The ever-changing diversity of users and high-specification devices have become key concerns for the current mobile network operators. In this paper, a max-min fair dynamic power control algorithm is proposed for the reduction of power consumption at a base station. The spatial heterogeneity of users is achieved by applying a stochastic geometry-based Cox process. The set-up network is analyzed using the mmWave spectrum at deployed small cells (SCs) and with sub-6 GHz in macrocell (MC). The simulated MATLAB results depict an increase in the network sumrate and average user throughput when changing from the fixed power allocation to the proposed dynamic power allocation algorithm.
{"title":"Transmit Power Allocation for Sub-6GHz/mmWave-based 5G Cellular Network","authors":"Janmoni Borah, Smriti Baruah, Timmigani Dinesh, Kandlapalli Divya, Shaik Faseeha Anjum, Subramaniam Rajasekaran","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723060043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723060043","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The ever-changing diversity of users and high-specification devices have become key concerns for the current mobile network operators. In this paper, a max-min fair dynamic power control algorithm is proposed for the reduction of power consumption at a base station. The spatial heterogeneity of users is achieved by applying a stochastic geometry-based Cox process. The set-up network is analyzed using the mmWave spectrum at deployed small cells (SCs) and with sub-6 GHz in macrocell (MC). The simulated MATLAB results depict an increase in the network sumrate and average user throughput when changing from the fixed power allocation to the proposed dynamic power allocation algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723090017
Pavlo Kostenko, Valeriy Slobodyanuk
Abstract
The paper considers a nonparametric method for estimating the Doppler frequency of a broadband signal with code (digital) phase manipulation distorted by multiplicative interference. The estimation of the Doppler frequency, which leads to the deformation of the envelope and shift of carrier frequency, was carried out in the absence of a priori information about the probability density function of the noise component in the model of the received signal (observation). An assumption is made that the noise component is an independent and identically distributed (IID) process with independent and identically distributed random quantities (“white” noise). The objective function (OF) is proposed that uses BDS statistics of discrepancies, i.e., the difference between an observation and the expected signal model, to estimate the Doppler frequency. The OF minimum is adopted as an estimate of the parameter. Quality characteristics of the Doppler frequency estimation are investigated in the case of additive noise when observing a signal with different probability distributions: Gaussian, uniform, logistic, and Cauchy. Special attention is paid to the case when the probability density function of multiplicative interference is characterized by “heavy tails.” The statistical modeling of the Doppler frequency estimation algorithm that implements the numerical minimization of the proposed objective function has been carried out. It is shown that the use of BDS statistics and the proposed objective function based on it allows us to avoid specifying the distribution density of the multiplicative interference when determining the Doppler frequency.
{"title":"Nonparametric Method of Doppler Frequency Estimation Taking into Account Deformation of Envelope and Center Frequency Shift of Signal Distorted by Multiplicative Interference","authors":"Pavlo Kostenko, Valeriy Slobodyanuk","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723090017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723090017","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The paper considers a nonparametric method for estimating the Doppler frequency of a broadband signal with code (digital) phase manipulation distorted by multiplicative interference. The estimation of the Doppler frequency, which leads to the deformation of the envelope and shift of carrier frequency, was carried out in the absence of a priori information about the probability density function of the noise component in the model of the received signal (observation). An assumption is made that the noise component is an independent and identically distributed (IID) process with independent and identically distributed random quantities (“white” noise). The objective function (OF) is proposed that uses BDS statistics of discrepancies, i.e., the difference between an observation and the expected signal model, to estimate the Doppler frequency. The OF minimum is adopted as an estimate of the parameter. Quality characteristics of the Doppler frequency estimation are investigated in the case of additive noise when observing a signal with different probability distributions: Gaussian, uniform, logistic, and Cauchy. Special attention is paid to the case when the probability density function of multiplicative interference is characterized by “heavy tails.” The statistical modeling of the Doppler frequency estimation algorithm that implements the numerical minimization of the proposed objective function has been carried out. It is shown that the use of BDS statistics and the proposed objective function based on it allows us to avoid specifying the distribution density of the multiplicative interference when determining the Doppler frequency.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3103/s073527272210003x
Fedor Dubrovka, Eugene Saratov
Abstract
In this paper a broadband transition from coaxial line to circular waveguide has been proposed, developed, and experimentally investigated. The transition consists of series-connected sections-transitions based on microstrip line, antipodal fin line with and without overlapping fins, bilateral fin line, and tapered transition from a rectangular waveguide to a circular one. Taking advantage of fin lines ensures manufacturability and repeatability of the electrical characteristics of the transition. Simulation results obtained are in good agreement with the results of the experimental study. The proposed transition from a coaxial line to a circular waveguide ensures a reflection coefficient of no more than –10 dB in the 8–18 GHz operating frequency range.
{"title":"Broadband Transition from Coaxial Line to Circular Waveguide","authors":"Fedor Dubrovka, Eugene Saratov","doi":"10.3103/s073527272210003x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s073527272210003x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>In this paper a broadband transition from coaxial line to circular waveguide has been proposed, developed, and experimentally investigated. The transition consists of series-connected sections-transitions based on microstrip line, antipodal fin line with and without overlapping fins, bilateral fin line, and tapered transition from a rectangular waveguide to a circular one. Taking advantage of fin lines ensures manufacturability and repeatability of the electrical characteristics of the transition. Simulation results obtained are in good agreement with the results of the experimental study. The proposed transition from a coaxial line to a circular waveguide ensures a reflection coefficient of no more than –10 dB in the 8–18 GHz operating frequency range.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723070026
Manoj Kumar Beuria, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Bhanu Pratap Chaudhary, V. Gokula Krishnan, Sudhansu Sekhar Singh
Abstract
This paper examines the efficiency of a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system by using a deep learning (DL)-based stacked long short-term memory (S-LSTM) scheme. The vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel is considered to be time-selective as a result of node mobility and the presence of imprecise channel state information (CSI). The use of the fifth generation (5G) tapped delay line type C (TDL-C) independent and identically distributed (IID) fading channel models allows for the production of channel taps that properly replicate the Nakagami-m fading wireless channel. The paper examines the outage probability (OP) and symbol error rate (SER) of both traditional and suggested channel estimators. It analyzes these metrics under various fading parameters, pilot symbols (PS), learning rate (LR), and batch size. The training of deep neural network (DNN) models is performed using the Adam optimizer. Enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may decrease the SER which results in the enhanced identification of the downlink channel in NOMA cell-based systems. Reducing the LR has a positive effect on the SER, validating the analytical findings that indicate greater changes in DNN weights and larger validation mistakes when the LR is raised. Nevertheless, this benefit is accompanied by the drawback of more frequent updates, resulting in a delay in the model’s convergence.
摘要 本文通过使用基于深度学习（DL）的堆叠长短期记忆（S-LSTM）方案，研究了下行非正交多址（NOMA）系统的效率。由于节点的移动性和不精确信道状态信息（CSI）的存在，车对车（V2V）信道被认为具有时间选择性。使用第五代（5G）C 型分接延迟线（TDL-C）独立且同分布（IID）衰落信道模型，可以产生适当复制 Nakagami-m 衰减无线信道的信道分接。本文研究了传统和建议信道估计器的中断概率 (OP) 和符号错误率 (SER)。它分析了这些指标在不同衰减参数、先导符号（PS）、学习率（LR）和批量大小下的情况。使用 Adam 优化器对深度神经网络（DNN）模型进行训练。提高信噪比（SNR）可降低 SER，从而增强基于 NOMA 小区系统的下行链路信道识别能力。降低信噪比对 SER 有积极影响，这验证了分析结果，即提高信噪比时 DNN 权重变化更大，验证错误也更大。然而，这种好处也伴随着更新更频繁的缺点，导致模型收敛延迟。
{"title":"Examination of Deep Learning based NOMA System Considering Node Mobility and Imperfect CSI","authors":"Manoj Kumar Beuria, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Bhanu Pratap Chaudhary, V. Gokula Krishnan, Sudhansu Sekhar Singh","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723070026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723070026","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This paper examines the efficiency of a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system by using a deep learning (DL)-based stacked long short-term memory (S-LSTM) scheme. The vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel is considered to be time-selective as a result of node mobility and the presence of imprecise channel state information (CSI). The use of the fifth generation (5G) tapped delay line type C (TDL-C) independent and identically distributed (IID) fading channel models allows for the production of channel taps that properly replicate the Nakagami-m fading wireless channel. The paper examines the outage probability (OP) and symbol error rate (SER) of both traditional and suggested channel estimators. It analyzes these metrics under various fading parameters, pilot symbols (PS), learning rate (LR), and batch size. The training of deep neural network (DNN) models is performed using the Adam optimizer. Enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may decrease the SER which results in the enhanced identification of the downlink channel in NOMA cell-based systems. Reducing the LR has a positive effect on the SER, validating the analytical findings that indicate greater changes in DNN weights and larger validation mistakes when the LR is raised. Nevertheless, this benefit is accompanied by the drawback of more frequent updates, resulting in a delay in the model’s convergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723040027
Muhannad Y. Muhsin, Firas M. Ali, Ali J. Salim, Zainab F. Mohammad, Jawad K. Ali
Abstract
Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreasing. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review also contains basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly.
摘要近年来，由于无线通信系统多媒体应用的快速发展，以及为满足 5G 移动通信系统对容量和数据速率的要求，需要采用新的传输技术。多输入多输出（MIMO）天线系统是 5G 通信系统的有力工具之一，它采用多天线并利用多径衰落移动环境，在不增加任何带宽和/或传输功率的情况下提高信道容量。然而，由于移动设备空间有限，天线之间的距离越来越小。天线之间的相互耦合会严重影响多输入多输出系统的整体性能。因此，需要采用隔离改进方法来减少这些影响。本综述介绍了不同的隔离技术及其特点和缺点，并说明了在现代多输入多输出天线系统中应用这些技术的技巧。此外，还比较了这些多输入多输出系统的性能特点。综述还包含 MIMO 天线系统的基本概念及其性能指标。最后，简要讨论了 MIMO 天线系统设计的未来方向和趋势。
{"title":"Isolation Techniques in MIMO Antennas for 5G Mobile Devices (Comprehensive Review)","authors":"Muhannad Y. Muhsin, Firas M. Ali, Ali J. Salim, Zainab F. Mohammad, Jawad K. Ali","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723040027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723040027","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreasing. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review also contains basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723090054
Yurii Lykov, Anatoliy Oleynikov, Hanna Lykova, Stepan Savenko, Sergey Makovetskyi
Abstract
This paper elucidates the importance of creating backup communication channels in emergencies when access to cellular and satellite communication systems can be limited. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the use of LoRaWAN technology as a basis for building reliable backup communication facilities. A block diagram of the device has been proposed, which is used as an example for modeling the autonomy time of the device. It is shown that, depending on the mode of operation, this time ranges from 150 to 900 days. To estimate the radio accessibility zone of the device, the maximum transmission range was modeled using various models of radio wave propagation. The results of the investigations have shown that the developed emergency communication system based on the LoRaWAN protocol is effective and superior to other wireless communication technologies under certain conditions.
{"title":"Organization of Backup Communication Channels for Emergencies in Environments with Limited Infrastructure Using LPWAN Technology","authors":"Yurii Lykov, Anatoliy Oleynikov, Hanna Lykova, Stepan Savenko, Sergey Makovetskyi","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723090054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723090054","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This paper elucidates the importance of creating backup communication channels in emergencies when access to cellular and satellite communication systems can be limited. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the use of LoRaWAN technology as a basis for building reliable backup communication facilities. A block diagram of the device has been proposed, which is used as an example for modeling the autonomy time of the device. It is shown that, depending on the mode of operation, this time ranges from 150 to 900 days. To estimate the radio accessibility zone of the device, the maximum transmission range was modeled using various models of radio wave propagation. The results of the investigations have shown that the developed emergency communication system based on the LoRaWAN protocol is effective and superior to other wireless communication technologies under certain conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the background of the intensive development and implementation of satellite technologies for position determination, navigation, and time synchronization, one of the central threats to critical industries is the creation of intentional interference to the signals of global navigation satellite systems. It is shown that the use of small-sized antenna arrays in navigation systems consisting of satellite constellations of GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BEIDOU, QZSS, or their combinations makes it possible to detect and suppress interfering signals by forming zeros of the antenna array directional pattern in the directions of their arrival. The interfering signal suppression is supplemented with detection procedures while maintaining the ability of navigation by using from one to four satellite systems according to criteria of the required number of satellites in the line of sight and the permissible geometric factor. The process of suppressing the interfering signal from four directions is illustrated by three scenarios, the initial data for which are signals from 35 satellites in the line of sight collected in real-time from five systems. It has been shown that the use of five systems and 35 satellites ensures the suppression of the interfering signal. At the same time, 22 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 13 satellites are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 1.18. When using GPS, GLONASS, and 19 satellites, the interfering signal is suppressed. In this case, 10 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 9 are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 2.1. When using only GPS, the interfering signal suppression is also ensured. This time 7 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 4 are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 1.76.
{"title":"Antenna Array Application to Support Operation of GNSS Receivers under Interfering Signals","authors":"Valeriy Konin, Yuliya Averyanova, Oksana Ishchenko","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723100023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723100023","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Against the background of the intensive development and implementation of satellite technologies for position determination, navigation, and time synchronization, one of the central threats to critical industries is the creation of intentional interference to the signals of global navigation satellite systems. It is shown that the use of small-sized antenna arrays in navigation systems consisting of satellite constellations of GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BEIDOU, QZSS, or their combinations makes it possible to detect and suppress interfering signals by forming zeros of the antenna array directional pattern in the directions of their arrival. The interfering signal suppression is supplemented with detection procedures while maintaining the ability of navigation by using from one to four satellite systems according to criteria of the required number of satellites in the line of sight and the permissible geometric factor. The process of suppressing the interfering signal from four directions is illustrated by three scenarios, the initial data for which are signals from 35 satellites in the line of sight collected in real-time from five systems. It has been shown that the use of five systems and 35 satellites ensures the suppression of the interfering signal. At the same time, 22 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 13 satellites are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 1.18. When using GPS, GLONASS, and 19 satellites, the interfering signal is suppressed. In this case, 10 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 9 are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 2.1. When using only GPS, the interfering signal suppression is also ensured. This time 7 satellites are involved in solving the navigation problem, 4 are below the detection threshold, and the geometric factor is 1.76.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723100035
Sergii Litvintsev, Alexander Zakharov
Abstract
This paper discusses N-order bandpass filter (BPF) with all mixed couplings between adjacent resonators, and between end resonators and loads. It has (2N + 1) transmission zeros (TZ) at real frequencies. To the existing (N + 1) TZs generated by mixed couplings, another N TZs are added, which generated by resonators with special properties. Each such resonator is a λ/4 resonator, in which the connection point is located relatively close to the short-circuited end. In this case, the input admittance of the resonator Y(jω) has a pole ωp, which is located to the right and at a small distance from the main resonant frequency ω0. This pole ωp of the Y(jω) function leads to the appearance of a right-handed TZ in a BPF characteristic. If we use N resonators with different connection points, then N additional TZs will appear. The design of that BPF is considered. The measured and simulated frequency responses of the second-order BPF with 5 TZs are presented.
{"title":"Bandpass Filters with 2N+1 Transmission Zeros at Real Frequencies","authors":"Sergii Litvintsev, Alexander Zakharov","doi":"10.3103/s0735272723100035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0735272723100035","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This paper discusses N-order bandpass filter (BPF) with all mixed couplings between adjacent resonators, and between end resonators and loads. It has (2<i>N</i> + 1) transmission zeros (TZ) at real frequencies. To the existing (<i>N</i> + 1) TZs generated by mixed couplings, another <i>N</i> TZs are added, which generated by resonators with special properties. Each such resonator is a λ/4 resonator, in which the connection point is located relatively close to the short-circuited end. In this case, the input admittance of the resonator <i>Y</i>(jω) has a pole ω<sub>p</sub>, which is located to the right and at a small distance from the main resonant frequency ω<sub>0</sub>. This pole ω<sub>p</sub> of the <i>Y</i>(jω) function leads to the appearance of a right-handed TZ in a BPF characteristic. If we use <i>N</i> resonators with different connection points, then <i>N</i> additional TZs will appear. The design of that BPF is considered. The measured and simulated frequency responses of the second-order BPF with 5 TZs are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":52470,"journal":{"name":"Radioelectronics and Communications Systems","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.3103/s073527272307004x
V. Slyusar, I. Sliusar, S. Sheleg
Abstract
The article proposes a new type of broadband patch antennas based on micro QR codes with integrated metamaterial cell as a marker. In this research, several design options were considered that used the variation of the metamaterial cell parameters. For their analysis, the numerical modeling methods of the Ansys EM Suite program were used due to the complexity of describing the interaction of antennas of non-Euclidean geometry with radio waves. Evaluation and comparison of proposed antennas was conducted by the following characteristics: amplitude-frequency response and voltage standing wave ratio. To expand the frequency band of the synthesized antenna has been implemented the split square marker is an element of micro QR. This approach enables the expansion of the relative bandwidth of the corresponding printed antenna to the value of 1.7267 under the condition of the continuous transmission band having a width of 167.935 GHz within the range from 13.29 to 181.225 GHz. In this case, cutouts of the split square marker are located along the line coaxial with the power supply line, and the cutout for the outer “ring” is located below. To synthesize micro QR code, the word “antenna” was used.
摘要 本文提出了一种基于微型二维码的新型宽带贴片天线，以集成超材料单元作为标记。在这项研究中，考虑了几种使用超材料单元参数变化的设计方案。由于描述非欧几里得几何形状的天线与无线电波相互作用的复杂性，在分析中使用了 Ansys EM Suite 程序的数值建模方法。根据以下特征对所建议的天线进行了评估和比较：振幅-频率响应和电压驻波比。为了扩大合成天线的频带，采用了微型 QR 的分裂方形标记。在 13.29 至 181.225 千兆赫的连续传输带宽为 167.935 千兆赫的条件下，这种方法可将相应印刷天线的相对带宽扩展到 1.7267 千兆赫。在这种情况下，分割方形标记的切口位于与电源线同轴的线路上，外 "环 "的切口位于下方。为了合成微型 QR 码，使用了 "天线 "一词。
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Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.3103/s0735272723060031
K. Ramu, R. Krishnamoorthy, Abu Salim, Mohd Sarfaraz, Ch. M. H. Saibaba, Kakarla Praveena
Abstract
The creation of smart healthcare systems is a viable strategy to improve the quality and availability of healthcare services. Identity theft, data breaches, and denial-of-service attacks are just some of the security concerns that have arisen as a result of connecting wireless networks and smart medical equipment. A secure and trustworthy smart healthcare system that can protect patient data and preserve the confidentiality of private medical information is especially important in light of these vulnerabilities. Medical diagnosis assumes increasing importance as the amount of data created daily in the 6G-enabled Internet-of-Medical Things (IoMT) grows exponentially. To enhance the anticipation accuracy and supply a real-time medicinal diagnosis, this research presents an approach integrated into the 6G-enabled IoMT that requires less human intervention for healthcare applications. To do this, the proposed system combines deep learning with optimization methods. MobileNetV3 architecture is then used to learn the features taken from each image. In addition, we improved the performance of the HGS-based arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA). The operators of the HGS are used in the new approach, dubbed AOAHG, to improve the AOA operation capacity as the viable province is divided up. We design a 6G-enabled IoMT approach that requires fewer humans in healthcare settings but yields faster diagnostic results. The new approach was developed to be used in systems with limited means. The created AOAHG prioritizes the most important features and guarantees an overall upgrade in model categorization. When compared to other methodologies in the literature, the framework’s results were impressive. The created AOAHG also outperformed alternative FS methods in terms of the achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. For instance, AOAHG had 92.12% accuracy with the ISIC dataset, 98.27% with the PH2 dataset, 95.24% with the WBC dataset, and 99.84% with the OCT dataset.
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