Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529231156485
Bettina Lange, P. R. Williams, B. Bendall
This article discusses 2 ideas for reforming abstraction of water from the natural environment in order to provide a balance between environmental protection and secure, sustainable access to water also for future generations. This matters in light of an increased risk of water scarcity and drought due to growth and a changing climate. The first of these ideas – a sliding scale of legal protection for abstractions seeks to match the strength of legal protection through the abstraction licence to how much water is abstracted, as well as to how critical to business use, and environmentally beneficial the abstraction is. The second idea – ‘bubble licensing’ – involves capping the amount of water available for abstraction in a catchment and to promote exchanges of water between abstractors, not just through trading, but also through reciprocity exchanges and bartering. This collective action approach is intended to transcend an individual fixed entitlement approach to abstracting water. The article develops its argument through an analysis of literature on water rights, pollution trading, water charges, as well as a reference to ongoing reform debates about abstraction licensing in England.
{"title":"Increasing access to water through flexible entitlements?","authors":"Bettina Lange, P. R. Williams, B. Bendall","doi":"10.1177/14614529231156485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529231156485","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses 2 ideas for reforming abstraction of water from the natural environment in order to provide a balance between environmental protection and secure, sustainable access to water also for future generations. This matters in light of an increased risk of water scarcity and drought due to growth and a changing climate. The first of these ideas – a sliding scale of legal protection for abstractions seeks to match the strength of legal protection through the abstraction licence to how much water is abstracted, as well as to how critical to business use, and environmentally beneficial the abstraction is. The second idea – ‘bubble licensing’ – involves capping the amount of water available for abstraction in a catchment and to promote exchanges of water between abstractors, not just through trading, but also through reciprocity exchanges and bartering. This collective action approach is intended to transcend an individual fixed entitlement approach to abstracting water. The article develops its argument through an analysis of literature on water rights, pollution trading, water charges, as well as a reference to ongoing reform debates about abstraction licensing in England.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"85 1","pages":"28 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89032818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529231162052
Verity LJ Adams, Michael Haywood, Sarah Ismail
{"title":"Quarterly Comment by Trinity Chambers","authors":"Verity LJ Adams, Michael Haywood, Sarah Ismail","doi":"10.1177/14614529231162052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529231162052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"66 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88622694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529221149836
Muano Nemavhidi, A. O. Jegede
Carbon tax has attracted attention as an instrument of climate action for transiting towards the objective of stabilising global temperatures below 2 °C. Its significance as a response to climate change is, however, disputed. Also, its possible implications on key fundamental human rights of poor populations are rarely discussed. South Africa enacted a Carbon Tax Act in 2019 amid the challenge of poverty and its commitments to both climate actions and human rights. This paper interrogates the significance of the Carbon Tax Act and clarifies the potential implications that it may have on key human rights of poor populations. It recommends the need to channel the revenue generated from the implementation of the Carbon Tax Act to address its potential adverse impact on human rights of poor populations in South Africa.
{"title":"Carbon tax as a climate intervention in South Africa: A potential aid or hindrance to human rights?","authors":"Muano Nemavhidi, A. O. Jegede","doi":"10.1177/14614529221149836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221149836","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon tax has attracted attention as an instrument of climate action for transiting towards the objective of stabilising global temperatures below 2 °C. Its significance as a response to climate change is, however, disputed. Also, its possible implications on key fundamental human rights of poor populations are rarely discussed. South Africa enacted a Carbon Tax Act in 2019 amid the challenge of poverty and its commitments to both climate actions and human rights. This paper interrogates the significance of the Carbon Tax Act and clarifies the potential implications that it may have on key human rights of poor populations. It recommends the need to channel the revenue generated from the implementation of the Carbon Tax Act to address its potential adverse impact on human rights of poor populations in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"11 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90708878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529221146622
Jamie Page, P. Whaley, Aleksandra Čavoški
This paper discusses the need for wider reform of UK chemicals policy following exit of the UK from the EU, focusing on chemical flame retardants as an example. Exposure to these chemicals presents a range of human environmental health issues and reveals important limitations in the UK’s approach to reconciling fire safety with environmental and public health protections. Key strategic issues that would advance evidence-informed policy in this area are identified.
{"title":"Reforming the UK Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988","authors":"Jamie Page, P. Whaley, Aleksandra Čavoški","doi":"10.1177/14614529221146622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221146622","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the need for wider reform of UK chemicals policy following exit of the UK from the EU, focusing on chemical flame retardants as an example. Exposure to these chemicals presents a range of human environmental health issues and reveals important limitations in the UK’s approach to reconciling fire safety with environmental and public health protections. Key strategic issues that would advance evidence-informed policy in this area are identified.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"43 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76468913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529231162320
L. Brown, Jasbinder Ghag
This opinion asks the question of whether contaminated land sites ‘can’ and ‘should’ be used to provide renewable energy in the United Kingdom (UK)? This question in turn raises many other questions and scenarios which have yet to be considered, explored and resolved, by relevant stakeholders regarding the use of such sites. Detailed assessments need to be undertaken to understand what the impact of using these sites would have on the environment, local communities, and whether the renewable energy obtained would make a significant difference in reducing the UK's reliance on fossil fuels. It may be that due to the long timescales involved, as a result of the need to monitor and evaluate such sites over time (in contrast to the speed of change that is actually required in practice to deal with the current energy crisis), that this proposal does not provide a ‘quick fix’ but is nonetheless something that the UK government should consider more fully now, as it could help with mitigating the ‘energy and environmental crisis’ over the longer term. In other parts of the world such as the United States of America (USA), contaminated land is actively being reused to provide renewable energy.
{"title":"Contaminated land, green energy and the energy crisis: Should contaminated land sites be targeted and used to produce renewable energy in the United Kingdom?","authors":"L. Brown, Jasbinder Ghag","doi":"10.1177/14614529231162320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529231162320","url":null,"abstract":"This opinion asks the question of whether contaminated land sites ‘can’ and ‘should’ be used to provide renewable energy in the United Kingdom (UK)? This question in turn raises many other questions and scenarios which have yet to be considered, explored and resolved, by relevant stakeholders regarding the use of such sites. Detailed assessments need to be undertaken to understand what the impact of using these sites would have on the environment, local communities, and whether the renewable energy obtained would make a significant difference in reducing the UK's reliance on fossil fuels. It may be that due to the long timescales involved, as a result of the need to monitor and evaluate such sites over time (in contrast to the speed of change that is actually required in practice to deal with the current energy crisis), that this proposal does not provide a ‘quick fix’ but is nonetheless something that the UK government should consider more fully now, as it could help with mitigating the ‘energy and environmental crisis’ over the longer term. In other parts of the world such as the United States of America (USA), contaminated land is actively being reused to provide renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"3635 1","pages":"3 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86675145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/14614529221146633
C. Caine
This legislative note evaluates the recently introduced Energy Prices Act 2022, particularly with respect to the impact that it might have on the renewables industry and the UK's ability to meet its climate change targets through the installation of renewable energy technology. The Act comes at a time where the UK and many other countries are gripped by both a global energy crisis and a cost of living crisis which has resulted in significant struggles, with some households in the UK being forced to choose whether to heat and power their homes or pay for food. The Energy Prices Act 2022 was introduced to reduce the financial burden of energy bills, and also to limit the profits made by low carbon generators. Since the enactment of the Act, further developments have been made in both of these fields. This legislative note will evaluate the contents of the Act itself, along with the further developments which have taken place and will analyse the potential impact that these changes could have on the renewables industry.
{"title":"The Energy Prices Act 2022: A barrier to net zero?","authors":"C. Caine","doi":"10.1177/14614529221146633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221146633","url":null,"abstract":"This legislative note evaluates the recently introduced Energy Prices Act 2022, particularly with respect to the impact that it might have on the renewables industry and the UK's ability to meet its climate change targets through the installation of renewable energy technology. The Act comes at a time where the UK and many other countries are gripped by both a global energy crisis and a cost of living crisis which has resulted in significant struggles, with some households in the UK being forced to choose whether to heat and power their homes or pay for food. The Energy Prices Act 2022 was introduced to reduce the financial burden of energy bills, and also to limit the profits made by low carbon generators. Since the enactment of the Act, further developments have been made in both of these fields. This legislative note will evaluate the contents of the Act itself, along with the further developments which have taken place and will analyse the potential impact that these changes could have on the renewables industry.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"51 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78757244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1177/14614529221141669
E. Lees
The Court of Appeal has once again addressed the rules under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 1 / Habitats Directive 2 in R (Wyatt) v Fareham Borough Council . 3 Whilst the Court expli-citly states that there are no new questions of law in this case, 4 the judgment of Lindblom LJ is nevertheless signi fi cant in the way that it treats disputes concerning expert guidance and evidence in relation to conservation. The legal principles being applied were indeed settled, but the clarity of their expression in this judgment is very helpful. The case provides a useful, up-to-date summary of the tests which have been developed by the Court of Justice of European Union (CJEU) 5 and the domestic courts in relation to the lawfulness of appropriate assessments under regulation 63 Habitats Regulations/ article 6 Habitats Directive. It also explores the relationships between Court, administrative authority, expert administrative agencies, and other scienti fi c advisors. I have explored the complex power relationships that have emerged in the operation of the Habitats Directive in respect of these actors elsewhere. 6 This judgment goes a long way to presenting a clear and accurate snapshot of how those relationships (should) work.
{"title":"R (Wyatt) v Fareham Borough Council: Worst case scenario and habitats protection","authors":"E. Lees","doi":"10.1177/14614529221141669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221141669","url":null,"abstract":"The Court of Appeal has once again addressed the rules under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 1 / Habitats Directive 2 in R (Wyatt) v Fareham Borough Council . 3 Whilst the Court expli-citly states that there are no new questions of law in this case, 4 the judgment of Lindblom LJ is nevertheless signi fi cant in the way that it treats disputes concerning expert guidance and evidence in relation to conservation. The legal principles being applied were indeed settled, but the clarity of their expression in this judgment is very helpful. The case provides a useful, up-to-date summary of the tests which have been developed by the Court of Justice of European Union (CJEU) 5 and the domestic courts in relation to the lawfulness of appropriate assessments under regulation 63 Habitats Regulations/ article 6 Habitats Directive. It also explores the relationships between Court, administrative authority, expert administrative agencies, and other scienti fi c advisors. I have explored the complex power relationships that have emerged in the operation of the Habitats Directive in respect of these actors elsewhere. 6 This judgment goes a long way to presenting a clear and accurate snapshot of how those relationships (should) work.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"45 1","pages":"314 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78947155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1177/14614529221107740
Shailja Rawal
When natural environment is under an attack, humans suffer too but should “Ecocide” which literally translates into “killing the environment” be made a criminal offence and if yes, then how will such a law work out? Considering the current inadequacies in environmental governance and increasing catastrophic consequences, very recently, a proposal has been made in order to include ecocide as the fifth international crime. If and when promulgated as law, this should yield in a novel historic shift towards adopting a non-anthropocentric approach. Implementation of ecocide as a legal command, albeit an appreciable idea, involves certain challenges in terms of drafting and promulgating such command as a “rule” or “standard”. This paper, through a law and economics perspective, while discussing the various shortcomings, critiques the definition for its standard-like approach. Legally and economically, promulgation of any command can be either in the form of rules or standards. However, considering the lack of consensus and inconsistent usage of the terms in the definition, the proposal seems to be a closer fit within the latter category. This however, not only falls inconsistent with the envisioned aim of creating certainty and predictability but also falters within a sound regime of cost benefit analysis. The idea is to propose a combination of “ex ante” determination of law i.e., formulation of rule and “ex post” liability in the contingency of the said rule being violated. This is especially important considering the penal repercussions associated with the crime. That being said, it is acknowledged that even the implementation of rules might have certain shortcomings yet the idea is not to prove that ecocide as a rule is intrinsically the best; instead, it is at least perceived to be better than the rest.
{"title":"Law and economics behind ecocide: Juggling between rules and standards","authors":"Shailja Rawal","doi":"10.1177/14614529221107740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221107740","url":null,"abstract":"When natural environment is under an attack, humans suffer too but should “Ecocide” which literally translates into “killing the environment” be made a criminal offence and if yes, then how will such a law work out? Considering the current inadequacies in environmental governance and increasing catastrophic consequences, very recently, a proposal has been made in order to include ecocide as the fifth international crime. If and when promulgated as law, this should yield in a novel historic shift towards adopting a non-anthropocentric approach. Implementation of ecocide as a legal command, albeit an appreciable idea, involves certain challenges in terms of drafting and promulgating such command as a “rule” or “standard”. This paper, through a law and economics perspective, while discussing the various shortcomings, critiques the definition for its standard-like approach. Legally and economically, promulgation of any command can be either in the form of rules or standards. However, considering the lack of consensus and inconsistent usage of the terms in the definition, the proposal seems to be a closer fit within the latter category. This however, not only falls inconsistent with the envisioned aim of creating certainty and predictability but also falters within a sound regime of cost benefit analysis. The idea is to propose a combination of “ex ante” determination of law i.e., formulation of rule and “ex post” liability in the contingency of the said rule being violated. This is especially important considering the penal repercussions associated with the crime. That being said, it is acknowledged that even the implementation of rules might have certain shortcomings yet the idea is not to prove that ecocide as a rule is intrinsically the best; instead, it is at least perceived to be better than the rest.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"270 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87534303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1177/14614529221141670
E. Piekarz-Porter, M. Cailas
Federal regulations in the United States of America concerning the environment are currently in the process of being re-implemented and redeveloped after years of roll-back under the Trump Administration. This opinion recommends three steps that individual states could take to support stronger environmental policies, which are rooted in ‘environmental justice’ in relation to issuing emission permits, so as to mitigate the impact of industry upon overburdened communities, and in doing so improve air quality, whilst the federal government reworks its own standards. Given the current political situation, which is heavily contested, and the complicated legal structure of the USA the opinion concludes, that in the context of issuing permits, and having considered a range of environmental law issues at each level of the United States government, that states have a vital role to play in mitigating the ‘environmental impact’ of pollution on underserved communities, and in tackling other environmental problems.
{"title":"Shifting the burden of emissions permit approval in the United States: The case for improved state action","authors":"E. Piekarz-Porter, M. Cailas","doi":"10.1177/14614529221141670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221141670","url":null,"abstract":"Federal regulations in the United States of America concerning the environment are currently in the process of being re-implemented and redeveloped after years of roll-back under the Trump Administration. This opinion recommends three steps that individual states could take to support stronger environmental policies, which are rooted in ‘environmental justice’ in relation to issuing emission permits, so as to mitigate the impact of industry upon overburdened communities, and in doing so improve air quality, whilst the federal government reworks its own standards. Given the current political situation, which is heavily contested, and the complicated legal structure of the USA the opinion concludes, that in the context of issuing permits, and having considered a range of environmental law issues at each level of the United States government, that states have a vital role to play in mitigating the ‘environmental impact’ of pollution on underserved communities, and in tackling other environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"265 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75533045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1177/14614529221137142
Urenmisan Afinotan
Nigeria currently contributes significantly to the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced in Africa through unabated emissions from its oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta, making the country an important player in global climate change mitigation efforts. Gas flaring is the major medium by which Nigeria contributes to the global percentage of deleterious GHGs released into the atmosphere. Therefore, regulatory efforts at the cessation of gas flaring in the country is important within the wider context of global climate change mitigation, and is worthy of analysis. The recent ‘code red’ warning by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) about the clear and present danger unmitigated climate change currently poses to the planet, together with Nigeria's recent pledge at COP26 to eliminate GHG emissions by 2060, makes this analysis even more necessary. Accordingly, this article generally assesses the efforts of Nigeria at eliminating gas flaring within the context of its international commitments on battling climate change. The first part of the article explores the history and current status of gas flaring in Nigeria. The second part critically analyses the guiding policy, regulatory, legislative, and judicial efforts at ending gas flaring in Nigeria with the view to determining the seriousness of the country in domestically matching its international commitments towards mitigating climate change through the phasing out of GHG emissions.
{"title":"How serious is Nigeria about climate change mitigation through gas flaring regulation in the Niger Delta?","authors":"Urenmisan Afinotan","doi":"10.1177/14614529221137142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614529221137142","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria currently contributes significantly to the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced in Africa through unabated emissions from its oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta, making the country an important player in global climate change mitigation efforts. Gas flaring is the major medium by which Nigeria contributes to the global percentage of deleterious GHGs released into the atmosphere. Therefore, regulatory efforts at the cessation of gas flaring in the country is important within the wider context of global climate change mitigation, and is worthy of analysis. The recent ‘code red’ warning by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) about the clear and present danger unmitigated climate change currently poses to the planet, together with Nigeria's recent pledge at COP26 to eliminate GHG emissions by 2060, makes this analysis even more necessary. Accordingly, this article generally assesses the efforts of Nigeria at eliminating gas flaring within the context of its international commitments on battling climate change. The first part of the article explores the history and current status of gas flaring in Nigeria. The second part critically analyses the guiding policy, regulatory, legislative, and judicial efforts at ending gas flaring in Nigeria with the view to determining the seriousness of the country in domestically matching its international commitments towards mitigating climate change through the phasing out of GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":52213,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Law Review","volume":"35 1","pages":"288 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81354966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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