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The Appropriate Assessment under the European Habitats Directive: Interplay Between Science, Law, and Policy 欧洲生境指令下的适当评估:科学、法律和政策之间的相互作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1551477
Giorgos Balias
Abstract Despite 25 years of the European Union's Habitats Directive, the erosion of biodiversity in the EU has continued. To help explain the failure, this article analyzes Habitats Directive Article 6(3) and (4) and their key terms. It concludes, among other points, that the “Appropriate Assessment,” the objective of which is to insure the integrity of the Natura 2000 network sites, has not been used as it should have. Moreover, the vagueness of many terms in Article 6(3) and (4) have allowed biological conservation to be overcome by the imperative of economic growth. This article calls for greater recognition of the need for legal action despite incomplete scientific knowledge, as well as for better education of both the community and the courts in incorporating scientific knowledge into conservation policy.
尽管欧盟的栖息地指令已经实施了25年,但欧盟生物多样性的侵蚀仍在继续。为了帮助解释这一失败,本文分析了生境指令第6(3)条和(4)条及其关键术语。它的结论是,“适当评估”的目的是确保Natura 2000网络站点的完整性,但它没有得到应有的使用。此外,第6条第(3)款和第(4)款的许多用语含糊不清,使得经济增长的必要性压倒了生物保护。这篇文章呼吁在科学知识不完整的情况下更多地认识到采取法律行动的必要性,以及在将科学知识纳入保护政策方面更好地教育社区和法院。
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引用次数: 1
Japan’s Ivory Trade in the Face of the Endangered Species Convention 面对濒危物种公约,日本的象牙贸易
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1554872
P. Sand
Abstract Commercial trade in ivory remains one of the major threats to the survival of an iconic wildlife resource: the elephant, in particular the African species (Loxodonta africana). At its 2016 Johannesburg meeting, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) adopted by consensus an urgent call for the closure of domestic markets for ivory. The only Party which has openly defied that call is Japan – claiming that its own domestic ivory market is strictly controlled, and does not contribute to elephant poaching elsewhere. The present study analyzes that claim in light of the evidence, including the country's legislation (as recently amended) and its application in practice (as documented by multiple recent surveys). The author's findings do not support Japan's claim to a sweeping exemption from the global ban agreed by the CITES Conference. On the contrary, in view of serious shortcomings in the Government's current legislative and administrative controls over the ivory trade (especially with regard to internet transactions), the author recommends effective termination of Japan's domestic ivory market; and pending such closure, a reclassification of Japan in category 2 of the CITES legislation list (‘legislation believed not to meet all the requirements for CITES implementation’).
象牙贸易仍然是对标志性野生动物资源大象生存的主要威胁之一,特别是非洲物种(Loxodonta africana)。在2016年约翰内斯堡会议上,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)缔约方大会以协商一致方式紧急呼吁关闭国内象牙市场。唯一公开反对这一呼吁的国家是日本,声称其国内象牙市场受到严格控制,不会助长其他地方的大象偷猎。本研究根据证据,包括该国的立法(最近修订的)及其在实践中的应用(最近多次调查记录的),分析了这一主张。作者的研究结果并不支持日本宣称的从CITES会议上达成的全球禁令中获得全面豁免的说法。相反,鉴于政府目前对象牙贸易的立法和行政控制(特别是在互联网交易方面)存在严重缺陷,作者建议有效终止日本国内象牙市场;在此之前,将日本重新分类为CITES立法清单的第2类(“立法被认为不符合CITES实施的所有要求”)。
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引用次数: 1
Rhinoceros Conservation and International Law: The Role of Wildlife Treaties in Averting Megaherbivore Extinction 犀牛保护和国际法:野生动物条约在避免大型食草动物灭绝中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1483300
Bram Janssens, A. Trouwborst
This review article assesses the relevance of international wildlife treaties for the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s five species of rhinoceros – white rhino (Ceratotherium simum), black rhino (Diceros bicornis), Indian rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). The analysis covers global treaties like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the World Heritage Convention and the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, alongside various regional African treaties. Employing standard legal research methodology combined with relevant knowledge from the natural and social sciences, the focus of the review is both on past performance and future potential of the treaties involved. The outcomes of the analysis suggest that, despite pervasive compliance deficiencies which continue to curtail the effectiveness of the various treaties, the prospects of various rhinoceros populations may well have been (even) worse without some of these treaties. The comparative importance of the World Heritage Convention for the conservation of the three Asian rhino species is an example. The main threat to rhinoceroses – poaching driven by a demand for rhino horn in various Asian countries – is international in nature, and a substantial part of the analysis centers on the international community’s efforts to address this threat over the past four decades within the framework of CITES. A key recommendation flowing from this analysis is for CITES parties to seriously but critically explore alternatives to the current trade ban regime, including the option of a strictly controlled legal trade in rhino horn sourced from viable, sustainably managed populations.
本文综述了国际野生动物条约对世界五种犀牛——白犀牛(Ceratotherium simum)、黑犀牛(Diceros bicornis)、印度犀牛(rhinoceros unicornis)、爪哇犀牛(rhinoceros sondaicus)和苏门答腊犀牛(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)保护和可持续利用的相关性。该分析涵盖了《濒危物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)、《世界遗产公约》和《拉姆萨尔湿地公约》等全球条约,以及各种区域性非洲条约。采用标准的法律研究方法,结合自然科学和社会科学的相关知识,审查的重点是有关条约的过去业绩和未来潜力。分析结果表明,尽管普遍存在的遵守缺陷继续削弱各种条约的有效性,但如果没有其中一些条约,各种犀牛种群的前景可能会更糟。《世界遗产公约》对保护三种亚洲犀牛的相对重要性就是一个例子。对犀牛的主要威胁——亚洲各国对犀牛角的需求所导致的偷猎——本质上是国际性的,分析的很大一部分集中在过去四十年来国际社会在CITES框架内解决这一威胁的努力上。该分析提出的一项重要建议是,CITES缔约方应认真但审慎地探索现有贸易禁令制度的替代方案,包括对来自可行的、可持续管理的种群的犀牛角进行严格控制的合法贸易。
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引用次数: 10
A Future for a Forgotten Predator: An Assessment of International Legal Frameworks for Protection and Recovery of the Caribbean Sawfishes 被遗忘捕食者的未来:加勒比锯鳐保护和恢复的国际法律框架评估
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1481597
Olga Koubrak
Sawfishes are the world’s most endangered marine fish. These shark-looking rays were once common in tropical and subtropical coastal waters across the globe and are now extinct in large portions of their range. Sawfishes were first assessed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) in 1996. Today, both species of sawfish present in the Caribbean are classified as critically endangered or facing “an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.” Only 2.4 percent of chondrichthyans, a class that includes more than one thousand species of sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras, have been placed in this category. Even if all external sources of mortality are eliminated, it will take anywhere from “several decades” to over 100 years for the Caribbean sawfishes to recover. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, sawfishes’ perilous status became recognized in national and international law. In 2003, it “won the dubious distinction of being the first animal that can spend its entire life in the ocean” to be listed under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA).
锯鳐是世界上最濒危的海鱼。这些长得像鲨鱼的鳐曾经在全球热带和亚热带沿海水域很常见,现在它们的大部分地区都灭绝了。1996年,国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)首次将锯鳐列为濒危物种。今天,加勒比地区的这两种锯鳐都被列为极度濒危物种,或面临“野外灭绝的极高风险”。软骨鱼纲包括一千多种鲨鱼、鳐鱼、鳐鱼和嵌合体,只有2.4%的软骨鱼纲被归为这一类。即使所有导致死亡的外部因素都被消除,加勒比锯鳐也需要“几十年”到100多年的时间才能恢复。到21世纪初,锯鳐的危险地位得到了国家和国际法律的承认。2003年,它“赢得了第一个可以在海洋中度过一生的动物的荣誉”,被列入美国濒危物种法案(ESA)。
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引用次数: 2
From IPOA Sharks to Sharks MoU Under the Convention on Migratory Species: Progress or Clutter in International Environmental Law? 从IPOA鲨鱼到《迁徙物种公约》下的鲨鱼谅解备忘录:国际环境法的进步还是混乱?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1485957
Laura Muir, Natalie Klein
Abstract The conservation and management of sharks is regulated under different international instruments of varying degrees of specificity and with different legal purposes. Two international instruments targeted at the conservation and management of sharks are the International Plan of Action for Sharks and the Sharks Memorandum of Understanding, which was adopted under the Convention on Migratory Species. This article examines and compares these two non-binding instruments, querying not only what was gained from the adoption of an additional non-binding instrument in the Sharks MoU just ten years after the IPOA Sharks but also how the accumulation of soft law instruments may operate within the framework of international environmental law. We show that such instruments do serve different purposes and can serve the ultimate goal of improving the conservation status of sharks, as well as thickening international environmental law to the benefit of species conservation.
鲨鱼的保护和管理受到不同的国际文书的管制,这些文书具有不同程度的专用性和不同的法律目的。以保护和管理鲨鱼为目标的两项国际文书是《鲨鱼国际行动计划》和《鲨鱼谅解备忘录》,这两项文书是根据《迁徙物种公约》通过的。本文考察和比较了这两份不具约束力的文书,不仅询问在《国际行动计划》(IPOA)《鲨鱼》签署仅仅十年之后,《鲨鱼谅解备忘录》中通过了一份额外的不具约束力的文书,而且还询问了软法律文书的积累如何在国际环境法框架内发挥作用。我们表明,这些文书确实有不同的目的,并且可以为改善鲨鱼的保护状况以及加强国际环境法以有利于物种保护的最终目标服务。
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引用次数: 1
Regulations on the Use of Fish and Wild Meat Segregate the Intrinsically Un-Dissociable for Subsistence Livelihoods in Colombia 在哥伦比亚,关于使用鱼类和野生肉类的规定将本质上不可分离的鱼类与生存生计分开
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1481598
J. Gómez, N. Vliet
Abstract Wild animals have a special importance in Colombian rural contexts, where access to other sources of protein is limited. In rural communities, fishing and hunting provide food and generate income for household subsistence. In general, an important portion of the animals harvested is consumed within the family, and the remaining surplus is traded to acquire other subsistence foods and goods. Under the Colombian legal framework, harvesting animals from the wild (fishing and hunting) for subsistence purposes is allowed without restrictions on harvested amounts, if limited to family consumption. However, the trade of wild fish and wild meat, even in small amounts, is subject to a license, permit, or authorization. Regulations for the commercial use of wild fish, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, are clear and simple to comply with. On the other hand, the commercial use of wild meat, regulated under the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, remains illegal in practice, due to the complex requirements and the caveats in the regulatory framework. The reasons for these differences in the legal requirements to obtain a commercial permit for wild fish and wild meat are based on institutional differences and not on the sustainability of the practice. Considering the relevance of both hunting and fishing for rural livelihoods, it is important to question whether the current legal framework offers guarantees for the sustainable use of these resources in the future. Our analysis shows that the contrasting regulatory approaches between fish and wild meat use, as well as the discrepancies in the arguments to justify commercial fishing while prohibiting wild meat trade, have concrete consequences for local livelihoods. Moreover, instead of guaranteeing sustainability, bans on wild meat trade lead to more underground distribution channels and, potentially, also to increased pressure on fish stocks. Integrated management options need to be encouraged at the local level and promoted through integrated policy and regulatory frameworks for both resources and their habitats. Improved valuation and monitoring systems for subsistence and small-scale fish and wildmeat trade should also be integrated in the regulatory system to ensure sustainability for the future.
野生动物在哥伦比亚农村环境中具有特殊的重要性,在那里获得其他蛋白质来源是有限的。在农村社区,捕鱼和狩猎为家庭生计提供食物和收入。一般来说,收获的动物中有很大一部分在家庭内消费,剩余的则用于交易,以获得其他维持生计的食物和商品。在哥伦比亚的法律框架下,允许为维持生计而从野外(捕鱼和狩猎)采集动物,如果仅限于家庭消费,则不受采集数量的限制。然而,野生鱼类和野生肉类的贸易,即使是少量的,也需要许可证、许可证或授权。农业和农村发展部关于野生鱼类商业利用的规定明确且易于遵守。另一方面,由于复杂的要求和监管框架中的警告,在环境和可持续发展部的监管下,野生肉的商业用途在实践中仍然是非法的。获得野生鱼类和野生肉类商业许可证的法律要求存在这些差异的原因是基于制度差异,而不是基于这种做法的可持续性。考虑到狩猎和捕鱼与农村生计的相关性,重要的是要质疑目前的法律框架是否为未来可持续利用这些资源提供了保障。我们的分析表明,鱼类和野生肉类使用之间截然不同的监管方法,以及在为商业捕捞辩护的同时禁止野生肉类贸易的论点存在差异,对当地生计产生了具体影响。此外,禁止野生肉类贸易非但不能保证可持续性,反而会导致更多的地下分销渠道,并可能增加鱼类资源的压力。必须在地方一级鼓励综合管理办法,并通过资源及其生境的综合政策和管理框架加以促进。还应将改善的用于维持生计和小规模鱼类及野生肉类贸易的估价和监测系统纳入管理系统,以确保未来的可持续性。
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引用次数: 2
India's Protected Areas: Are They Really Protected or at the Mercy of Wildlife Boards? 印度的保护区:它们是真的受保护还是受野生动物委员会的支配?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1439701
Neelotpalam Tiwari, Himanshu Pabreja
“Environmental justice could be achieved only if we drift away from the principle of anthropocentric to ecocentric.”11 T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India, ¶ 14, (2012) 4 SCC 362 (India)....
只有当我们从人类中心主义转向生态中心主义时,环境正义才能实现。11 T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad诉印度联邦,¶14,(2012)4 SCC 362(印度)....
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引用次数: 0
Diversity in Judgments: The Role of the Courts in Promoting Biodiversity 判决的多样性:法院在促进生物多样性中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1439702
Judge Anthony Lucky
If the environment could speak, would it express satisfaction with the performance of those who are meant to guard its interest? In any event, whatever the performance ratings given to the executiv...
如果环境能说话,它会对那些维护其利益的人的表现表示满意吗?在任何情况下,无论给执行官的绩效评级如何……
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引用次数: 0
The Politics of “Better Than Nothing” in National Wetland Protection Law 《国家湿地保护法》中的“聊胜于无”政治
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2017.1413781
Stephen Leitheiser
During his recent presidential campaign, now US President Donald J. Trump seized the opportune moment of discontent with the establishment when he used the phrase “drain the swamp” to illustrate his pledge to remove “corrupt, career politicians” preventing the United States from being “great again.” Trump’s campaign to “drain the swamp” provides an ironically accurate illustration of the United States’ policies on wetland management for more than 120 years—policies that encouraged the conversion of what were considered wasted swamplands into productive uplands that could be used for agriculture and other economic activity.1 This “drain the swamp” mentality has also been displayed historically throughout Europe and, more recently, Asia, Africa, and Oceania—so much so, in fact, that a recent study estimates that, in the last 300 years, humans have eliminated 87 percent of wetlands globally,2 with 30 percent of these losses occurring since 1970.3 The rapid disappearance of global wetlands has become increasingly alarming as science continues to indicate that wetlands are not wasted and unproductive areas but rather areas of immense importance to both humans and wildlife and among the most productive ecosystems worldwide.4 Once recognition of wetland importance was established, protection campaigns followed beginning with an international treaty: the Convention onWetlands (hereinafter the “Ramsar Convention”), signed in Ramsar, Iran in 1971.5 The Ramsar
在最近的总统竞选中,现任美国总统唐纳德·j·特朗普抓住了对建制派不满的时机,用“抽干沼泽”来说明他要除掉阻碍美国“再次伟大”的“腐败的职业政客”的承诺。具有讽刺意味的是,特朗普的“排干沼泽”运动准确地说明了美国120多年来的湿地管理政策,这些政策鼓励将被认为是浪费的沼泽转化为可用于农业和其他经济活动的生产性高地这种“抽干沼泽”的心态在历史上也在整个欧洲,最近在亚洲、非洲和大洋洲都有表现,以至于最近的一项研究估计,在过去的300年里,人类已经消灭了全球87%的湿地,其中30%发生在1970年以后。全球湿地的迅速消失越来越令人担忧,因为科学不断表明,湿地不是被浪费和不生产的地区,而是对人类和野生动物都极其重要的地区,是世界上最具生产力的生态系统之一一旦人们认识到湿地的重要性,保护活动就随之而来,并于1971年在伊朗拉姆萨尔签署了一项国际条约:《湿地公约》(以下简称“拉姆萨尔公约”)
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引用次数: 1
Economic Development and Environmental Justice: Cruel Conundrum or Symbiotic Relationship? (We Can Have Plan B, but No Planet B!) 经济发展与环境正义:残酷的难题还是共生关系?(我们可以有B计划,但没有B星球!)
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13880292.2018.1439693
Abhishek Kumar
An American political philosopher and Harvard University professor, Michael Sandel, famously remarked that “Justice is not only about the right way to distribute things. It is also about the rightway to value things.”1 In today’s globalized economiccentric world, humans have forgotten the real value of the environment and wildlife to our life. Environmental destruction and wildlife crimes are today’s “tragedy of the commons,” and our apathy towards it would lead us only to self-destruction. This approach can be termed as a signature in the race to human destruction. The human tragedy is not merely that environmental destruction and wildlife crimes are a de trop reality of today, but also that we ourselves do not know that environmental destruction and wildlife crimes are something that happens to humankind in the first place. The impact of environmental destruction is no longer a subject matter of research hypotheses; rather, such hypotheses attempt to measure its magnitude. It was the 2016 headline reading “Development More Important Than Tigers, Supreme Court Says”2 that raised eyebrows and concerned many for the simple reason that even the “last resort” to get justice (read environmental justice here) is agreeing with the government’s argument of development over the environment. The successive governments, both at the Centre and the states, have always argued that India is a developing nation with somewhat 22 percent of its population still under the garb of poverty,3 and in order to bring them out of poverty, the state needs to create basic infrastructure, generate employment, promote industrialization, etc., and all these development activities, unfortunately, will have some negative impacts on the environment and wildlife. It is a non-debateable obligation on the part of the government to eradicate poverty, but can environmental destruction be a
美国政治哲学家、哈佛大学教授迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)有一句名言:“正义不仅仅是分配事物的正确方式。它还涉及到正确评估事物的方式。在当今以经济为中心的全球化世界中,人类已经忘记了环境和野生动物对我们生活的真正价值。环境破坏和野生动物犯罪是今天的“公地悲剧”,我们对它的冷漠只会导致我们自我毁灭。这种做法可以被称为人类毁灭竞赛中的一个标志。人类的悲剧不仅在于环境破坏和野生动物犯罪是当今的现实,而且还在于我们自己不知道环境破坏和野生动物犯罪首先发生在人类身上。环境破坏的影响不再是研究假设的主题;相反,这些假设试图衡量它的大小。2016年的头条是“最高法院称,发展比老虎更重要”,这让许多人感到惊讶和担忧,原因很简单,即使是寻求正义的“最后手段”,也同意政府关于发展比环境更重要的论点。历届政府,无论是中央政府还是各邦政府,都一直认为印度是一个发展中国家,大约22%的人口仍然处于贫困状态,为了使他们摆脱贫困,国家需要建立基础设施,创造就业机会,促进工业化等等,不幸的是,所有这些发展活动都会对环境和野生动物产生一些负面影响。政府有义务消除贫困,这是无可争议的,但环境破坏能成为一种负担吗
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
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