Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920960349
Emily Lydgate, C. Anthony
The UK Government has pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 but also champion open multilateral trade and pursue new trade relationships with geographically distant partners. The dynamism of policymaking in both areas, as the UK leaves the EU, provides a useful case study for the larger question of how to reconcile liberal trade policy with a net-zero target. After setting out the relevance of trade policy to the climate target, we examine areas at their intersection: current and proposed UK green subsidies, regulatory trade barriers, potential carbon border adjustment, fossil fuel subsidies and free trade agreements. We apply two analytical tests: compliance with relevant World Trade Organisation obligations and coherence with the net-zero climate target. The analysis is hindered by uncertainty, primarily regarding the extent of future global climate ambition, but there are clear areas in which the UK could strengthen its approach to climate change mitigation without undermining its commitment to open trade. Barring a major increase in global ambition, achieving the net-zero target will, however, likely require new trade restrictions. The implication is that, rather than being situated at the margins, the climate target must comprise a central objective of trade strategy.
{"title":"Coordinating UK trade and climate policy ambitions: A legislative and policy analysis","authors":"Emily Lydgate, C. Anthony","doi":"10.1177/1461452920960349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920960349","url":null,"abstract":"The UK Government has pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 but also champion open multilateral trade and pursue new trade relationships with geographically distant partners. The dynamism of policymaking in both areas, as the UK leaves the EU, provides a useful case study for the larger question of how to reconcile liberal trade policy with a net-zero target. After setting out the relevance of trade policy to the climate target, we examine areas at their intersection: current and proposed UK green subsidies, regulatory trade barriers, potential carbon border adjustment, fossil fuel subsidies and free trade agreements. We apply two analytical tests: compliance with relevant World Trade Organisation obligations and coherence with the net-zero climate target. The analysis is hindered by uncertainty, primarily regarding the extent of future global climate ambition, but there are clear areas in which the UK could strengthen its approach to climate change mitigation without undermining its commitment to open trade. Barring a major increase in global ambition, achieving the net-zero target will, however, likely require new trade restrictions. The implication is that, rather than being situated at the margins, the climate target must comprise a central objective of trade strategy.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"280 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83591701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920952584
Rose Mwanza
Kenya’s legal system is characterised by a plurality of constitutional norms that are relevant for governing the relationship between the environment and the people. Key among these are the principle of sustainable development (SD) and the human right to a clean and healthy environment (HRHE). Both norms were constitutionalised in 2010, a development that represents what scholars have termed environmental constitutionalism and sustainability constitutionalism, respectively. The constitutionalisation of the principle of SD and the HRHE is a welcome development which has the potential to fill some gaps that existed in the old constitutional arrangement. At the same time, this development is set against a backdrop of critical debates that question their effectiveness in regard to environmental protection. This article demonstrates that the two norms have developed in a manner that is responsive to the salient criticism raised against them. Moreover, courts in Kenya have construed them as complementary norms. Specifically, courts in Kenya have applied the HRHE to clarify the meaning and scope of the environmental prong of SD and construed the duty to pursue ecologically SD (a component of SD) as encompassing the obligation to protect ecological processes that support all life.
{"title":"The relationship between the principle of sustainable development and the human right to a clean and healthy environment in Kenya’s legal context: An appraisal","authors":"Rose Mwanza","doi":"10.1177/1461452920952584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920952584","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya’s legal system is characterised by a plurality of constitutional norms that are relevant for governing the relationship between the environment and the people. Key among these are the principle of sustainable development (SD) and the human right to a clean and healthy environment (HRHE). Both norms were constitutionalised in 2010, a development that represents what scholars have termed environmental constitutionalism and sustainability constitutionalism, respectively. The constitutionalisation of the principle of SD and the HRHE is a welcome development which has the potential to fill some gaps that existed in the old constitutional arrangement. At the same time, this development is set against a backdrop of critical debates that question their effectiveness in regard to environmental protection. This article demonstrates that the two norms have developed in a manner that is responsive to the salient criticism raised against them. Moreover, courts in Kenya have construed them as complementary norms. Specifically, courts in Kenya have applied the HRHE to clarify the meaning and scope of the environmental prong of SD and construed the duty to pursue ecologically SD (a component of SD) as encompassing the obligation to protect ecological processes that support all life.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"62 1","pages":"184 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84809242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920934704
Clement Kojo Akapame
The quest for timber and timber resources and its corollary effects on forest degradation has in the last decade contributed to a series of concerted local and international interventions aimed at addressing the situation. These interventions have taken the character of domestic policies, international agreements and pacts and to some extent, domestic legislative reforms. The plethora of interventions have created a horde of laws and agreements with varying scopes and applications, multiple institutions with interlocked and overlapping responsibilities and uncoordinated and often undocumented practice in the commercial trade of timber. The focus of this article is to prod through the domestic and international legal and institutional architecture on the regulation of the trade of timber and timber resources. The article hopes to unearth the challenges in complying with these obligations and propose recommendations on the way forward.
{"title":"The chase for legal timber: Developments in the commercial trade of timber in Ghana","authors":"Clement Kojo Akapame","doi":"10.1177/1461452920934704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920934704","url":null,"abstract":"The quest for timber and timber resources and its corollary effects on forest degradation has in the last decade contributed to a series of concerted local and international interventions aimed at addressing the situation. These interventions have taken the character of domestic policies, international agreements and pacts and to some extent, domestic legislative reforms. The plethora of interventions have created a horde of laws and agreements with varying scopes and applications, multiple institutions with interlocked and overlapping responsibilities and uncoordinated and often undocumented practice in the commercial trade of timber. The focus of this article is to prod through the domestic and international legal and institutional architecture on the regulation of the trade of timber and timber resources. The article hopes to unearth the challenges in complying with these obligations and propose recommendations on the way forward.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"198 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73312304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920950048
A. Richardson, M. Crowe, M. Hopkins, J. Cottrell, Shada Mellor
{"title":"Quarterly Comment by Trinity Chambers: Trinity Chambers, Newcastle","authors":"A. Richardson, M. Crowe, M. Hopkins, J. Cottrell, Shada Mellor","doi":"10.1177/1461452920950048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920950048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"235 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84457834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920958204
Anne-Michelle Slater
{"title":"Book review: Environmental Law Essentials, Edinburgh Law Essentials","authors":"Anne-Michelle Slater","doi":"10.1177/1461452920958204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920958204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"45 1","pages":"259 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78953958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920948626
Petra Minnerop
This article explains the first German climate case filed against the Federal Government in the Berlin Administrative Court in 2018 and decided in October 2019. The article identifies and examines the key elements of the decision of the Berlin Court and it places the legal issues of the case within the relevant framework of German administrative court procedure law, administrative law and constitutional law. The case evolved around the legally binding force of a cabinet decision of the Federal Government which laid down the German greenhouse gas emissons reduction target for 2020. Despite the fact that the application was dismissed for lack of standing, some important legal developments can be derived from the judgment, especially in relation to justiciability of the case and the state’s duty to protect fundamental rights under the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) in the climate change context. Just after the judgment was delivered, the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag) adopted the first Federal Climate Protection Act in November 2019 and thus defined the state’s new climate targets in statutory form. This changed the legal landscape and claimants consequently abstained from appealing the judgment. However, the German Constitutional Court now has the opportunity to clarify further some of the legal issues that arose in this first German climate case from applying ‘traditional’ legal concepts to the challenge of climate change, if it decides to hear the constitutional complaint which was filed in 2020 against the Federal Climate Protection Act.
{"title":"The first German climate case","authors":"Petra Minnerop","doi":"10.1177/1461452920948626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920948626","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains the first German climate case filed against the Federal Government in the Berlin Administrative Court in 2018 and decided in October 2019. The article identifies and examines the key elements of the decision of the Berlin Court and it places the legal issues of the case within the relevant framework of German administrative court procedure law, administrative law and constitutional law. The case evolved around the legally binding force of a cabinet decision of the Federal Government which laid down the German greenhouse gas emissons reduction target for 2020. Despite the fact that the application was dismissed for lack of standing, some important legal developments can be derived from the judgment, especially in relation to justiciability of the case and the state’s duty to protect fundamental rights under the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) in the climate change context. Just after the judgment was delivered, the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag) adopted the first Federal Climate Protection Act in November 2019 and thus defined the state’s new climate targets in statutory form. This changed the legal landscape and claimants consequently abstained from appealing the judgment. However, the German Constitutional Court now has the opportunity to clarify further some of the legal issues that arose in this first German climate case from applying ‘traditional’ legal concepts to the challenge of climate change, if it decides to hear the constitutional complaint which was filed in 2020 against the Federal Climate Protection Act.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"215 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920953655
O. Pedersen
Climate change litigators are increasingly relying on a range of different jurisdictional avenues and legal regimes. The recent Urgenda decision by the Dutch Supreme Court provides a surprisingly rare snapshot of the relevance of human rights law to climate change litigation. Focusing on the Supreme Court's reliance on the environmental rights case law from the ECHR, this case note argues that climate change and human rights adjudications takes the form of an adjudicatory network. This network creates spaces for domestic courts to develop contingent responses to emerging climate change claims.
{"title":"The networks of human rights and climate change: The State of the Netherlands v Stichting Urgenda, Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 20 December 2019 (19/00135)","authors":"O. Pedersen","doi":"10.1177/1461452920953655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920953655","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change litigators are increasingly relying on a range of different jurisdictional avenues and legal regimes. The recent Urgenda decision by the Dutch Supreme Court provides a surprisingly rare snapshot of the relevance of human rights law to climate change litigation. Focusing on the Supreme Court's reliance on the environmental rights case law from the ECHR, this case note argues that climate change and human rights adjudications takes the form of an adjudicatory network. This network creates spaces for domestic courts to develop contingent responses to emerging climate change claims.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"227 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90807953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/1461452920958398
Meissy Janet Naeku
Kenya’s climate change legal environment is considered progressive, with the country being one of the first in the African continent to enact robust climate law and policies that guide national and local action. The presence of a comprehensive legal regime is meant to provide an opportunity for the country to coordinate climate change issues in a more structured manner. Despite this, Kenya continues to grapple with challenges presented by climate change, which have increased the country’s vulnerability to biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation and immense impacts on livelihoods and infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. Climate-related disasters and extreme events have plagued the most vulnerable communities, particularly with the most affected being Indigenous People and marginalised local communities. It is against this backdrop that the extent to which procedural mechanisms and the substantive legal frameworks produced needs to be reflected upon, to determine their interaction and feedback with the ongoing climate crisis and their sufficiency to adequately deliver climate justice across various levels of climate change law implementation. As a starting point, this article builds a comprehensive understanding on the existing climate laws in Kenya and explores how this translates to climate resilience building. The coherences, practicalities and implementation dynamics of the legal instruments are analysed to provide a clear picture of how the country responds to international, regional and national expectations and obligations. We argue that the adequacy of climate instruments in Kenya has not satisfactorily translated into climate resilience. Although most of the instruments are informed by sustainability principles for climate justice and resilience building, they still face diverse socio-economic and political dynamics that impede its effective implementation.
{"title":"Climate change governance: An analysis of the climate change legal regime in Kenya","authors":"Meissy Janet Naeku","doi":"10.1177/1461452920958398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920958398","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya’s climate change legal environment is considered progressive, with the country being one of the first in the African continent to enact robust climate law and policies that guide national and local action. The presence of a comprehensive legal regime is meant to provide an opportunity for the country to coordinate climate change issues in a more structured manner. Despite this, Kenya continues to grapple with challenges presented by climate change, which have increased the country’s vulnerability to biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation and immense impacts on livelihoods and infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. Climate-related disasters and extreme events have plagued the most vulnerable communities, particularly with the most affected being Indigenous People and marginalised local communities. It is against this backdrop that the extent to which procedural mechanisms and the substantive legal frameworks produced needs to be reflected upon, to determine their interaction and feedback with the ongoing climate crisis and their sufficiency to adequately deliver climate justice across various levels of climate change law implementation. As a starting point, this article builds a comprehensive understanding on the existing climate laws in Kenya and explores how this translates to climate resilience building. The coherences, practicalities and implementation dynamics of the legal instruments are analysed to provide a clear picture of how the country responds to international, regional and national expectations and obligations. We argue that the adequacy of climate instruments in Kenya has not satisfactorily translated into climate resilience. Although most of the instruments are informed by sustainability principles for climate justice and resilience building, they still face diverse socio-economic and political dynamics that impede its effective implementation.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"170 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84573076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-17DOI: 10.1177/1461452920934667
Christopher N. Rodgers
‘Green spaces’ provide important cultural ecosystem services in our towns and cities. ‘Green’ space may come in many forms – for example parks, village greens, urban commons, or just neglected and undeveloped wasteland. But all of it is important as it can provide much needed space for open air recreation and exercise in crowded urban areas. The covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdown has shown just how important it is for us to have easy access to open space for recreation and exercise. But much of our green space is, in an age of austerity, under threat. Covid-19 has shown that we need to reappraise planning policy for the designation and protection of new areas of green space in our urban environment; to better protect existing open space, including village greens and commons; and to seek to rebalance planning policy to ensure that the drive for new housing does not take place at the expense of ensuring that adequate green space is provided for existing and future communities.
{"title":"Nourishing and protecting our urban ‘green’ space in a post-pandemic world","authors":"Christopher N. Rodgers","doi":"10.1177/1461452920934667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920934667","url":null,"abstract":"‘Green spaces’ provide important cultural ecosystem services in our towns and cities. ‘Green’ space may come in many forms – for example parks, village greens, urban commons, or just neglected and undeveloped wasteland. But all of it is important as it can provide much needed space for open air recreation and exercise in crowded urban areas. The covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdown has shown just how important it is for us to have easy access to open space for recreation and exercise. But much of our green space is, in an age of austerity, under threat. Covid-19 has shown that we need to reappraise planning policy for the designation and protection of new areas of green space in our urban environment; to better protect existing open space, including village greens and commons; and to seek to rebalance planning policy to ensure that the drive for new housing does not take place at the expense of ensuring that adequate green space is provided for existing and future communities.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"165 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82507269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529211006074
B. F. Anyatang, B. Kooffreh
The overall objective of this article is to analyse critically the legal instruments that regulate decommissioning of onshore and offshore platforms in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry vis-à-vis other jurisdictions such as The United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK) with a view to making requisite recommendations for improvement in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry. This article in its introductory part will be devoted to conceptual clarifications of decommissioning and abandonment and differences (if any). Part two is the critical analysis of legislations on decommissioning in Nigeria. Part three is also a critical analysis on legal regimes and practices on decommissioning in other jurisdictions such as USA and UK. Part four is a comparative analysis of legislations and decommissioning practices in Nigeria and other jurisdiction. Part five consists of findings/recommendations made during the research. In the end, conclusions are drawn, part of which is a call for proactive actions by megacorporation and the Nigerian government in the sphere of timeous decommissioning of obsolete and failed platforms, enactment and, or, review of obsolete legislations regulating decommissioning as well as fulfilment of obligations under multilateral environmental treaties that regulate decommissioning and sustainable environmental management and protection.
{"title":"Abandonment/decommissioning under Nigerian legal regimes: A comparative analysis","authors":"B. F. Anyatang, B. Kooffreh","doi":"10.1177/14614529211006074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529211006074","url":null,"abstract":"The overall objective of this article is to analyse critically the legal instruments that regulate decommissioning of onshore and offshore platforms in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry vis-à-vis other jurisdictions such as The United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK) with a view to making requisite recommendations for improvement in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry. This article in its introductory part will be devoted to conceptual clarifications of decommissioning and abandonment and differences (if any). Part two is the critical analysis of legislations on decommissioning in Nigeria. Part three is also a critical analysis on legal regimes and practices on decommissioning in other jurisdictions such as USA and UK. Part four is a comparative analysis of legislations and decommissioning practices in Nigeria and other jurisdiction. Part five consists of findings/recommendations made during the research. In the end, conclusions are drawn, part of which is a call for proactive actions by megacorporation and the Nigerian government in the sphere of timeous decommissioning of obsolete and failed platforms, enactment and, or, review of obsolete legislations regulating decommissioning as well as fulfilment of obligations under multilateral environmental treaties that regulate decommissioning and sustainable environmental management and protection.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"110 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82046486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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