement threatened those connections. Alexander McGillivray provides another view from Indian country. This member of the Creek Wind clan and son of a Scottish highlander grew enraged at the tactics of rebellious Georgians and threw in his lot with the British, demonstrating the personal interactions that shaped the choices of native peoples adjacent to the expanding white settlements of the East Coast. A pair of married Scots (James Bruce and Isabella Chrystie) give DuVal a chance to delve into the interests and loyalties of people in the new and growing British West Florida settlements. Petit Jean, an enslaved cattle driver in Mobile, lived under the French, British, and Spanish empires and used the upheaval of war to establish his own and his wife's freedom. Louisiana's complicated position, as a French-turned-Spanish colony that not only had multiple legal and illegal trading ties to British outposts, but also lay on the edge of several powerful indigenous polities, is illustrated through the lives of three people: a husband and wife team of Irish colonials, Oliver Pollock and Margaret O'Brien, and an Acadian exile named Amand Broussard, all of whom had plenty of reasons to loathe the British empire. …
{"title":"Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution","authors":"Susanah Shaw Romney","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim020140004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim020140004","url":null,"abstract":"Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution. By Kathleen DuVal. (New York: Random House, 2015. Pp. xxvi, 435. Illustrations, maps, acknowledgments, notes, index. $28.00.)In this fascinating book, Kathleen DuVal uses the history of the Gulf Coast to forge a new interpretation of the American Revolution. Rather than ending empire and creating independence, DuVal's revolution ended interdependence and created a new North American empire. Though the region is often forgotten or elided in narratives of the Revolutionary War, the violence that began in 1775 nonetheless remade the map of the continent's southern coast. In addition, it upended the lives of the Indians, slaves, and colonists who uneasily shared the region. DuVal selects from this diverse crowd eight individuals whose lives she follows across time, allowing her to paint a rich picture of the complex societies that stretched from western Georgia to Louisiana. Foregrounding these men and women lets her demonstrate that the Revolution ended complicated patterns of interdependence within and among Gulf Coast communities, paving the way for an independent \"empire of liberty\" that \"refused to share the continent\" with others (p. xxiv).The life stories of these eight enable DuVal to deftly explain the complicated regional geopolitical relationships that had developed during the eighteenth century. Payamataha, a Chickasaw diplomat, responded to the devastation of the Seven Years' War by choosing peace. By the 1770s, his people began to reap the rewards of having become \"more interdependent\" with their British, Spanish, and Indian neighbors, just as the Patriot movement threatened those connections. Alexander McGillivray provides another view from Indian country. This member of the Creek Wind clan and son of a Scottish highlander grew enraged at the tactics of rebellious Georgians and threw in his lot with the British, demonstrating the personal interactions that shaped the choices of native peoples adjacent to the expanding white settlements of the East Coast. A pair of married Scots (James Bruce and Isabella Chrystie) give DuVal a chance to delve into the interests and loyalties of people in the new and growing British West Florida settlements. Petit Jean, an enslaved cattle driver in Mobile, lived under the French, British, and Spanish empires and used the upheaval of war to establish his own and his wife's freedom. Louisiana's complicated position, as a French-turned-Spanish colony that not only had multiple legal and illegal trading ties to British outposts, but also lay on the edge of several powerful indigenous polities, is illustrated through the lives of three people: a husband and wife team of Irish colonials, Oliver Pollock and Margaret O'Brien, and an Acadian exile named Amand Broussard, all of whom had plenty of reasons to loathe the British empire. …","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"75 1","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64629564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rivers of Sand: Creek Indian Emigration, Relocation, and Ethnic Cleansing in the American South","authors":"Daniel F. Littlefield","doi":"10.5860/choice.197337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.197337","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"75 1","pages":"167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71031173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corazón De Dixie: Mexicanos in the U.S. South since 1910","authors":"M. Pierce","doi":"10.5860/choice.195669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.195669","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"75 1","pages":"172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71030504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory","authors":"J. Pearson","doi":"10.5860/choice.195402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.195402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"1 1 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71030383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Creating the American West: Boundaries and Borderlands. By Derek R. Everett. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. Pp. xv, 302. Acknowledgments, illustrations, maps, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95.)As a graduate student at the University of Arkansas, Derek Everett raised eyebrows at conferences when he espoused the notion that state borders were as important as national ones. Well, over time Everett modified his ideas and funnelcd his energy and talents into a dissertation that became this fine book, Creating the American West. It is well researched, mining a variety of national and state archives, many state and local newspapers, and a good run on the western historiography. The result is a useful text on why many of the western states are shaped the way they are, how state borders came about, and how occasional boundary controversies and disputes were resolved. But unlike Mark Stein's How the States Got Their Shapes (2008), Everett looks specifically at the trans-Mississippi United States and goes much more in depth to analyze the history and significance of boundary-making. Along the way, the book is a great deal of fun! It is replete with interesting and humorous anecdotes about state creation, the fun that can come with map-making, and shows that history need not be a dry and dull subject (lest anyone out there still thinks it may be!). Each chapter engages the reader with a useful hook, including that of chapter 6 about Frank Sinatra's interest in state lines, as he performed in Lake Tahoe in a resort that straddled the California-Nevada boundary.But some readers will still wonder, "so what?," with the significance of the topic coming across better in some chapters than in others. After two excellent background chapters ("Precedent for Western Boundaries" and "Early Boundaries in the Trans-Mississippi West"), Everett explores six case studies. These include chapters on the western Arkansas boundary (which first appeared as an article in the Spring 2008 issue of the Arkansas Historical Quarterly), the Missouri-Iowa border, the boundaries of Oregon Country, the history of the Califomia-Nevada line, the New Mexico-Colorado border, and that dividing North and South Dakota. The chapter on New Mexico-Colorado has the best analysis of borderlands and what that might mean between states. But Everett missed an opportunity to discuss why the line between these two states is not necessarily straight in places. …
创造美国西部:边界和无主之地。德里克·r·埃弗雷特著。(诺曼:俄克拉荷马大学出版社，2014。第15页，第302页。致谢、插图、地图、附录、注释、参考书目、索引。29.95美元)。在阿肯色大学(University of Arkansas)读研究生时，德里克·埃弗雷特(Derek Everett)在一些会议上支持州边界与国家边界同等重要的观点，这让人侧目。随着时间的推移，埃弗雷特修改了他的想法，并将他的精力和才能汇集到一篇论文中，这篇论文成了这本好书，《创造美国西部》。它经过了充分的研究，挖掘了各种国家和州档案，许多州和地方报纸，并对西方史学进行了很好的研究。其结果是一篇有用的文章，解释了为什么许多西部州是这样形成的，州边界是如何产生的，以及偶尔的边界争议和争端是如何解决的。但与马克·斯坦的《美国是如何形成的》(2008)不同，埃弗雷特特别关注了横跨密西西比河的美国，并更深入地分析了边界形成的历史和意义。一路上，这本书是一个很大的乐趣!书中充满了关于国家创建的有趣而幽默的轶事，地图制作的乐趣，并表明历史不一定是一个枯燥乏味的主题(以免有人仍然认为它可能是!)每一章都用有用的钩子吸引读者，包括第六章关于弗兰克·辛纳屈对州界的兴趣，他在横跨加州和内华达州边界的度假胜地太浩湖表演。但一些读者仍然会想，“那又怎样?”，在某些章节中，这个话题的重要性比其他章节更突出。在两个精彩的背景章节(“西部边界的先例”和“跨密西西比西部的早期边界”)之后，埃弗雷特探索了六个案例研究。其中包括关于阿肯色州西部边界的章节(首次出现在2008年春季的《阿肯色州历史季刊》上)，密苏里-爱荷华州边界，俄勒冈州边界，加利福尼亚-内华达州边界的历史，新墨西哥-科罗拉多州边界，以及划分北达科他州和南达科他州的边界。关于新墨西哥州和科罗拉多州的那一章对边境地区及其在州际间的意义进行了最好的分析。但埃弗雷特错过了一个讨论为什么这两个州之间的界线不一定是直线的机会。…
{"title":"Creating the American West: Boundaries and Borderlands","authors":"Sterling Evans","doi":"10.1093/jahist/jav618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav618","url":null,"abstract":"Creating the American West: Boundaries and Borderlands. By Derek R. Everett. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. Pp. xv, 302. Acknowledgments, illustrations, maps, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95.)As a graduate student at the University of Arkansas, Derek Everett raised eyebrows at conferences when he espoused the notion that state borders were as important as national ones. Well, over time Everett modified his ideas and funnelcd his energy and talents into a dissertation that became this fine book, Creating the American West. It is well researched, mining a variety of national and state archives, many state and local newspapers, and a good run on the western historiography. The result is a useful text on why many of the western states are shaped the way they are, how state borders came about, and how occasional boundary controversies and disputes were resolved. But unlike Mark Stein's How the States Got Their Shapes (2008), Everett looks specifically at the trans-Mississippi United States and goes much more in depth to analyze the history and significance of boundary-making. Along the way, the book is a great deal of fun! It is replete with interesting and humorous anecdotes about state creation, the fun that can come with map-making, and shows that history need not be a dry and dull subject (lest anyone out there still thinks it may be!). Each chapter engages the reader with a useful hook, including that of chapter 6 about Frank Sinatra's interest in state lines, as he performed in Lake Tahoe in a resort that straddled the California-Nevada boundary.But some readers will still wonder, \"so what?,\" with the significance of the topic coming across better in some chapters than in others. After two excellent background chapters (\"Precedent for Western Boundaries\" and \"Early Boundaries in the Trans-Mississippi West\"), Everett explores six case studies. These include chapters on the western Arkansas boundary (which first appeared as an article in the Spring 2008 issue of the Arkansas Historical Quarterly), the Missouri-Iowa border, the boundaries of Oregon Country, the history of the Califomia-Nevada line, the New Mexico-Colorado border, and that dividing North and South Dakota. The chapter on New Mexico-Colorado has the best analysis of borderlands and what that might mean between states. But Everett missed an opportunity to discuss why the line between these two states is not necessarily straight in places. …","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"74 1","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jahist/jav618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60956635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pageants, Parlors, and Pretty Women: Race and Beauty in the Twentieth- Century South","authors":"Cherisse Jones-Branch","doi":"10.5860/choice.185944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.185944","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"74 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71025093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ain't Got No Home: America's Great Migrations and the Making of an Interracial Left","authors":"C. Hodge","doi":"10.5860/choice.52-0440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.52-0440","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"73 1","pages":"457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71147276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"This Day We Marched Again": A Union Soldier's Account of War in Arkansas and the Trans-Mississippi. Edited by Mark K. Christ. (Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2014. Pp. 157. Maps, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $19.95, paper.)Mark Christ, longtime community outreach director at the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, has once again contributed to our understanding of the Civil War in Arkansas and the Trans-Mississippi with his publication of Jacob Haas's diary. Writing in his native German, Haas recorded his experiences with Company A (Sheboygan Tigers), Ninth Wisconsin Infantry as they fought in Kansas, Indian Territory, Arkansas, and Missouri. Immigrants like Haas played an important role during the conflict, and German-American regiments served throughout the Trans-Mississippi region, contributing mightily to the Union victory there.Haas's diary does not discuss any political motives for joining the Union cause, which is refreshing, for he concentrated his attentions on military exploits and the people and cultures he encountered during the war. We get an understanding of the country and its various societies and cultures, most of which disappeared after the war. Whether Haas recorded Wisconsin soldiers chasing buffalo near Fort Smith, visiting the Osage Catholic mission, watching the Creeks and Seminoles perform a native dance in camp, or witnessing the antics of the extinct Arkansas parakeet, his war experiences come alive.Vivid descriptions not only of the countryside but also towns like Rolla, Helena, Camden, and Fort Smith place Haas's experiences in a geographic context, further complementing the narrative of military exploits. Haas's regiment was on hand when the seventeen-year-old Confederate spy David O. Dodd was hanged at Little Rock, and it witnessed the deadly effects of the ingestion of poison-laden molasses set out by Confederate women in Arkadelphia. Haas reminds us again and again that war consists of more than just strategy and tactics.Haas's discussions of the military actions and duties of the Ninth Wisconsin contain a level of detail often lacking in primary sources. Christ's title, "This Day We Marched Again," aptly describes the soldiers' experience. Marching hundreds of miles, from St. Louis to Indian Territory and back again, Haas's regiment saw minor and major action against the Confederate army in Arkansas and southern Missouri. Whether the regiment played a major role in a battle, operated as a supporting force, or fought guerrillas, Haas's diary provides detailed observations. …
{"title":"\"This Day We Marched Again\": A Union Soldier's Account of War in Arkansas and the Trans-Mississippi","authors":"R. M. Kohl","doi":"10.1353/book36892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/book36892","url":null,"abstract":"\"This Day We Marched Again\": A Union Soldier's Account of War in Arkansas and the Trans-Mississippi. Edited by Mark K. Christ. (Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2014. Pp. 157. Maps, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $19.95, paper.)Mark Christ, longtime community outreach director at the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, has once again contributed to our understanding of the Civil War in Arkansas and the Trans-Mississippi with his publication of Jacob Haas's diary. Writing in his native German, Haas recorded his experiences with Company A (Sheboygan Tigers), Ninth Wisconsin Infantry as they fought in Kansas, Indian Territory, Arkansas, and Missouri. Immigrants like Haas played an important role during the conflict, and German-American regiments served throughout the Trans-Mississippi region, contributing mightily to the Union victory there.Haas's diary does not discuss any political motives for joining the Union cause, which is refreshing, for he concentrated his attentions on military exploits and the people and cultures he encountered during the war. We get an understanding of the country and its various societies and cultures, most of which disappeared after the war. Whether Haas recorded Wisconsin soldiers chasing buffalo near Fort Smith, visiting the Osage Catholic mission, watching the Creeks and Seminoles perform a native dance in camp, or witnessing the antics of the extinct Arkansas parakeet, his war experiences come alive.Vivid descriptions not only of the countryside but also towns like Rolla, Helena, Camden, and Fort Smith place Haas's experiences in a geographic context, further complementing the narrative of military exploits. Haas's regiment was on hand when the seventeen-year-old Confederate spy David O. Dodd was hanged at Little Rock, and it witnessed the deadly effects of the ingestion of poison-laden molasses set out by Confederate women in Arkadelphia. Haas reminds us again and again that war consists of more than just strategy and tactics.Haas's discussions of the military actions and duties of the Ninth Wisconsin contain a level of detail often lacking in primary sources. Christ's title, \"This Day We Marched Again,\" aptly describes the soldiers' experience. Marching hundreds of miles, from St. Louis to Indian Territory and back again, Haas's regiment saw minor and major action against the Confederate army in Arkansas and southern Missouri. Whether the regiment played a major role in a battle, operated as a supporting force, or fought guerrillas, Haas's diary provides detailed observations. …","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"73 1","pages":"450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66390464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820-1906. By James W. Parins. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. xvi, 276. Acknowledgments, illustrations, notes, selected bibliography, index. $34.95.)This book by the late James W. Parins, professor of English and co-founder of the Sequoyah National Research Center at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, will become the standard history of literacy and intellectual life among the nineteenth-century Cherokees. Parins combines synthesis with new research to tell how the Cherokees used the tools of their conquerors to adapt and survive in the face of the harrowing developments between the invention of the Sequoyan syllabary and the dissolution of the Cherokee Nation's tribal government in 1906. The culmination of decades of work, the book shows the rich fruit borne by the Cherokees' bilingual literacy. Printing presses and pens could not prevent the tragedies of removal and allotment, but they did further tribal unity, preserve memory of tribal custom, and foster a rich literary tradition.The first four chapters detail the spread of English and Cherokee literacy into the late nineteenth century, a fifth examines the relationship between the Sequoyan syllabary and the Cherokee language, and the final four chapters study Cherokee journalists and writers into the early twentieth century. The epilogue tells of recent efforts to further the language using digital media.The remarkable story of Sequoyah's syllabary never tires in the retelling. The grassroots movement to achieve literacy in Cherokee was by any measure unexpected and extraordinary, not only for the tribe, but in the history of indigenous people generally. When George Guess (who knew no English) began creating his syllabary based on symbols he found in an old spelling book, no Indian people in North America had a written language, and less than a quarter of mixed-blood Cherokees were literate in English. Within seven years of the syllabary's introduction around 1820, it was reported that almost all young and middle-aged men could read it, as well as many old men, women, and children. Sequoyah in the meantime had joined other Cherokees in a brief Arkansas residence. Young Cherokees traveled great distances to learn to read and write; the syllabary was so well formed that most could do so in three days. Symbols appeared on buildings, trees, fences, and in dirt floors. By the mid-1830s, as many as two-thirds of Cherokees were literate in Cherokee and/or English. Enthusiasm was such that missionaries who initially opposed the syllabary abruptly changed their minds when attendance at their schools dropped precipitously.Questions remain as to why Sequoyah's handiwork found such a warm reception. In 1800, a handful of Cherokees could write English and fewer than 300 could speak it. But within twenty years, literacy became critical to the tribe's survival. By 1827, the tribe had a written constitution. Many Cherokees learn
1820-1906年，切罗基族的文化和知识生活。詹姆斯·w·帕林斯著。(诺曼:俄克拉荷马大学出版社，2013。第16页，276页。致谢、插图、注释、精选书目、索引。34.95美元)。这本书的作者是已故的詹姆斯·w·帕林斯(James W. Parins)，他是位于小石城的阿肯色大学(University of Arkansas)的英语教授和国家研究中心(Sequoyah National Research Center)的联合创始人。这本书将成为19世纪切罗基人读写能力和智力生活的标准历史。Parins结合了新的研究，讲述了切诺基人如何使用征服者的工具，在红杉音节表的发明和切诺基国家部落政府于1906年解散之间的悲惨发展中适应和生存。这本书是数十年工作的高潮，展示了切罗基人双语能力所带来的丰硕成果。印刷机和钢笔不能防止迁移和分配的悲剧，但它们确实促进了部落的团结，保存了部落习俗的记忆，并培养了丰富的文学传统。前四章详细介绍了英语和切诺基读写能力在19世纪后期的传播，第五章研究了红杉音节和切诺基语言之间的关系，最后四章研究了进入20世纪早期的切诺基记者和作家。结束语讲述了最近利用数字媒体推动汉语发展的努力。《希考亚的音节》这一引人注目的故事在复述中永不疲倦。在切罗基实现识字率的基层运动无论以何种标准衡量都是出乎意料和非凡的，不仅对部落来说是如此，在土著人民的历史上也是如此。当乔治·盖斯(不懂英语)开始根据他在一本旧拼写书中找到的符号创造音节表时，北美的印第安人还没有书面语言，只有不到四分之一的混血儿切罗基人会说英语。在1820年前后引入音节表的七年内，据报道，几乎所有的青年和中年男子以及许多老人、妇女和儿童都能读懂它。在此期间，塞科亚和其他切罗基人一起住在阿肯色州的一处简短的住所里。年轻的切罗基人长途跋涉学习阅读和写作;音节表是如此的整齐，以至于大多数人可以在三天内完成。符号出现在建筑物上、树上、栅栏上和泥土地板上。到19世纪30年代中期，多达三分之二的切罗基人能够读写切罗基语和/或英语。热情是如此强烈，以至于最初反对音节表的传教士在学校出勤率急剧下降时突然改变了主意。为什么西戈亚的作品会受到如此热烈的欢迎，问题仍然存在。1800年，少数切罗基人会写英语，会说英语的不到300人。但在20年内，读写能力对部落的生存至关重要。到1827年，这个部落有了一部成文宪法。许多切罗基人从新教传教士那里学习英语。文学学者巴里·奥康奈尔(Barry O'Connell)认为，学习塞科亚方法的冲动来自于得知传教士计划为他们创造一种书面语言。无论如何，在迁移之后，部落领袖们在19世纪40年代和50年代开办了自己的独立小学和中学，保持了对英语读写能力的承诺。．．．
{"title":"Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820-1906","authors":"Beth Barton Schweiger","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-5784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-5784","url":null,"abstract":"Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation, 1820-1906. By James W. Parins. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. xvi, 276. Acknowledgments, illustrations, notes, selected bibliography, index. $34.95.)This book by the late James W. Parins, professor of English and co-founder of the Sequoyah National Research Center at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, will become the standard history of literacy and intellectual life among the nineteenth-century Cherokees. Parins combines synthesis with new research to tell how the Cherokees used the tools of their conquerors to adapt and survive in the face of the harrowing developments between the invention of the Sequoyan syllabary and the dissolution of the Cherokee Nation's tribal government in 1906. The culmination of decades of work, the book shows the rich fruit borne by the Cherokees' bilingual literacy. Printing presses and pens could not prevent the tragedies of removal and allotment, but they did further tribal unity, preserve memory of tribal custom, and foster a rich literary tradition.The first four chapters detail the spread of English and Cherokee literacy into the late nineteenth century, a fifth examines the relationship between the Sequoyan syllabary and the Cherokee language, and the final four chapters study Cherokee journalists and writers into the early twentieth century. The epilogue tells of recent efforts to further the language using digital media.The remarkable story of Sequoyah's syllabary never tires in the retelling. The grassroots movement to achieve literacy in Cherokee was by any measure unexpected and extraordinary, not only for the tribe, but in the history of indigenous people generally. When George Guess (who knew no English) began creating his syllabary based on symbols he found in an old spelling book, no Indian people in North America had a written language, and less than a quarter of mixed-blood Cherokees were literate in English. Within seven years of the syllabary's introduction around 1820, it was reported that almost all young and middle-aged men could read it, as well as many old men, women, and children. Sequoyah in the meantime had joined other Cherokees in a brief Arkansas residence. Young Cherokees traveled great distances to learn to read and write; the syllabary was so well formed that most could do so in three days. Symbols appeared on buildings, trees, fences, and in dirt floors. By the mid-1830s, as many as two-thirds of Cherokees were literate in Cherokee and/or English. Enthusiasm was such that missionaries who initially opposed the syllabary abruptly changed their minds when attendance at their schools dropped precipitously.Questions remain as to why Sequoyah's handiwork found such a warm reception. In 1800, a handful of Cherokees could write English and fewer than 300 could speak it. But within twenty years, literacy became critical to the tribe's survival. By 1827, the tribe had a written constitution. Many Cherokees learn","PeriodicalId":51953,"journal":{"name":"ARKANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY","volume":"73 1","pages":"333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71146043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：